We calculate finite volume effects on the pion masses and decay constant in twisted mass lattice QCD (tmLQCD) at finite lattice spacing. We show that the lighter neutral pion in tmLQCD gives rise to finite volume effects that are exponentially enhanced when compared to those arising from the heavier charged pions. We demonstrate that the recent two flavour twisted mass lattice data can be better fitted when twisted mass effects in finite volume corrections are taken into account.
We report on an ongoing study of the running coupling of SU(N) pure Yang-Mills theory in the twisted gradient flow scheme (TGF). The study exploits the idea that twisted boundary conditions reduce finite volume effects, leading to an effective size in the twisted plane that combines the number of colours and the torus period. We test this hypothesis by computing the TGF running coupling and the SU(N) $Λ-$ parameter on asymmetric lattices of size $(NL)^2L^2$ for various gauge groups. Finite volume effects are monitored by analyzing the coupling in different planes and by comparing results at di…
In this talk we discuss a number of ChPT calculations relevant for lattice QCD. These include the finite volume corrections at two-loop order for masses and decay constants. The second part is about hadronic vacuum polarization where we present the two-loop ChPT estimate for the disconnected and strange quark contributions. We also present the finite volume corrections at two-loop order. The final part is the one-loop finite volume with twisted boundary conditions contribution to $f_+(q^2)$ and the full $K_{\ell3}$ amplitude
In this work we consider the SU(N) gauge theory with two Dirac fermions in the adjoint representation, in the limit of large N. Taking advantage of large N twisted volume reduction we do this on a single site lattice, but we should still get infinite-volume physics in the large N limit. We describe our progress in extracting the mass anomalous dimension from the eigenvalue distribution of the adjoint Dirac operator, using data for N up to 289.
In this work we consider the $SU(N)$ gauge theory with two Dirac fermions in the adjoint representation, in the limit of large $N$. In this limit the infinite-volume physics of this model can be studied by means of the corresponding twisted reduced model defined on a single site lattice. Making use of this strategy we study the reduced model for various values of $N$ up to 289. By analyzing the eigenvalue distribution of the adjoint Dirac operator we test the conformality of the theory and extract the corresponding mass anomalous dimension.
In this work we present preliminary results on the nucleon axial and tensor charges, the quark momentum fraction and the first moment of the helicity distribution. The simulations have been performed using two $N_f{=}2$ and $N_f{=}2{+}1{+}1$ ensembles. Both ensembles have a twisted mass action with a clover term with the quark masses fixed at their physical values (physical point) and volumes of $64^3{\times}128$. The extracted quantities are compared with results from an existing $N_f{=}2$ ($48^3{\times}96$) ensemble. This comparison allows one to address volume and quenching effects.
As a test of quenched lattice twisted mass QCD, we compute the non-perturbatively O($a$) improved pseudoscalar and vector meson masses and the pseudoscalar decay constant down to $M_{\rm PS}/M_{\rm V} = 0.467(13)$ at $β=6$ in large volume. We check the absence of exceptional configurations and -- by further data at $β=6.2$ -- the size of scaling violations. The CPU time cost for reaching a given accuracy is close to that with ordinary Wilson quarks at $M_{\rm PS}/M_{\rm V} \simeq 0.6$ and grows smoothly as $M_{\rm PS}/M_{\rm V}$ decreases.
By imposing twisted boundary conditions on quark fields it is possible to access components of momenta other than integer multiples of 2pi/L on a lattice with spatial volume L^3. We use Chiral Perturbation Theory to study finite-volume effects with twisted boundary conditions for quantities without final-state interactions, such as meson masses, decay constants and semileptonic form factors, and confirm that they remain exponentially small with the volume. We show that this is also the case for "partially twisted" boundary conditions, in which (some of) the valence quarks satisfy twisted bound…
We study the effects of a finite cubic volume with twisted boundary conditions on pseudoscalar mesons. We first apply chiral perturbation theory in the p-regime and calculate the corrections for masses, decay constants, pseudoscalar coupling constants and form factors at next-to-leading order. We show that the Feynman-Hellmann theorem and the relevant Ward-Takahashi identity are satisfied. We then derive asymptotic formulae a la Luscher for twisted boundary conditions. We show that chiral Ward identities for masses and decay constants are satisfied by the asymptotic formulae in finite volume a…
Flavor-twisted boundary conditions can be used for exponential reduction of finite volume artifacts in flavor-averaged observables in lattice QCD calculations with $SU(N_f)$ light quark flavor symmetry. Finite volume artifact reduction arises from destructive interference effects in a manner closely related to the phase averaging which leads to large $N_c$ volume independence. With a particular choice of flavor-twisted boundary conditions, finite volume artifacts for flavor-singlet observables in a hypercubic spacetime volume are reduced to the size of finite volume artifacts in a spacetime vo…
The leading-order hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment is given by a weighted integral over the subtracted hadronic vacuum polarization. This integral is dominated by euclidean momenta of order the muon mass, i.e., momenta not accessible on current lattice volumes with periodic boundary conditions. Twisted boundary conditions can in principle help in accessing momenta of any size even in a finite volume, but their use leads to a modification of the Ward-Takahashi identity that normally guarantees transversality of the vacuum polarization. As a result, the vacuum polariza…
The flavour singlet axial Ward identity with Osterwalder-Seiler twisted mass Wilson fermion action is studied on a finite lattice, with finite fermion mass and the Wilson parameter r up to 1. Approach to the infinite volume chiral limit and emergence of the anomaly is significantly better than that obtained with O(a) and O(a^2) improved fermion actions. We have shown explicitly that up to O(g^2), parity violating terms cancel in the Ward identity even at finite volume and finite lattice spacing.
The leading-order hadronic contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon is given by a weighted integral over the subtracted hadronic vacuum polarization. This integral is dominated by euclidean momenta of order the muon mass which are not available on current lattice volumes with periodic boundary conditions. Twisted boundary conditions can in principle help access momenta of any size even in a finite volume. We investigate the implementation of twisted boundary conditions both numerically (using all-mode averaging for improved statistics) and analytically, and present our initial…
We use chiral perturbation theory to investigate twisted and partially twisted boundary conditions which allow access to momenta other than integer multiples of 2pi/L on a lattice with spatial volume L^3. For K -> pi pi decays we show that the breaking of isospin symmetry by the twisted boundary conditions implies that the amplitudes cannot be determined in general. We find numerical evidence for the result that the finite volume effects of the boundary conditions are exponentially suppressed for quantities without final state interactions (meson masses and meson-to-vacuum matrix elements) in …
We describe and implement twisted boundary conditions for the deuteron and triton systems within finite-volumes using the nuclear lattice EFT formalism. We investigate the finite-volume dependence of these systems with different twists angles. We demonstrate how various finite-volume information can be used to improve calculations of binding energies in such a framework. Our results suggests that with appropriate twisting of boundaries, infinite-volume binding energies can be reliably extracted from calculations using modest volume sizes with cubic length $L\approx8-14$ fm. Of particular impor…
We consider the possibility of using reweighting techniques in order to correct for the breaking of unitarity when twisted boundary conditions are imposed on valence fermions in simulations of lattice gauge theories. We start by studying the properties of reweighting factors and their variances at tree-level. That leads us to the introduction of a factorization for the fermionic reweighting determinant. In the numerical, stochastic, implementation of the method, we find that the effect of reweighting is negligible in the case of large volumes but it is sizeable when the volumes are small and t…
The determination of $|V_{us}|$ from kaon semileptonic decays requires the value of the form factor $f_+(q^2=0)$ which can be calculated precisely on the lattice. We provide the one-loop partially quenched chiral perturbation theory expressions both with and without including the effects of staggered quarks for all form factors at finite volume and with partially twisted boundary conditions for both the vector current and scalar density matrix elements at all $q^2$. We point out that at finite volume there are more form factors than just $f_+$ and $f_-$ for the vector current matrix element bu…
We present first results using the stochastic Laplace-Heaviside (sLapH) method in the twisted mass formulation. The calculations are performed on gauge configurations provided by the European Twisted Mass (ETM) collaboration with 2+1+1 dynamical quark flavours at a single value of the lattice spacing. In particular, we compute disconnected contributions to flavour singlet pseudo-scalar mesons and compare sLapH to standard volume noise methods.
We investigate the use of partially twisted boundary conditions in a lattice simulation with two degenerate flavours of improved Wilson sea quarks. The use of twisted boundary conditions on a cubic volume (L^3) gives access to components of hadronic momenta other than integer multiples of 2*pi/L. Partial twisting avoids the need for new gluon configurations for every choice of momentum, while, as recently demonstrated, keeping the finite-volume errors exponentially small for the physical quantities investigated in this letter. In this study we focus on the spectrum of pseudo scalar and vector …
Using flavor twisted boundary conditions, we study nucleon matrix elements of the vector current. We twist only the active quarks that couple to the current. Finite volume corrections due to twisted boundary conditions are determined using partially twisted, partially quenched, heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory, which we develop for the graded group SU(7|5). Asymptotically these corrections are exponentially small in the volume, but can become pronounced for small twist angles. Utilizing the Breit frame does not mitigate volume corrections to nucleon vector current matrix elements. The d…
We present a first numerical study of lattice QCD with O(a) improved Wilson quarks and a chirally twisted mass term. Renormalized correlation functions are derived from the Schroedinger functional and evaluated in an intermediate space-time volume of size 0.75^3 x 1.5 fm^4. In the quenched approximation precise results are then obtained with a moderate computational effort, allowing for a detailed study of the continuum approach. The latter is discussed in terms of observables which converge to meson masses and decay constants in the limit of large space-time volume. In the O(a) improved theor…
We present our preliminary results on the lowest moment <x> of quark distribution functions of the pion using two flavor dynamical simulations with Wilson twisted mass fermions at maximal twist. The calculation is done in a range of pion masses from 300 to 500 MeV. A stochastic source method is used to reduce inversions in calculating propagators. Finite volume effects at the lowest quark mass are examined by using two different lattice volumes. Our results show that we achieve statistical errors of only a few percent. We plan to compute renormalization constants non-perturbatively and extend …
We review some recent results related to the notion of volume independence in SU(N) Yang-Mills theories. The topic is discussed in the context of gauge theories living on a d-dimensional torus with twisted boundary conditions. After a brief introduction reviewing the formalism for introducing gauge fields on a torus, we discuss how volume independence arises in perturbation theory. We show how, for appropriately chosen twist tensors, perturbative results to all orders in the 't Hooft coupling depend on a specific combination of the rank of the gauge group (N) and the periods of the torus (l) g…
Imposing twisted boundary conditions on the fermionic fields is a procedure extensively used when evaluating, for example, form factors on the lattice. Twisting is usually performed for one flavour and only in the valence, and this causes a breaking of unitarity. In this work we explore the possibility of restoring unitarity through the reweighting method. We first study some properties of the approach at tree level and then we stochastically evaluate ratios of fermionic determinants for different boundary conditions in order to include them in the gauge averages, avoiding in this way the expe…
I derive the most general quantization condition for energy eigenvalues of two interacting baryons in a finite cubic volume when arbitrary twisted boundary conditions are imposed on their finite-volume wavefunctions. These quantization conditions are used, along with experimentally known scattering parameters of two-nucleon systems in the coupled 3S1-3D1 channels, to demonstrate the expected effect of a selection of twisted boundary conditions on the spectrum of the deuteron. It is shown that an order of magnitude reduction in the finite-volume corrections to the deuteron binding energy arise …
We discuss the perturbative expansion of SU(N) Yang-Mills theories defined on a d-dimensional torus of linear size l with twisted boundary conditions, generalizing previous results in the literature. For a specific class of twist tensors depending on a single integer flux value k, we show that perturbative results to all orders depend on the combination lN^(2/d) and a flux-dependent angle theta. This implies a new kind of volume independence that holds at finite N and for fixed values of theta. Our results also provide interesting information about the possible occurrence of tachyonic instabil…
We discuss some of the effects of twisted boundary conditions in finite volume using continuum SU(3) Chiral Perturbation Theory. We point out how broken cubic symmetry affects the definitions of quantities such as form-factors. Using the $π^+$ as an example, we give one loop results for the mass, decay constants and electromagnetic form-factor and illustrate how the relevant Ward identities are satisfied.
The chiral Lagrangian describing the low-energy behavior of N_f=2+1+1 twisted mass lattice QCD is constructed through O(a^2). In contrast to existing results the effects of a heavy charm quark are consistently removed, leaving behind a charmless 3-flavor Lagrangian. This Lagrangian is used to compute the pion and kaon masses to one loop in a regime where the pion mass splitting is large and taken as a leading order effect. In comparison with continuum chiral perturbation theory additional chiral logarithms are present in the results. In particular, chiral logarithms involving the neutral pion …
$\mathcal{N}=1$ SUSY Yang-Mills theory is an appealing theoretical framework that has been studied in the literature using different methods, including standard lattice simulations. Among these, the volume-reduced twisted Eguchi-Kawai model, endowed with one adjoint Majorana fermion, could play an important role in studying its large-$N$ limit via the Curci-Veneziano prescription. In this talk, we present our results on the analysis of the scale of the theory, performed via different methods based on purely gluonic observables as well as (quenched) fundamental mesons in the chiral limit. These…
We summarize recent non-perturbative results obtained for the renormalization constants computed in the RI'-MOM scheme for $N_{\rm f}=2+1+1$ twisted mass QCD. Our implementation employs the Iwasaki gauge action and four dynamical degenerate twisted mass fermions. Renormalization constants for scalar, pseudo-scalar, vector and axial operators, as well as the quark propagator renormalization, are computed at three different values of the lattice spacing, two different volumes and several values of the twisted mass. Our method allows for a precise cross-check of the running, because of the partic…
We propose a method to study the nature of exotic hadrons by determining the wave function renormalization constant $Z$ from lattice simulations. It is shown that, instead of studying the volume-dependence of the spectrum, one may investigate the dependence of the spectrum on the twisting angle, imposing twisted boundary conditions on the fermion fields on the lattice. In certain cases, e.g., the case of the $DK$ bound state which is addressed in detail, it is demonstrated that the partial twisting is equivalent to the full twisting up to exponentially small corrections.
We explore the use of twisted boundary conditions in extracting the nucleon mass and the binding energy of two-baryon systems, such as the deuteron, from Lattice QCD calculations. Averaging the results of calculations performed with periodic and anti-periodic boundary conditions imposed upon the light-quark fields, or other pair-wise averages, improves the volume dependence of the deuteron binding energy from ~exp(-kappa*L)/L to ~exp(-sqrt(2)kappa*L)/L. However, a twist angle of pi/2 in each of the spatial directions improves the volume dependence from ~exp(-kappa*L)/L to ~exp(-2kappa*L)/L. Tw…
Pi-Pi scattering is investigated for the first time for Nf=2+1+1 dynamical quark flavours using Wilson twisted mass fermions. Lüscher's finite size method is used to relate energy shifts in finite volume to scattering quantities like the scattering length in the I=2 channel. The computation is performed at several pion masses and lattice spacings utilising the stochastic LapH method.
We present an update of the results for pion mass and pion decay constant as obtained by the ETM collaboration in large scale simulations with maximally twisted mass fermions and two mass degenerate flavours of light quarks. We discuss the continuum, chiral and infinite volume extrapolation of these quantities as well as the extraction of low energy constants, and investigate possible systematic uncertainties.
We report progress in our exploration of the finite-temperature phase structure of two-flavour lattice QCD with twisted-mass Wilson fermions and a tree-level Symanzik-improved gauge action for a temporal lattice size N_τ=8. Extending our investigations to a wider region of parameter space we gain a global view of the rich phase structure. We identify the finite temperature transition/crossover for a non-vanishing twisted-mass parameter in the neighbourhood of the zero-temperature critical line at sufficiently high β. Our findings are consistent with Creutz's conjecture of a conical shape of th…
We discuss the use of Wilson fermions with twisted mass for simulations of QCD thermodynamics. As a prerequisite for a future analysis of the finite-temperature transition making use of automatic O(a) improvement, we investigate the phase structure in the space spanned by the hopping parameter kappa, the coupling beta, and the twisted mass parameter mu. We present results for N_f=2 degenerate quarks on a 16^3x8 lattice, for which we investigate the possibility of an Aoki phase existing at strong coupling and vanishing mu, as well as of a thermal phase transition at moderate gauge couplings and…
We compute the perturbative expression of Wilson loops up to order $g^4$ for SU($N$) lattice gauge theories with Wilson action on a finite box with twisted boundary conditions. Our formulas are valid for any dimension and any irreducible twist. They contain as a special case that of the 4-dimensional Twisted Eguchi-Kawai model for a symmetric twist with flux $k$. Our results allow us to analyze the finite volume corrections as a function of the flux. In particular, one can quantify the approach to volume independence at large $N$ as a function of flux $k$. The contribution of fermion fields in…
We present the comparison of the analytical microscopic spectral density for lattice QCD with $N_{\rm f}=2$ twisted mass fermions with the one obtained on the lattice utilizing configurations produced by the ETM collaboration. We extract estimates for the chiral condensate as well as the low-energy constant $W_8$ of Wilson $χ$-PT by employing spectral information of the Wilson Dirac operator with fixed index at finite volume.
We describe how the Schroedinger functional and twisted mass QCD can be used to compute the kaon B-parameter B_K on the lattice with Wilson fermions. This new approach is expected to reduce the systematic uncertainties on B_K through a better control of its (nonperturbative) renormalisation. Preliminary results for the bare matrix element in a physical volume of (1.5^3 x 4.5) fm^4 are presented. The renormalisation of the matrix element in a Schroedinger functional scheme is also discussed.
We investigate the utility of partially twisted boundary conditions in lattice calculations of meson observables. For dynamical simulations, we show that the pion dispersion relation is modified by volume effects. In the isospin limit, we demonstrate that the pion electromagnetic form factor can be computed on the lattice at continuous values of the momentum transfer. Furthermore, the finite volume effects are under theoretical control for extraction of the pion charge radius.
We study the pure SU(3) gauge theory in 2+1 dimensions on the lattice using 't Hooft's twisted boundary conditions to force non-vanishing center flux through the finite volume. In this way we measure the free energy of spacelike center vortices as an order parameter for the deconfinement transition. The transition is of 2nd order in the universality class of the 2d 3-state Potts model, which is self-dual. This self-duality can be observed directly in the SU(3) gauge theory, and it can be exploited to extract critical couplings with high precision in rather small volumes. We furthermore obtain …
In this paper we explore a finite volume renormalization scheme that combines three main ingredients: a coupling based on the gradient flow, the use of twisted boundary conditions and a particular asymmetric geometry, that for $SU(N)$ gauge theories consists on a hypercubic box of size $l^2 \times (Nl)^2$, a choice motivated by the study of volume independence in large $N$ gauge theories. We argue that this scheme has several advantages that make it particularly suited for precision determinations of the strong coupling, among them translational invariance, an analytic expansion in the couplin…
We present a precise non-perturbative determination of the renormalization constants in the mass independent RI'-MOM scheme. The lattice implementation uses the Iwasaki gauge action and four degenerate dynamical twisted mass fermions. The gauge configurations are provided by the ETM Collaboration. Renormalization constants for scalar, pseudo-scalar, vector and axial operators, as well as the quark propagator renormalization, are computed at three different values of the lattice spacing, two volumes and several twisted mass parameters. The method we developed allows for a precise cross-check of…
I report on first results of the ETMC obtained simulating lattice QCD with two degenerate flavours of Wilson twisted mass fermions, for which physical observables are automatically O(a) improved. Recent improvements of the HMC algorithm allow simulations of pseudoscalar masses below 300 MeV on volumes L^3 x 2L with L>2 fm and at values of the lattice spacing a<0.1 fm.
We present results on the nucleon electromagnetic form factors within lattice QCD using two flavors of degenerate twisted mass fermions. Volume effects are examined using simulations at two volumes of spatial length L=2.1 fm and L=2.8 fm. Cut-off effects are investigated using three different values of the lattice spacings, namely a=0.089 fm, a=0.070 and a=0.056 fm. The nucleon magnetic moment, Dirac and Pauli radii are obtained in the continuum limit and chirally extrapolated to the physical pion mass allowing for a comparison with experiment.
Large-N QCD with heavy adjoint fermions emulates pure Yang-Mills theory at long distances. We study this theory on a four- and three-torus, and analytically argue the existence of a large-small volume equivalence. For any finite mass, center symmetry unbroken phase exists at sufficiently small volume and this phase can be used to study the large-volume limit through the Eguchi-Kawai equivalence. A finite temperature version of volume independence implies that thermodynamics on R^3 x S^1 can be studied via a unitary matrix quantum mechanics on S^1, by varying the temperature. To confirm this no…
We compute the one-loop running of the $SU(N)$ 't Hooft coupling in a finite volume gradient flow scheme using twisted boundary conditions. The coupling is defined in terms of the energy density of the gradient flow fields at a scale $\tilde{l}$ given by an adequate combination of the torus size and the rank of the gauge group, and is computed in the continuum using dimensional regularization. We present the strategy to regulate the divergences for a generic twist tensor, and determine the matching to the $\overline{\rm MS}$ scheme at one-loop order. For the particular case in which the twist …
We investigate an application of twisted boundary conditions for study of low-energy hadron-hadron interactions with Lüshcer's finite size method. It allows us to calculate the phase shifts for elastic scattering of two hadrons at any small value of the scattering momentum even in a finite volume. We then can extract model independent information of low-energy scattering parameters such as the scattering length, the effective range and the effective volume from the $S$-wave and $P$-wave scattering phase shifts through the effective range expansion. This approach also enables us to examine the …
Wilson Fermions with untwisted and twisted mass are widely used in lattice simulations. Therefore one important question is whether the twist angle and the lattice spacing affect the phase diagram. We briefly report on the study of the phase diagram of QCD in the parameter space of the degenerate quark masses, isospin chemical potential, lattice spacing, and twist angle by employing chiral perturbation theory. Moreover we calculate the pion masses and their dependence on these four parameters.
We use a generalization of chiral perturbation theory to account for the effects of flavor twisted boundary conditions in the Breit frame. The relevant framework for two light flavors is an SU(6|4) partially quenched theory, where the extra valence quarks differ only by their boundary conditions. Focusing on the pion electromagnetic form factor, finite volume corrections are calculated at next-to-leading order in the chiral expansion and are estimated to be small on current lattices.
We present a novel finite-matrix formulation of gauge theories on a non-commutative torus. Unlike the previous formulation based on a map from a square matrix to a field on a discretized torus with periodic boundary conditions, our formulation is based on the algebraic characterization of the configuration space. This enables us to describe the twisted boundary conditions in terms of finite matrices and hence to realize the Morita equivalence at a fully regularized level. Matter fields in the fundamental representation turn out to be represented by rectangular matrices for twisted boundary con…
We present results on the nucleon form factors and moments of generalized parton distributions obtained within the twisted mass formulation of lattice QCD. We include a discussion of lattice artifacts by examining results at different volumes and lattice spacings. We compare our results with those obtained using different discretization schemes and to experiment.
We present results on the nucleon form factors, momentum fraction and helicity moment for $N_f=2$ and $N_f=2+1+1$ twisted mass fermions for a number of lattice volumes and lattice spacings. First results for a new $N_f=2$ ensemble at the physical pion mass are also included. The implications of these results on the spin content of the nucleon are discussed taking into account the disconnected contributions at one pion mass.
We discuss recent progress in studying Quantum Chromodynamics at finite temperature using $N_f=2+1+1$ Wilson twisted mass fermions. Particular interest is in QCD symmetries and their breaking and restoration. First, we discuss the behaviour of the $η'$ meson at finite temperature, which is tightly connected to the axial and chiral symmetries. The results suggest a small decrease of the $η'$ mass in the pseudo-critical region coming close to the non-anomalous contribution and subsequent growth at large temperatures. Second, we present the first results of lattice simulations of Quantum Chromody…
Using effective field theory methods, we discuss the extraction of the mass and width of the scalar mesons f0(980) and a0(980) from the finite-volume spectrum in lattice QCD. In particular, it is argued that the nature of these states can be studied by invoking twisted boundary conditions, as well as investigating the quark mass dependence of the spectrum.
