In this paper we introduce a general version of the notion of Loewner chains which comes from the new and unified treatment, given in [arXiv:0807.1594], of the radial and chordal variant of the Loewner differential equation, which is of special interest in geometric function theory as well as for various developments it has given rise to, including the famous Schramm-Loewner evolution. In this very general setting, we establish a deep correspondence between these chains and the evolution families introduced in [arXiv:0807.1594]. Among other things, we show that, up to a Riemann map, such a correspondence is one-to-one. In a similar way as in the classical Loewner theory, we also prove that these chains are solutions of a certain partial differential equation which resembles (and includes as a very particular case) the classical Loewner-Kufarev PDE.
In this paper we introduce a general version of the Loewner differential equation which allows us to present a new and unified treatment of both the radial equation introduced in 1923 by K. Loewner and the chordal equation introduced in 2000 by O. Schramm. In particular, we prove that evolution families in the unit disc are in one to one correspondence with solutions to this new type of Loewner equations. Also, we give a Berkson-Porta type formula for non-autonomous weak holomorphic vector fields which generate such Loewner differential equations and study in detail geometric and dynamical pro…
The Loewner-Kufarev evolution produces asymptotics for mappings onto domains close to the unit disk or the exterior of the unit disk. We deduce variational formulae which lead to the asymptotic conformal welding for such domains. The comparison of mappings onto bounded and unbounded components of the Jordan curve establishes an asymptotic connection between driving functions in both versions of the Loewner-Kufarev equation and conformal radii of the two domains.
We consider the Loewner differential equation generating univalent maps of the unit disk (or of the upper half-plane) onto itself minus a single slit. We prove that the circular slits, tangent to the real axis are generated by Hölder continuous driving terms with exponent 1/3 in the Loewner equation. Singular solutions are described, and the critical value of the norm of driving terms generating quasisymmetric slits in the disk is obtained.
We give a generalization of the Komatu-Loewner equation to multiple slits. Therefore, we consider an $n$-connected circular slit disk $Ω$ as our initial domain minus $m\in \mathbb{N}$ disjoint, simple and continuous curves that grow from the outer boundary $\partial \mathbb{D}$ of $Ω$ into the interior. Consequently we get a decreasing family $(Ω_t)_{t\in[0,T]}$ of domains with $Ω_0=Ω$. We will prove that the corresponding Riemann mapping functions $g_t$ from $Ω_t$ onto a circular slit disk, which are normalized by $g_t(0)=0$ and $g_t'(0)>0$, satisfy a Loewner equation known as the Komatu-Loew…
In paper found conditions that guarantee that solution of Loewner-Kufarev equation maps unit disc onto domain with quasiconformal rectifiable boundary, or it has continuation on closed unit disc, or it's inverse function has continuation on closure of domain.
We construct a holomorphic embedding $ϕ:\mathbb B^3\rightarrow\mathbb C^3$ such that $ϕ(\mathbb B^3)$ is not Runge in any strictly larger domain. As a consequence, $\mathcal S\neq\mathcal S^1$ for $n=3$.
We consider evolution in the unit disk in which the sample paths are represented by the trajectories of points evolving randomly under the generalized Loewner equation. The driving mechanism differs from the SLE evolution, but nevertheless solutions possess similar invariance properties.
In this paper we study the class of "shearing" holomorphic maps of the unit ball of the form $(z,w)\mapsto (z+g(w), w)$. Besides general properties, we use such maps to construct an example of a normalized univalent map of the ball onto a Runge domain in $\mathbb C^n$ which however cannot be embedded into a Loewner chain whose range is $\mathbb C^n$.
This paper defines the notion of generators for a class of decreasing radial Loewner chains which are only continuous with respect to time. For this purpose, "Loewner's integral equation" which generalizes Loewner's differential equation is defined and analyzed. The definition of generators is motivated by the Lévy-Khintchine representation for additive processes on the unit circle. Actually, we can and do introduce a homeomorphism between the above class of Loewner chains and the set of the distributions of increments of additive processes equipped with suitable topologies. On the other hand,…
We prove that given a Herglotz vector field on the unit ball of $\mathbb{C}^n$ of the form $H(z,t)=(a_1 z_1,...,a_n z_n)+O(|z|^2)$ with $\Re a_j<0$ for all $j$, its evolution family admits an associated Loewner chain, which is normal if no real resonances occur. Hence the Loewner-Kufarev PDE admits a solution defined for all positive times.
We describe the region $\mathcal{V}(z_0)$ of values of $f(z_0)$ for all normalized bounded univalent functions $f$ in the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ at a fixed point $z_0 \in \mathbb{D}$. The proof is based on identifying $\mathcal{V}(z_0)$ as the reachable set of the radial Loewner differential equation. We also prove an analogous result for the upper half-plane using the chordal Loewner equation.
We show that an evolution family of the unit disc is commuting if and only if the associated Herglotz vector field has separated variables. This is the case if and only if the evolution family comes from a semigroup of holomorphic self-maps of the disc.
We characterize regular fixed points of evolution families in terms of analytical properties of the associated Herglotz vector fields and geometrical properties of the associated Loewner chains. We present several examples showing the rôle of the given conditions. Moreover, we study the relations between evolution families and Herglotz vector fields at regular contact points and prove an embedding result for univalent self-maps of the unit disc with a given boundary regular fixed point into an evolution family with prescribed boundary data.
Loewner Theory, based on dynamical viewpoint, proved itself to be a powerful tool in Complex Analysis and its applications. Recently Bracci et al [Bracci et al, to appear in J. Reine Angew. Math. Available on ArXiv 0807.1594; Bracci et al, Math. Ann. 344(2009), 947--962; Contreras et al, Revista Matematica Iberoamericana 26(2010), 975--1012] have proposed a new approach bringing together all the variants of the (deterministic) Loewner Evolution in a simply connected reference domain. This paper is devoted to the construction of a general version of Loewner Theory for the annulus launched in [A…
We construct radial stochastic Loewner evolution in multiply connected domains, choosing the unit disk with concentric circular slits as a family of standard domains. The natural driving function or input is a diffusion on the associated Teichmüller space. The diffusion stops when it reaches the boundary of the Teichmüller space. We show that for this driving function the family of random growing compacts has a phase transition for $κ=4$ and $κ=8$, and that it satisfies locality for $κ=6$.
In this paper we obtain, by the method of Loewner chains, some sufficient conditions for the analyticity and the univalence of the functions defined by an integral operator. These conditions in- volves Ruscheweyh and Salagean derivative operator in the open unit disk. In particular cases, we find the well-known conditions for univalency established by Becker [3], Ahlfors [2], Kanas and Srivastava [8] and others for analytic mappings f : U ! C: Also, we obtain the corresponding new, useful and simpler conditions for this integral operator.
We present a new geometric construction of Loewner chains in one and several complex variables which holds on a complete hyperbolic complex manifold M and prove that there is essentially a one-to-one correspondence between evolution families of order d and Loewner chains of the same order. As a consequence we obtain a solution for any Loewner-Kufarev PDE, given by univalent mappings (f_t) from M to a complex manifold N. The problem of finding solutions given by univalent mappings with range in C^n is reduced to investigating whether the union of the images f_t(M) is biholomorphic to a domain i…
We prove that a solution to the $ω$-controlled Loewner-Kufarev equation, which was introduced by the first two authors, exists uniquely, is univalent and starlike on the unit disk and can be extended holomorphically across the unit circle.
In this article, we obtain quasiconformal extensions of some classes of conformal maps defined either on the unit disc or on the exterior of it onto the extended complex plane. Some of these extensions have been obtained by constructing suitable Loewner chains and others have been obtained by applying a well-known result.
Loewner Theory, based on dynamical viewpoint, is a powerful tool in Complex Analysis, which plays a crucial role in such important achievements as the proof of famous Bieberbach's conjecture and well-celebrated Schramm's Stochastic Loewner Evolution (SLE). Recently Bracci et al [Bracci et al, to appear in J. Reine Angew. Math. Available on ArXiv 0807.1594; Bracci et al, Math. Ann. 344(2009), 947--962; Contreras et al, Revista Matematica Iberoamericana 26(2010), 975--1012] have proposed a new approach bringing together all the variants of the (deterministic) Loewner Evolution in a simply connec…
We prove one-to-one correspondences between certain decreasing Loewner chains in the upper half-plane, a special class of real-valued Markov processes, and quantum stochastic processes with monotonically independent additive increments. This leads us to a detailed investigation of probability measures on $\mathbb{R}$ with univalent Cauchy transform. We discuss several subclasses of such measures and obtain characterizations in terms of analytic and geometric properties of the corresponding Cauchy transforms. Furthermore, we obtain analogous results for the setting of decreasing Loewner chains …
In 1972, J. Becker [J. Reine Angew. Math. 255] discovered a sufficient condition for quasiconformal extendibility of Loewner chains. Many known conditions for quasiconformal extendibility of holomorphic functions in the unit disk can be deduced from his result. We give a new proof of (a generalization of) Becker's result based on Slodkowski's Extended lambda-Lemma. Moreover, we characterize all quasiconformal extensions produced by Becker's (classical) construction and use that to obtain examples in which Becker's extension is extremal (i.e. optimal in the sense of maximal dilatation) or, on t…
In this article, we study multiple $SLE_κ$, for $κ\in(0,4]$, driven by Dyson Brownian motion. This model was introduced in the unit disk by Cardy in connection with the Calogero-Sutherland model. We prove the Carathéodory convergence of perturbed Loewner chains under different initial conditions and under different diffusivity $κ\in (0,4]$ for the case of $N=2$ driving forces. Our proofs use the analysis of Bessel processes and estimates on Loewner differential equation with multiple driving forces. In the last section, we estimate the Hausdorff distance of the hulls under perturbations of the…
We consider the Löwner differential equation generating univalent self-maps of the unit disk (or of the upper half-plane). If the solution to this equation represents a one-slit map, then the driving term is a continuous function. The reverse statement is not true in general as a famous Kufarev's example shows. We address the following main problem: to find a criterium for the Löwner equation to generate one-slit solutions. New examples of non-slit solutions to the Löwner equation are presented. Properties of singular slit solutions are revealed.
In this paper we develop a variational method for the Loewner equation in higher dimensions. As a result we obtain a version of Pontryagin's maximum principle from optimal control theory for the Loewner equation in several complex variables. Based on recent work of Arosio, Bracci and Wold we then apply our version of the Pontryagin maximum principle to obtain first--order necessary conditions for the extremal functions for a wide class of extremal problems over the set of normalized biholomorphic mappings on the unit ball in $\mathbb{C}^n$.
We consider a univalent analytic function $f$ on the half-plane satisfying the condition that the supremum norm of its (pre-)Schwarzian derivative vanishes on the boundary. Under certain extra assumptions on $f$, we show that there exists a chordal Loewner chain initiated from $f$ until some finite time, and this Loewner chain defines a quasiconformal extension of $f$ over the boundary such that its complex dilatation is given explicitly in terms of the (pre-)Schwarzian derivative in some neighborhood of the boundary. This can be regarded as the half-plane version of the corresponding result d…
We introduce a family of natural normalized Loewner chains in the unit ball, which we call "geräumig"---spacious---which allow to construct, by means of suitable variations, other normalized Loewner chains which coincide with the given ones from a certain time on. We apply our construction to the study of support points, extreme points and time-$\log M$-reachable functions in the class $S^0$ of mappings admitting parametric representation.
We consider multiple radial SLE as the number of curves tends to infinity. We give conditions that imply the tightness of the associated processes given by the Loewner equation. In the case of equal weights, the infinite-slit limit is described by a Loewner equation whose Herglotz vector field is given by a Burgers differential equation. Furthermore, we investigate a more general form of the Burgers equation. On the one hand, it appears in connection with semigroups of probability measures on the unit circle with respect to free convolution. On the other hand, the Burgers equation itself is al…
A classical result in the theory of Loewner's parametric representation states that the semigroup $\mathfrak U_*$ of all conformal self-maps $ϕ$ of the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ normalized by $ϕ(0) = 0$ and $ϕ'(0) > 0$ can be obtained as the reachable set of the Loewner - Kufarev control system $$ \frac{\mathrm{d} w_t}{\mathrm{d} t}=G_t\circ w_t,\quad t\geqslant0,\qquad w_0=\mathsf{id}_{\mathbb{D}}, $$ where the control functions $t\mapsto G_t\in\mathsf{Hol}(\mathbb{D},\mathbb{C})$ form a certain convex cone. Here we extend this result to the semigroup $\mathfrak U[F]$ consisting of all conformal…
In part 1 (Chapter 2) we present the basic notions of Loewner theory. Here we use a modern form which was developed by F. Bracci, M. Contreras, S. Díaz-Madrigal et al. and which can be applied to certain higher dimensional complex manifolds. We look at two domains in more detail: the Euclidean unit ball and the polydisc. Here we consider two classes of biholomorphic mappings which were introduced by T. Poreda and G. Kohr as generalizations of the class S and we prove a conjecture about support points of these classes. In part 2 (Chapter 3) we consider one special Loewner equation: the chordal …
We derive the large deviation principle for radial Schramm-Loewner evolution ($\operatorname{SLE}$) on the unit disk with parameter $κ\rightarrow \infty$. Restricting to the time interval $[0,1]$, the good rate function is finite only on a certain family of Loewner chains driven by absolutely continuous probability measures $\{ϕ_t^2 (ζ)\, dζ\}_{t \in [0,1]}$ on the unit circle and equals $\int_0^1 \int_{S^1} |ϕ_t'|^2/2\,dζ\,dt$. Our proof relies on the large deviation principle for the long-time average of the Brownian occupation measure by Donsker and Varadhan.
Domains that are increasing union of balls (up to biholomorphism) and on which the Kobayashi metric vanishes identically arise inexorably in complex analysis. In this article we show that in higher dimensions these domains have infinite volume and the Bergman spaces of these domains are trivial. As a consequence they fail to be strictly pseudo-convex at each of their boundary points although these domains are pseudo-convex by definition. These domains can be of different types and one of them is Short $\mathbb{C}^k$'s. In pursuit of identifying the Runge Short $\mathbb{C}^k$'s (up to biholomor…
We present a geometric approach to a well-known sharp inequality, due to Cowen and Pommerenke, about angular derivatives of general univalent self-maps of the unit disk.
We prove that a proper holomorphic map on the unit disk in the complex plane is uniquely determined up to post-composition with a Moebius transformation by its critical points.
Since the nonlinear integral transforms $J_α[f](z) = \int_{0}^{z}(f'(u))^α du$ and $I_α[f](z) =\int_0^z (f(u)/u)^α du$ with a complex number $α$ have been introduced, a great number of studies were dedicated to deriving sufficient conditions for univalence on the unit disk. On the other hand, little is known about the conditions that $J_α[f]$ or $I_α[f]$ produces a holomorphic univalent function in the unit disk which extends to a quasiconformal map on the complex plane. In this paper we discuss quasiconformal extendibility of the integral transforms $J_α[f]$ and $I_α[f]$ for holomorphic funct…
We study relationships between the asymptotic behaviour of a non-elliptic semigroup of holomorphic self-maps of the unit disk and the geometry of its planar domain (the image of the Koenigs function). We establish a sufficient condition for the trajectories of the semigroup to converge to its Denjoy-Wolff point with a definite slope. We obtain as a corollary two previously known sufficient conditions.
In this paper, we examine the boundary behaviour of the generic power series $f$ with coefficients chosen from a fixed bounded set $Λ$ in the sense of Baire category. Notably, we prove that for any open subset $U$ of the unit disk $D$ with a non-real boundary point on the unit circle, $f(U)$ is a dense set of $\CC$. As it is demonstrated, this conclusion does not necessarily hold for arbitrary open sets accumulating to the unit circle. To complement these results, a characterization of coefficient sets having this property is given.
Given a random sequence of holomorphic maps $f_1,f_2,f_3,...$ of the unit disk $Δ$ to a subdomain $X$, we consider the compositions $$F_n=f_1 \circ f_{2} \circ ... f_{n-1} \circ f_n.$$ The sequence $\{F_n\}$ is called the {\em iterated function system} coming from the sequence $f_1,f_2,f_3,....$ We prove that a sufficient condition on the domain $X$ for all limit functions of any $\{F_n\}$ to be constant is also necessary. We prove the condition is a quasiconformal invariant. Finally, we address the question of uniqueness of limit functions.
We study proper rational maps from the unit disk to balls in higher dimensions. After gathering some known results, we study the moduli space of unitary equivalence classes of polynomial proper maps from the disk to a ball, and we establish a normal form for these equivalence classes. We also prove that all rational proper maps from the disk to a ball are homotopic in target dimension at least $2$.
We extend the classical Schwarz-Pick inequality to the class of harmonic mappings between the unit disk and a Jordan domain with given perimeter. It is intriguing that the extremals in this case are certain harmonic diffeomorphisms between the unit disk and a convex domain that solve the Beltrami equation of second order.
We give a sharp bound for the Lebesgue constant associated to Leja sequences in the complex unit disk, confirming a conjecture made by Calvi and Phung in 2011
In this note, we discuss the coefficient regions of analytic self-maps of the unit disk with a prescribed fixed point. As an application, we solve the Fekete-Szegő problem for normalized concave functions with a prescribed pole in the unit disk.
We prove that, for any finite Blaschke product $w=B(z)$ in the unit disk, the corresponding Riemann surface over the $w$--plane contains a one-sheeted disk of the radius $0.5$. Moreover, it contains a unit one-sheeted disk with a radial slit. We apply this result to obtain a universal sharp lower estimate of the Bloch seminorm for finite Blaschke products.
We prove some sharp inequalities for complex harmonic functions on the unit disk. The results extend a M. Riesz conjugate function theorem and some well-known estimates for holomorphic functions. We apply some of results to the isoperimetric inequality for harmonic mappings.
Concrete sharp constants in a pointwise estimate of the gradient of a harmonic function in the unit disk are obtained under the assumption that function belong to Hardy space $h^p$, $p\ge 1$. This generalizes some recent result of Maz'ya & Kresin and a result of Colonna related to the Bloch constant of harmonic mappings of the unit disk into itself.
The aim of this paper is to obtain the Schwarz-Pick type inequality for $α$-harmonic functions $f$ in the unit disk and get estimates on the coefficients of $f$. As an application, a Landau type theorem of $α$-harmonic functions is established.
We first give an exposition on holomorphic isometries from the Poincaré disk to polydisks and from the Poincaré disk to the product of the Poincaré disk with a complex unit ball. As an application, we provide an example of proper holomorphic map from the unit disk to the complex unit ball that is irrational, algebraic and holomorphic on a neighborhood of the closed unit disk. We also include some new results on holomorphic isometries.
We prove some isoperimetric type inequalities for real harmonic functions in the unit disk belonging to the Hardy space $h^p$, $p>1$ and for complex harmonic functions in $h^4$. The results extend some recent results on the area. Further we discus some Riesz type results for holomorphic functions.
We continue the study of analytic functions in the unit disk of finite order with arbitrary set of singular points on the unit circle, introduced in \cite{FG}. The main focus here is made upon the inverse problem: the existence of a function from this class with a given singular set and zero set subject to certain Blaschke-type condition. We also discuss the local analog of the main result from \cite{FG} similar to the standard local Blaschke condition for analytic and bounded functions in the unit disk.
We study quasiconformal mappings of the unit disk that have planar extension with controlled distortion. For these mappings we prove a bound for the modulus of continuity of the inverse map, which somewhat surprisingly is almost as good as for global quasiconformal maps. Furthermore, we give examples which improve the known bounds for the three point property of generalized quasidisks. Finally, we establish optimal regularity of such maps when the image of the unit disk has cusp type singularities.
In this paper we define Gevrey polyanalytic classes of order N on the unit disk D and we obtain for these classes a characteristic expansion into N-analytic polynomials on suitable neighborhoods of D. As an application of our main theorem, we perform for the Gevrey polyanalytic classes of order N on the unit disk D, an analogue to E. M. Dyn'kin's theorem. We also derive, for these classes, their characteristic degree of the best uniform approximation on D by N-analytic polynomials.
We obtain an explicit uniform upper bound for the derivative of a conformal mapping of the unit disk onto a convex domain. This estimate depends only on the outer and inner radii of the domain, and on a curvature radius of its boundary. Its proof is based on a Möbius invariant metric of hyperbolic type, introduced by Kulkarni and Pinkall in 1994.
