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arXiv 0811.0490q-fin.GNphysics.soc-ph
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在USA中模拟实际人均GDP:协整检验

Modelling real GDP per capita in the USA: cointegration test

Ivan O. Kitov, Oleg I. Kitov, Svetlana A. Dolinskaya

摘要:

本文提出并检验了美国实际人均国内生产总值演变的双成分模型。国内生产总值增长率的第一个组成部分代表一种经济趋势,与实际人均国内生产总值本身达到的水平成反比,提名者在时间上保持不变。第二个组成部分是围绕经济趋势波动的原因,被定义为9岁儿童人数增长率的一半。美国的人均实际GDP增长率和9岁儿童数量之间的这种非线性关系进行了协整检验。对于线性化的问题,预测人口时间序列计算使用原始的关系。两个单一的一年的年龄人口时间序列,测量和预测的一个,被证明是集成的顺序1。Engel-Granger方法应用于测量和预测时间序列的差异以及残差或相应的线性回归。这两个检验都表明了协整关系的存在。Johansen检验的结果是协整秩为1。由于9岁儿童的测量和预测数量之间存在协整关系,VAR,VECM和线性回归用于估计拟合优度和均方根误差,RMSE。最高的R2=0.95和最好的RMSE是在VAR表示中获得的。从计量经济学的角度来看,协整检验表明,美国实际经济增长与经济趋势的偏离(由实际人均国内生产总值的年增长率定义)是由9岁儿童数量的变化所驱动的。

英文摘要:

A two-component model for the evolution of real GDP per capita in the USA is presented and tested. The first component of the GDP growth rate represents an economic trend and is inversely proportional to the attained level of real GDP per capita itself, with the nominator being constant through time. The second component is responsible for fluctuations around the economic trend and is defined as a half of the growth rate of the number of 9-year-olds. This nonlinear relationship between the growth rate of real GDP per capita and the number of 9-year-olds in the USA is tested for cointegration. For linearization of the problem, a predicted population time series is calculated using the original relationship. Both single year of age population time series, the measured and predicted one, are shown to be integrated of order 1. The Engel-Granger approach is applied to the difference of the measured and predicted time series and to the residuals or corresponding linear regression. Both tests show the existence of a cointegrating relation. The Johansen test results in the cointegrating rank 1. Since a cointegrating relation between the measured and predicted number of 9-year-olds does exist, the VAR, VECM, and linear regression are used in estimation of the goodness of fit and root mean-square errors, RMSE. The highest R2=0.95 and the best RMSE is obtained in the VAR representation. Econometrically, the tests for cointegration show that the deviations of real economic growth in the USA from the economic trend, as defined by the constant annual increment of real per capita GDP, are driven by the change in the number of 9-year-olds.

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