Almost Paracontact Manifolds

Hyperspheres in Euclidean and Minkowski 4-spaces as almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian manifolds

Almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian manifolds of the lowest dimension are studied. Such structures are constructed on hyperspheres in 4-dimensional spaces, Euclidean and pseudo-Euclidean, respectively. The obtained manifolds are studied and characterised in terms of the classification used and their geometric properties.

Para-CR Structures on almost Paracontact Metric Manifolds

Almost paracontact metric manifolds are the famous examples of almost para-CR manifolds. We find necessary and suffcient conditions for such manifolds to be para-CR. Next we examine these conditions in certain subclasses of almost paracontact metric manifolds. Especially, it is shown that the normal almost paracontact metric manifolds are para-CR. We establish necessary and suffcient conditions for paracontact metric manifolds as well as for almost paracosymplectic manifolds to be para-CR. We find also basic curvature identities for para-CR paracontact metric manifolds and study their conseque…

Matrix Lie Groups as 3-Dimensional Almost Paracontact Almost Paracomplex Riemannian Manifolds

Lie groups considered as three-dimensional almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian manifolds are investigated. In each basic class of the classification used for the manifolds under consideration, a correspondence is established between the Lie algebra and the explicit matrix representation of its Lie group.

On a class of paracontact metric 3-manifolds

The purpose of this paper is to classify paracontact metric $3$-manifolds $M^3$ such that the Ricci operator $S$ commutes with the endomorhism $ϕ$ of its tangent bundle $Γ(TM^3)$.

$\widetilde{J}$-tangent affine hypersurfaces with an induced almost paracontact structure

We study real affine hypersurfaces $f\colon M\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2n+2}$ with an almost paracontact structure $(φ,ξ,η)$ induced by a $\widetilde{J}$-tangent transversal vector filed, where $\widetilde{J}$ is the canonical paracomplex structure on $\mathbb{R}^{2n+2}$. We give a classification of hypersurfaces for which an induced almost paracontact structure is metric relative to the second fundamental form. Some other properties of such hypersurfaces are also studied.

On Almost Paracontact Almost Paracomplex Riemannian Manifolds

Almost paracontact manifolds of an odd dimension having an almost paracomplex structure on the paracontact distribution are studied. The components of the fundamental (0,3)-tensor, derived by the covariant derivative of the structure endomorphism and the metric on the considered manifolds in each of the basic classes, are obtained. Then, the case of the lowest dimension 3 of these manifolds is considered. An associated tensor of the Nijenhuis tensor is introduced and the studied manifolds are characterized with respect to this pair of tensors. Moreover, cases of paracontact and para-Sasakian t…

The decomposition of almost paracontact metric manifolds in eleven classes revisited

This paper is a continuation of our previous work, where eleven basic classes of almost paracontact metric manifolds with respect to the covariant derivative of the structure tensor field were obtained. First we decompose one of the eleven classes into two classes and the basic classes of the considered manifolds become twelve. Also, we determine the classes of $α$-para-Sasakian, $α$-para-Kenmotsu, normal, paracontact metric, para-Sasakian, K-paracontact and quasi-para-Sasakian manifolds. Moreover, we study 3-dimensional almost paracontact metric manifolds and show that they belong to four bas…

Slant curves in 3-dimensional normal almost paracontact metric manifolds

The presented paper is devoted to study the curvature and torsion of slant Frenet curves in 3-dimensional normal almost paracontact metric manifolds. Moreover, in this class of manifolds, properties of non- Frenet slant curves (with null tangents or null normals) are obtained. The achieved results are illustrated by examples.

Slant and Semi-Slant Submanifolds of a Lorentzian Almost Paracontact Manifold

In this paper we define and study the slant and semi-slant submanifolds of a Lorentzian almost paracontact manifold. Some necessary and sufficient conditions for a submanifold of a Lorentzian almost paracontact manifold to be slant are obtained. We give some examples for the slant and semi-slant submanifolds of a Lorentzian almost paracontact manifold. We also investigate the integrability conditions for the distributions involved in the definition of a semi-slant submanifold when the ambient manifold is a Lorentzian paracosymplectic and a Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifold, respectively.

Lifts of Lorentzian r- Paracontact Structure: A Geometrical Dynamics Meaning

The goal of this paper, using lifting theory it is to produce almost paracomplex struc- tures on the tangent bundle of almost Lorentzian r-paracontact manifold endowed with almost Lorentzian r-paracontact structure. Finally, we discuss the effect over dynamics systems of the produced geometrical structures.

Canonical connections on paracontact manifolds

The canonical paracontact connection is defined and it is shown that its torsion is the obstruction the paracontact manifold to be paraSasakian. A $\mathcal{D}$-homothetic transformation is determined as a special gauge transformation. The $η$-Einstein manifold are defined, it is prove that their scalar curvature is a constant and it is shown that in the paraSasakian case these spaces can be obtained from Einstein paraSasakian manifolds with a $\mathcal{D}$-homothetic transformations. It is shown that an almost paracontact structure admits a connection with totally skew-symmetric torsion if an…

A Classification of 3-dimensional paracontact metric manifolds with $Qφ=φQ$

We show that a $3-$dimensional paracontact manifold on which $Qφ=φQ$ is either a manifold with $trh^2=0$, flat or of constant $ξ-$sectional curvature $k\neq-1$ and constant $φ$-sectional curvature $-k\neq 1$.

On the Relation Between $G_2^*$ Structures and Almost Paracontact Structures

We investigate 7 dimensional almost para-contact metric structures induced by the 3-forms of $G_2^*$ Structures. We calculate the projections that determine to which class the almost para-contact structure belongs, by using the properties of $G_2^*$ Structures.

Pair of associated Schouten-van Kampen connections adapted to an almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian structure

There are introduced and studied a pair of associated Schouten-van Kampen affine connections adapted to the paracontact distribution and an almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian structure generated by the pair of associated metrics and their Levi-Civita connections. By means of the constructed non-symmetric connections, the basic classes of the manifolds with the considered structure are characterized. Curvature properties of the studied connections are obtained. A family of examples on a Lie group is constructed.

Almost para-Hermitian and almost paracontact metric structures induced by natural Riemann extensions

In this paper we consider a manifold $(M,\nabla )$ with a symmetric linear connection $\nabla $ which induces on the cotangent bundle $T^*M$ of $M$ a semi-Riemannian metric $\overline g$ with a neutral signature. The metric $\overline g$ is called natural Riemann extension and it is a generalization (made by M. Sekizawa and O. Kowalski) of the Riemann extension, introduced by E. K. Patterson and A. G. Walker (1952). We construct two almost para-Hermitian structures on $(T^*M,\overline g)$ which are almost para-Kähler or para-Kähler and prove that the defined almost para-complex structures are …

几乎para接触几乎para复黎曼流形作为二维空间形式的扩张

Almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian manifolds as extensions of 2-dimensional space-forms

本文研究最低维几乎para接触黎曼流形，其构造为实线与二维空间形式的乘积，度量由锥度量或双曲扩张得到，并依据分类与曲率性质加以刻画。

Generalized (kappa,mu)-Paracontact Metric Manifolds with xi(mu)=0

We give a local classification of generalized (kappa,mu)-Paracontact Metric Manifold which satisfies the condition xi(mu)=0. An example of such manifolds is presented.

Bi-paracontact structures and Legendre foliations

We study almost bi-paracontact structures on contact manifolds. We prove that if an almost bi-paracontact structure is defined on a contact manifold $(M,η)$, then under some natural assumptions of integrability, $M$ carries two transverse bi-Legendrian structures. Conversely, if two transverse bi-Legendrian structures are defined on a contact manifold, then $M$ admits an almost bi-paracontact structure. We define a canonical connection on an almost bi-paracontact manifold and we study its curvature properties, which resemble those of the Obata connection of an anti-hypercomplex (or complex-pro…

On a remarkable class of paracontact metric manifolds

We study a remarkable class of paracontact metric manifolds which have no contact metric counterpart: the paracontact metric $(-1,\widetildeμ)$-spaces which are not paraSasakian (i.e. have $\widetilde h\neq0$). We present explicit examples with $\widetilde h$ of every possible constant rank and some with non-constant rank, which were not known to exist until recently.

$η$-Normality, CR-structures, para-CR structures on almost contact metric and almost paracontact metric manifolds

For almost contact metric or almost paracontact metric manifolds there is natural notion of $η$-normality. Manifold is called $η$-normal if is normal along kernel distribution of characteristic form. In the paper it is proved that $η$-normal manifolds are in one-one correspondence with Cauchy-Riemann almost contact metric manifolds or para Cauchy-Riemann in case of almost paracontact metric manifolds. There is provided characterization of $η$-normal manifolds in terms of Levi-Civita covariant derivative of structure tensor. It is established existence a Tanaka-like connection on $η$-normal man…

A Study of Three-Dimensional Paracontact $(κ,μ,ν) $-SPACES

This paper is a study of three-dimensional paracontact metric (\k{appa},μ,ν)-manifolds. Three dimensional paracontact metric manifolds whose Reeb vector field ξ is harmonic are characterized. We focus on some curvature properties by considering the class of paracontact metric (\k{appa},μ,ν)-manifolds under a condition which is given at Definition 3.1. We study properties of such manifolds according to the cases \k{appa}>-1, \k{appa}=-1, \k{appa}<-1 and construct new examples of such manifolds for each case.

Local classification and examples of an important class of paracontact metric manifolds

We study paracontact metric $(κ,μ)$-spaces with $κ=-1$, equivalent to $h^2=0$ but not $h=0$. In particular, we will give an alternative proof of Theorem 3.2 of [11] and present examples of paracontact metric $(-1,2)$-spaces and $(-1,0)$-spaces of arbitrary dimension with tensor $h$ of every possible constant rank. We will also show explicit examples of paracontact metric $(-1, μ)$-spaces with tensor $h$ of non-constant rank, which were not known to exist until now.

Paracontact metric manifolds without a contact metric counterpart

We study non-paraSasakian paracontact metric $(κ,μ)$-spaces with $κ=-1$ (equivalent to $h^2=0$ but $h\neq0$). These manifolds, which do not have a contact geometry counterpart, will be classified locally in terms of the rank of $h$. We will also give explicit examples of every possible constant rank of $h$.

$(\u03b5)$-殆仿切触度量流形中的$\u03b7$-Ricci孤立子

$η$-Ricci solitons in $(\varepsilon)$-almost paracontact metric manifolds

该文针对$(\u03b5)$-殆仿切触度量流形，研究了两类势向量场情形下的$\u03b7$-Ricci孤立子，分析了相关特殊流形的孤立子容许性，并结合平行对称(0,2)张量场得到了若干研究结果。

Parallel Almost Paracontact Structures on Affine Hypersurfaces

Let $\widetilde{J}$ be the canonical para-complex structure on $\mathbb{R}^{2n+2}\simeq\widetilde{\mathbb{C}}^{n+1}$. We study real affine hypersurfaces $f\colon M\rightarrow \widetilde{\mathbb{C}}^{n+1}$ with a $\widetilde{J}$-tangent transversal vector field. Such vector field induces in a natural way an almost paracontact structure ${(φ,ξ,η)}$ on $M$ as well as the affine connection $\nabla$. In this paper we give the classification of hypersurfaces with the property that $φ$ or $η$ is parallel relative to the connection $\nabla$. Moreover, we show that if $\nablaφ=0$ (respectively $\nablaη…

Non-existence of flat paracontact metric structures in dimension greater than or equal to five

An example of a three dimensional flat paracontact metric manifold with respect to Levi-Civita connection is constructed. It is shown that no such manifold exists for odd dimensions greater than or equal to five.

几乎para切触度量3维Walker流形

Almost paracontact metric 3-dimensional Walker manifolds

本文在3维Walker流形上构造几乎para切触度量结构，给出其属于各类别（如para切触、正规、para余辛等）的充要条件，并研究η-Einstein流形的曲率性质。

Lifts of Almost r-Contact and r-Paracontact Structures

In this study, taking into considering lifting theory, we shall obtain both almost complex and paracomplex structures on the tangent bun- dle, based on almost Lorentzian r-contact and r-paracontact manifold.

仿切触几何中的 h-几乎 Ricci-Yamabe 孤立子

H-almost Ricci-Yamabe solitons in paracontact geometry

本文在仿切触几何框架下分类了 h-几乎 Ricci-Yamabe 孤立子，系统刻画了 para-Kenmotsu、para-Sasakian 和 para-cosymplectic 流形上的相关结构，并给出两个实例加以说明。

伪黎曼流形上δ-几乎梯度Yamabe孤立子的几何

Geometry of δ-almost gradient Yamabe solitons on pseudo-Riemannian manifolds

本文研究伪黎曼流形中仿切触度量流形上的δ-几乎Yamabe孤立子，证明势向量场的Killing性、与ξ的平行关系及数量曲率条件，并构造了两个K-仿切触度量流形实例。

Nullity conditions in paracontact geometry

The paper is a complete study of paracontact metric manifolds for which the Reeb vector field of the underlying contact structure satisfies a nullity condition (the condition \eqref{paranullity} below, for some real numbers $% \tildeκ$ and $\tildeμ$). This class of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds, which includes para-Sasakian manifolds, was recently defined in \cite{MOTE}. In this paper we show in fact that there is a kind of duality between those manifolds and contact metric $(κ,μ)$-spaces. In particular, we prove that, under some natural assumption, any such paracontact metric manifold admits a …

Yamabe Solitons on three-dimensional normal almost paracontact metric manifolds

The purpose of the paper is to study Yamabe solitons on three-dimensional para-Sasakian, paracosymplectic and para-Kenmotsu manifolds. Mainly, we proved that *If the semi-Riemannian metric of a three-dimensional para-Sasakian manifold is a Yamabe soliton, then it is of constant scalar curvature, and the flow vector field V is Killing. In the next step, we proved that either manifold has constant curvature -1 and reduces to an Einstein manifold, or V is an infinitesimal automorphism of the paracontact metric structure on the manifold. *If the semi-Riemannian metric of a three-dimensional paraco…

On basic curvature identities for almost (para)contact metric manifolds

In monograph of D. E. Blair "Riemannian geometry of contact and symplectic manifolds" and in the paper of S. Zamkovoy "Canonical connections on paracontact manifolds", the curvature identities respectively for contact and paracontact metric manifold are proved. We obtain the curvature identity in the wider class of manifolds, which generalizes results presented in above mentioned publications. Moreover, we present some properties of almost (para)hermitian structure on a special semiproduct of R+ and an almost (para)contact metric manifold. This semiproduct plays an auxiliary role in proving ma…

Classification results for three-dimensional (para)contact metric and almost (para)cosymplectic $(κ,μ)$-spaces

It is provided an overview of existed results concerning classification of contact metric, almost cosymplectic and almost Kenmotsu $(κ,μ)$-manifolds. In the case of dimension three it is described in full details structure of contact metric or almost cosymplectic $(κ,μ)$-spaces. The second part of the paper addresses three-dimensional paracontact metric and almost paracosymplectic $(κ,μ)$-spaces. There is obtained local classification of paracontact metric $(κ,μ)$-spaces, and almost paracosymplectic $(κ,μ)$-spaces, for every possible value of $κ$.

Indefinite almost paracontact metric manifolds

In this paper we introduce the concept of $(\varepsilon)$-almost paracontact manifolds, and in particular, of $(\varepsilon)$-para Sasakian manifolds. Several examples are presented. Some typical identities for curvature tensor and Ricci tensor of $(\varepsilon)$-para Sasakian manifolds are obtained. We prove that if a semi-Riemannian manifold is one of flat, proper recurrent or proper Ricci-recurrent, then it can not admit an $(\varepsilon)$-para Sasakian structure. We show that, for an $(\varepsilon)$-para Sasakian manifold, the conditions of being symmetric, semi-symmetric or of constant se…

Conformal paracontact curvature and the local flatness theorem

A curvature-type tensor invariant called para contact (pc) conformal curvature is defined on a paracontact manifold. It is shown that a paracontact manifold is locally paracontact conformal to the hyperbolic Heisenberg group or to a hyperquadric of neutral signature if and only if the pc conformal curvature vanishes. In the three dimensional case the corresponding result is achieved through employing a certain symmetric (0,2) tensor. The well known result of Cartan-Chern-Moser giving necessary and sufficient condition a CR-structure to be CR equivalent to a hyperquadric in the complex vector s…

Hypersurfaces of Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifolds

In this paper, we study the invariant and noninvariant hypersurfaces of (1,1,1) almost contact manifolds, Lorentzian almost paracontact manifolds and Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifolds, respectively. We show that a noninvariant hypersurface of an (1,1,1) almost contact manifold admits an almost product structure. We investigate hypersurfaces of affinely cosymplectic and normal (1,1,1) almost contact manifolds. It is proved that a noninvariant hypersurface of a Lorentzian almost paracontact manifold is an almost product metric manifold. Some necessary and sufficient conditions have been given f…

Para-Ricci-like Solitons with Vertical Potential on Para-Sasaki-Like Riemannian $Π$-Manifolds

Object of study are para-Ricci-like solitons on para-Sasaki-like almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian manifolds, briefly, Riemannian $Π$-manifolds. Different cases when the potential of the soliton is the Reeb vector field or pointwise collinear to it are considered. Some additional geometric properties of the constructed objects are proven. Results for a parallel symmetric second-order covariant tensor on the considered manifolds are obtained. Explicit example of dimension 5 in support of the given assertions is provided.

Slant submanifolds of lorentzian almost contact manifolds

In this paper we study slant submanifolds of Lorentzian almost contact manifolds. We have taken the submanifold as a space like and then defined the slant angle on a submanifold and thus we extended the results of A. Lotta (Slant submanifolds in contact geometry [8]) and M. A. Khan et. al. (Slant submanifolds of Lorentzian Paracontact manifolds [7]) in this new setting.

具有QSNM联络的δ-几乎Yamabe孤子的几何刻画

Geometric Characterizations of δ-Almost Yam- abe Solitons with QSNM Connections

本文研究了带四分之一对称非度量联络∇的仿切触度量流形上δ-几乎Yamabe孤子的几何结构，通过特定假设建立分类结果，推导其膨胀/稳态/收缩条件并给出示例验证。

Connections on non-symmetric (generalized) Riemannian manifold and gravity

Connections with (skew-symmetric) torsion on non-symmetric Riemannian manifold satisfying the Einstein metricity condition (NGT with torsion) are considered. It is shown that an almost Hermitian manifold is an NGT with torsion if and only if it is a Nearly Kähler manifold. In the case of an almost contact metric manifold the NGT with torsion spaces are characterized and a possibly new class of almost contact metric manifolds is extracted. Similar considerations lead to a definition of a particular classes of almost para-Hermitian and almost paracontact metric manifolds. The conditions are give…

$k$-slant distributions

Inspired by the concepts of slant distribution and slant submanifold, with their variants of hemi-slant, semi-slant, bi-slant, or almost bi-slant, we introduce the more general concepts of $k$-slant distribution and $k$-slant submanifold in the settings of an almost Hermitian, an almost product Riemannian, an almost contact metric, and an almost paracontact metric manifold and study some of their properties. We prove that, for any proper $k$-slant distribution in the tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold, there exists another one in its orthogonal complement, and we establish basic relations…

Riemann solitons and almost Riemann solitons on almost Kenmotsu manifolds

The aim of this article is to study the Riemann soliton and gradient almost Riemann soliton on certain class of almost Kenmotsu manifolds. Also some suitable examples of Kenmotsu and $(κ,μ)'$-almost Kenmotsu manifolds are constructed to justify our results.

Hessian comparison and eigenvalue estimate of almost Hermitian manifolds

In this paper, by using the Bochner technique on almost Hermitian manifolds, we obtain a complex Hessian comparison for almost Hermitian manifolds generalizing the Laplacian comparison for almost Hermitian manifolds by Tossati, and reprove a diameter estimate for almost Hermitian manifolds by Gray. Moreover, we obtain a sharp eigenvalue estimate on quasi Kaehler manifolds and a sharp Hessian comparison on nearly Kaehler manifolds.

Almost cosymplectic statistical manifolds

This paper is a study of almost contact statistical manifolds. Especially this study is focused on almost cosymplectic statistical manifolds. We obtained basic properties of such manifolds. It is proved a characterization theorem and a corollary for the almost cosymplectic statistical manifold with Kaehler leaves. We also study curvature properties of an almost cosymplectic statistical manifold. Moreover, examples are constructed.

Some haracterizations of almost Hermitian manifolds

We give a condition for an almost constant-type manifold to be a constant-type manifold, and holomorphic and $R$-invariant submanifolds of almost Hermitian manifolds are studied. Generalizations of some results in [5] are given.

A Liouvile-type theorems for some classes of complete Riemannian almost product manifolds and for special mappings of complete Riemannian manifolds

In the present paper we prove Liouville-type theorems: non-existence theorems for some complete Riemannian almost product manifolds and special mappings of complete Riemannian manifolds which generalize similar results for compact manifolds.

具有非负双正交曲率的近凯勒四维流形

Almost-Kähler four manifolds with nonnegative biorthogonal curvature

本文对具有非负双正交曲率的紧致近凯勒四维流形进行了完整分类。

On a class of immersions between almost para-Hermitian manifolds

Almost para-Hermitian manifold it is manifold equipped with almost para-complex structure and compatible pseudo-metric of neutral signature. It is considered a class of immersions of almost para-Hermitian manifolds into almost para-Hermitian manifolds. Such immersions are called slant submanifolds. The concept is an analogue of the idea of slant submanifold in almost Hermitian geometry. There are classified pointwise slant surfaces of four dimensional almost para-Hermitian manifold.

Almost h-conformal semi-invariant submersions from almost quaternionic Hermitian manifolds

As a generalization of Riemannian submersions, horizontally conformal submersions, semi-invariant submersions, h-semi-invariant submersions, almost h-semi-invariant submersions, conformal semi-invariant submersions, we introduce h-conformal semi-invariant submersions and almost h-conformal semi-invariant submersions from almost quaternionic Hermitian manifolds onto Riemannian manifolds. We study their properties: the geometry of foliations, the conditions for total manifolds to be locally product manifolds, the conditions for such maps to be totally geodesic, etc. Finally, we give some example…

On three dimensional conformally flat almost cosymplectic manifolds

In the paper there are described new examples of conformally flat three dimensional almost cosymplectic manifolds. All these manifolds form a class which was completely characterized.

Conjugate connections and statistical structures on almost Norden manifolds

Relations between conjugate connections with respect to the pair of Norden metrics and to the almost complex structure on almost Norden manifolds are studied. Conjugate connections of the Levi-Civita connections induced by the Norden metrics are obtained. Statistical structures on almost Norden manifolds are considered.

Embeddings of almost Hermitian manifolds in almost hyperHermitian those. Complex and hypercomplex numbers in differential geometry

Tubular neighborhoods play an important role in differential topology. We have applied these constructions to geometry of almost Hermitian manifolds. At first, we consider deformations of tensor structures on a normal tubular neighborhood of a submanifold in a Riemannian manifold.Further, an almost hyperHermitian structure has been constructed on the tangent bundle TM with help of the Riemannian connection of an almost Hermitian structure on a manifold M then, we consider an embedding of the almost Hermitian manifold M in the corresponding normal tubular neighborhood of the null section in the…

Canonical connection on a class of Riemannian almost product manifolds

The canonical connection on a Riemannian almost product manifold is an analogue to the Hermitian connection on an almost Hermitian manifold. In this paper we consider the canonical connection on a class of Riemannian almost product manifolds with non-integrable almost product structure. We construct and characterize an example by a Lie group.