Based on the notion of Darboux-KP chain hierarchy and its invariant submanifolds we construct some class of constraints compatible with integrable lattices. Some simple examples are given.
We extend the reduction group method to the Lax-Darboux schemes associated with nonlinear Schrödinger type equations. We consider all possible finite reduction groups and construct corresponding Lax operators, Darboux transformations, hierarchies of integrable differential-difference equations, integrable partial difference systems and associated scalar partial difference equations.
We introduce and study suitable Poisson structures for four dimensional maps derived as lifts and specific periodic reductions of integrable lattice equations. These maps are Poisson with respect to these structures and the corresponding integrals are in involution.
Hydrodynamic reductions of the hydrodynamic chain associated with dispersionless limit of 2+1 Harry Dym equation are found by the Miura type and reciprocal transformations applied to the Benney hydrodynamic chain.
We discuss algebraic and analytic structure of rational Lax operators. With algebraic reductions of Lax equations we associate a reduction group - a group of twisted automorphisms of the corresponding infinite dimensional Lie algebra. We present a complete study of dihedral reductions for sl(2,C) Lax operators with simple poles and corresponding integrable equations. In the last section we give three examples of dihedral reductions for sl(N,C) Lax operators.
We compare the results of our two papers with the results of the paper Aratyn H., Gomes J.F., Zimerman A.H., Higher order Painlevé equations and their symmetries via reductions of a class of integrable models, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor., V. 44} (2011), Art. No. 235202.
Quasi-monochromatic complex reductions of a number of physically important equations are obtained. Starting from the cubic nonlinear Klein-Gordon (NLKG), the Korteweg-deVries (KdV) and water wave equations, it is shown that the leading order asymptotic approximation can be transformed to the well-known integrable AKNS system [6] associated with second order (in space) nonlinear wave equations. This in turn establishes, for the first time, an important physical connection between the recently discovered nonlocal integrable reductions of the AKNS system and physically interesting equations. Redu…
We present some nonlocal integrable systems by using the Ablowitz-Musslimani nonlocal reductions. We first present all possible nonlocal reductions of nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) and modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) systems. We give soliton solutions of these nonlocal equations by using the Hirota method. We extend the nonlocal NLS equation to nonlocal Fordy-Kulish equations by utilizing the nonlocal reduction to the Fordy-Kulish system on symmetric spaces. We also consider the super AKNS system and then show that Ablowitz-Musslimani nonlocal reduction can be extended to super integrable equa…
We study an integrable system related to the relativistic Toda lattice. The bilinear representation of this lattice is given and the Bäckulund transformation obtained. A fully discrete version is also introduced with its bilinear Bäcklund transformation and Lax pair. One-soliton solution of the discrete system is presented by use of Bäcklund transformation.
We demonstrate that hydrodynamic reductions of dispersionless integrable systems in 2+1 dimensions, such as the dispersionless Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (dKP) and dispersionless Toda lattice (dTl) equations, can be deformed into reductions of the corresponding dispersive counterparts. Modulo the Miura group, such deformations are unique. The requirement that any hydrodynamic reduction possesses a deformation of this kind imposes strong constraints on the structure of dispersive terms, suggesting an alternative approach to the integrability in 2+1 dimensions.
In this paper we derive new two-component integrable differential difference and partial difference systems by applying a Lax-Darboux scheme to an operator formed from an ${\mathfrak{sl}}_3({\mathbb{C}})$-based automorphic Lie algebra. The integrability of the found systems is demonstrated via Lax pairs and generalised symmetries.
The symmetry approach is used for classification of integrable isotropic vector Volterra lattices on the sphere. The list of integrable lattices consists mainly of new equations. Their symplectic structure and associated PDE of vector NLS-type are discussed.
An integrable self-adjoint 7-point scheme on the triangular lattice and an integrable self-adjoint scheme on the honeycomb lattice are studied using the sublattice approach. The star-triangle relation between these systems is introduced, and the Darboux transformations for both linear problems from the Moutard transformation of the B-(Moutard) quadrilateral lattice are obtained. A geometric interpretation of the Laplace transformations of the self-adjoint 7-point scheme is given and the corresponding novel integrable discrete 3D system is constructed.
We review recent results on asymptotic lattices and their integrable reductions. We present the theory of general asymptotic lattices in R^3 together with the corresponding theory of their Darboux-type transformations. Then we study the discrete analogues of the Bianchi surfaces and their transformations. Finally, we present the corresponding theory of the discrete analogues of the isothermally-asymptotic (Fubuni-Ragazzi) nets.
We show that by Miura-type transformation the Itoh-Narita-Bogoyavlenskii lattice, for any $n\geq 1$, is related to some differential-difference (modified) equation. We present corresponding integrable hierarchies in its explicit form. We study the elementary Darboux transformation for modified equations.
The classification of lattice equations that are integrable in the sense of higher-dimensional consistency is extended by allowing directed edges. We find two cases that are not transformable via the 'admissible transformations' to the lattice equations in the existing classification.
We present nonlocal integrable reductions of super AKNS coupled equations. By the use of nonlocal reductions of Ablowitz and Musslimani we find new super integrable equations. In particular we introduce nonlocal super NLS equations and the nonlocal super mKdV equations.
In this paper we construct a family of integrable reductions of the dressing chain, described in its Lotka-Volterra form. For each $k,n\in\mathbb N$ with $n\geqslant 2k+1$ we obtain a Lotka-Volterra system $\hbox{LV}_b(n,k)$ on $\mathbb R^n$ which is a deformation of the Lotka-Volterra system $\hbox{LV}(n,k)$, which is itself an integrable reduction of the $2m+1$-dimensional Bogoyavlenskij-Itoh system $\hbox{LV}(2m+1,m)$, where $m=n-k-1$. We prove that $\hbox{LV}_b(n,k)$ is both Liouville and non-commutative integrable, with rational first integrals which are deformations of the rational first…
We transfer the scheme of constructing differential reductions, developed recently for the case of the Manakov-Santini hierarchy, to the general multidimensional case. We consider in more detail the four-dimensional case, connected with the second heavenly equation and its generalization proposed by Dunajski. We give a characterization of differential reductions in terms of the Lax-Sato equations as well as in the framework of the dressing method based on nonlinear Riemann-Hilbert problem.
We introduce a family of compatible Poisson brackets on the space of rational functions with denominator of a fixed degree and use it to derive a multi-Hamiltonian structure for a family of integrable lattice equations that includes both the standard and the relativistic Toda lattices.
A new integrable discrete system is constructed and studied, based on the algebraization of the difference operator. The model is named the discrete generalized nonlinear Schrodinger (GNLS) equation for which can be reduced to classical discrete nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation. To show the complete integrability of the discrete GNLS equation, the recursion operator, symmetries and conservation quantities are obtained. Furthermore, all of reductions for the discrete GNLS equation are given and the discrete NLS equation is obtained by one of the reductions. At the same time, the recursion o…
We present a complete description of $2$-dimensional equations that arise as symmetry reductions of fourf $3$-dimensional Lax-integrable equations: (1) the universal hierarchy equation~$u_{yy}=u_zu_{xy}-u_yu_{xz}$; (2) the 3D rdDym equation $u_{ty}=u_xu_{xy}-u_yu_{xx}$; (3) The basic Veronese web equation $u_{ty}=u_tu_{xy}-u_yu_{tx}$; (4) Pavlov's equation $u_{yy}=u_{tx}+u_yu_{xx}-u_xu_{xy}$.
We show, in full generality, that the staircase method provides integrals for mappings, and correspondences, obtained as traveling wave reductions of (systems of) integrable partial difference equations. We apply the staircase method to a variety of equations, including the Korteweg-De Vries equation, the five-point Bruschi-Calogero-Droghei equation, the QD-algorithm, and the Boussinesq system. We show that, in all these cases, if the staircase method provides r integrals for an n-dimensional mapping, with 2r<n, then one can introduce q<= 2r variables, which reduce the dimension of the mapping…
We study a class of integrable non-linear differential equations related to the A.III-type symmetric spaces. These spaces are realized as factor groups of the form SU(N)/S(U(N-k) x U(k)). We use the Cartan involution corresponding to this symmetric space as an element of the reduction group and restrict generic Lax operators to this symmetric space. The symmetries of the Lax operator are inherited by the fundamental analytic solutions and give a characterization of the corresponding Riemann-Hilbert data.
The Q1 lattice equation, a member in the Adler-Bobenko-Suris list of 3D consistent lattices, is investigated. By using the multidimensional consistency, a novel Lax pair for Q1 equation is given, which can be nonlinearised to produce integrable symplectic maps. Consequently, a Riemann theta function expression for the discrete potential is derived with the help of the Baker-Akhiezer functions. This expression leads to the algebro-geometric integration of the Q1 lattice equation, based on the commutativity of discrete phase flows generated from the iteration of integrable symplectic maps.
We show that matrix $Q\times Q$ Self-dual type $S$-integrable Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) possess a family of lower-dimensional reductions represented by the matrix $ Q \times n_0 Q$ quasilinear first order PDEs solved in \cite{SZ1} by the method of characteristics. In turn, these PDEs admit two types of available particular solutions: (a) explicit solutions and (b) solutions described implicitly by a system of non-differential equations. The later solutions, in particular, exhibit the wave profile breaking. Only first type of solutions is available for (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear $S…
We investigate the relation between the local variables of a discrete integrable lattice system and the corresponding separation variables, derived from the associated spectral curve. In particular, we have shown how the inverse transformation from the separation variables to the discrete lattice variables may be factorised as a sequence of canonical transformations, following the procedure outlined by Kuznetsov.
We solve the classification problem for integrable lattices of the form $u_{,t}=f(u_{-2},\dots,u_2)$ under the additional assumption of invariance with respect to the group of linear-fractional transformations. The obtained list contains 5 equations, including 3 new. Difference Miura type substitutions are found which relate these equations with known polynomial lattices. We also present some classification results for the generic lattices.
We give new Backlund transformations (BTs) for some known integrable (in the sense of being multidimensionally consistent) quadrilateral lattice equations. As opposed to the natural auto-BT inherent in every such equation, these BTs are of two other kinds. Specifically, it is found that some equations admit additional auto-BTs (with Backlund parameter), whilst some pairs of apparently distinct equations admit a BT which connects them.
New approach to classification of integrable hydrodynamic chains is established. Generating functions of conservation laws are classified by the method of hydrodynamic reductions. N parametric family of explicit hydrodynamic reductions allows to reconstruct corresponding hydrodynamic chains. Plenty new hydrodynamic chains are found.
A class of multidimensional integrable hierarchies connected with commutation of general (unreduced) (N+1)-dimensional vector fields containing derivative over spectral variable is considered. They are represented in the form of generating equation, as well as in the Lax-Sato form. A dressing scheme based on nonlinear vector Riemann problem is presented for this class. The hierarchies connected with Manakov-Santini equation and Dunajski system are considered as illustrative examples.
In this paper we consider integrable dispersive chains associated with the so called Energy Dependent Schrodinger operator. In a general case multi component reductions of these dispersive chains are new integrable systems, which are characterised by two arbitrary natural numbers. Also we show that integrable three dimensional linearly degenerate quasilinear equations of a second order possess infinitely many differential constraints. Corresponding dispersive reductions are integrable systems associated with the Energy Dependent Schrodinger operator.
We introduce a class of integrable $l$-field first-order lattices together with corresponding Lax equations. These lattices may be represented as consistency condition for auxiliary linear systems defined on sequences of formal dressing operators. This construction provides simple way to build lattice Miura transformations between one-field lattice and $l$-field ($l\ge 2$) ones. We show that the lattices pertained to above class is in some sense compatible with KP flows and define the chains of constrained KP Lax operators.
A generalised ladder operator is used to construct the conserved operators for any model derived from the Yang-Baxter equation. As an example, the low order conserved operators for the XYh model are calculated explicitly.
We study the growth of degrees in many autonomous and non-autonomous lattice equations defined by quad rules with corner boundary values, some of which are known to be integrable by other characterisations. Subject to an enabling conjecture, we prove polynomial growth for a large class of equations which includes the Adler-Bobenko-Suris equations and Viallet's $Q_V$ and its non-autonomous generalization. Our technique is to determine the ambient degree growth of the projective version of the lattice equations and to conjecture the growth of their common factors at each lattice vertex, allowing…
We consider differential-difference equations that determine the continuous symmetries of discrete equations on the triangular lattice. It is shown that a certain combination of continuous flows can be represented as a scalar evolution lattice equation of order 2. The general scheme is illustrated by a number of examples, including an analog of the elliptic Yamilov lattice equation.
A relation between semi-direct sums of Lie algebras and integrable couplings of lattice equations is established, and a practicable way to construct integrable couplings is further proposed. An application of the resulting general theory to the generalized Toda spectral problem yields two classes of integrable couplings for the generalized Toda hierarchy of lattice equations. The construction of integrable couplings using semi-direct sums of Lie algebras provides a good source of information on complete classification of integrable lattice equations.
We classify integrable third order equations in 2+1 dimensions which generalize the examples of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili, Veselov-Novikov and Harry Dym equations. Our approach is based on the observation that dispersionless limits of integrable systems in 2+1 dimensions possess infinitely many multi-phase solutions coming from the so-called hydrodynamic reductions. %Conversely, the requirement of the existence of hydrodynamic reductions proves to be an efficient classification criterion. In this paper we adopt a novel perturbative approach to the classification problem. Based on the method of hy…
Inspired by the forms of delay-Painleve equations, we consider some new differential-discrete systems of KdV, mKdV and Sine-Gordon - type related by simple one way Miura transformations to classical ones. Using Hirota bilinear formalism we construct their new integrable discretizations, some of them having higher order. In particular, by this procedure, we show that the integrable discretization of intermediate sine-Gordon equation is exactly lattice mKdV and also we find a bilinear form of the recently proposed lattice Tzitzeica equation. Also the travelling wave reduction of these new lattic…
Integrable mixed models have been used as a generalization of traditional integrable models. However, a map from a traditional integrable model to a mixed integrable model is not well understood yet. Here, it is studied the relation between the mKdV-Liouville hierarchy and the mKdV hierarchy by employing an extended version of the modified truncation approach. This paper shows some solutions for the mKdV-Liouville hierarchy constructed from the soliton solutions of the mKdV hierarchy. The last section deals with the possibility of define new transcendental functions from the self-similarity re…
Reductions for systems of ODEs integrable via the standard factorization method (the Adler-Kostant-Symes scheme) or the generalized factorization method, developed by the authors earlier, are considered. Relationships between such reductions, operator Yang-Baxter equations, and some kinds of non-associative algebras are established.
It is well known that from two-dimensional lattice equations one can derive one-dimensional lattice equations by imposing periodicity in some direction. In this paper we generalize the periodicity condition by adding a symmetry transformation and apply this idea to autonomous and non-autonomous lattice equations. As results of this approach, we obtain new reductions of the discrete potential Korteweg-de Vries equation, discrete modified Korteweg-de Vries equation and the discrete Schwarzian Korteweg-de Vries equation. We will also describe a direct method for obtaining Lax representations for …
In this article, by means of using discrete zero curvature representation and constructing opportune time evolution problems, two new discrete integrable lattice hierarchies with n-dependent coefficients are proposed, which related to a new discrete Schrödinger nonisospectral operator equation. The relation of the two new lattice hierarchies with the Volterra hierarchy is discussed. It has been shown that one lattice hierarchy is equivalent to the positive Volterra hierarchy with n-dependent coefficients and another lattice hierarchy with isospectral problem is equivalent to the negative Volte…
We introduce the sub-lattice approach, a procedure to generate, from a given integrable lattice, a sub-lattice which inherits its integrability features. We consider, as illustrative example of this approach, the discrete Moutard 4-point equation and its sub-lattice, the self-adjoint 5-point scheme on the star of the square lattice, which are relevant in the theory of the integrable Discrete Geometries and in the theory of discrete holomorphic and harmonic functions (in this last context, the discrete Moutard equation is called discrete Cauchy-Riemann equation). We use the sub-lattice point of…
Differential-difference integrable exponential type systems are studied corresponding to the Cartan matrices of semi-simple or affine Lie algebras. For the systems corresponding to the algebras $A_2$, $B_2$, $C_2$, $G_2$ the complete sets of integrals in both directions are found. For the simple Lie algebras of the classical series $A_N$, $B_N$, $C_N$ and affine algebras of series $D^{(2)}_N$ the corresponding systems are supplied with the Lax representation.
Scalar multidimensionally consistent quadrilateral lattice equations are studied. We explore a confluence between the superposition principle for solutions related by the Backlund transformation, and the method of solving a Riccati map by exploiting two kn own particular solutions. This leads to an expression for the N-soliton-type solutions of a generic equation within this class. As a particular instance we give an explicit N-soliton solution for the primary model, which is Adler's lattice equation (or Q4).
After extending the Clarkson-Kruskal's direct similarity reduction ansatz to a more general form, one may obtain various new types of reduction equations. Especially, some lower dimensional turbulence systems or chaotic systems may be obtained from the general type of similarity reductions of a higher dimensional Lax integrable model. Especially, the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation and an arbitrary three order quasilinear equation which includes the Korteweg de-Vries Burgers equation and the general Lorenz equation as two special cases are obtained from the reductions of the (2+1)-dimensional di…
A new integrable class of Davey--Stewartson type systems of nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) in 2+1 dimensions is derived from the matrix Kadomtsev--Petviashvili equation by means of an asymptotically exact nonlinear reduction method based on Fourier expansion and spatio-temporal rescaling. The integrability by the inverse scattering method is explicitly demonstrated, by applying the reduction technique also to the Lax pair of the starting matrix equation and thereby obtaining the Lax pair for the new class of systems of equations. The characteristics of the reduction method su…
The reductions of the multi-component nonlinear Schrodinger (MNLS) type models related to C.I and D.III type symmetric spaces are studied. We pay special attention to the MNLS related to the sp(4), so(10) and so(12) Lie algebras. The MNLS related to sp(4) is a three-component MNLS which finds applications to Bose-Einstein condensates. The MNLS related to so(12) and so(10) Lie algebras after convenient Z_6 or Z_4 reductions reduce to three and four-component MNLS showing new types of chi ^(3)-interactions that are integrable. We briefly explain how these new types of MNLS can be integrated by t…
A multi-component semi-discrete nonlinear integrable system associated with the relevant third-order auxiliary linear problem is claimed to be the prototype system for several reduced integrable systems formulated in terms of true dynamical field variables. The main conservation laws related to the prototype system are found in the framework of generalized recurrent approach. The two-fold Darboux-Bäcklund dressing technique as applied to the integration of prototype system is developed in details. The novel reduced complex-valued nonlinear integrable system embracing three coupled dynamical su…
We consider the discrete Boussinesq integrable system and the compatible set of differential difference, and partial differential equations. The latter not only encode the complete hierarchy of the Boussisesq equation, but also incorporate the hyperbolic Ernst equations for an Einstein-Maxwell-Weyl field in general relativity. We demonstrate a specific symmetry reduction of the partial differential equations, to a six-parameter, second order coupled system of ordinary differential equations, which is conjectured to be of Garnier type.
In the article the problem of the integrable classification of nonlinear lattices depending on one discrete and two continuous variables is studied. By integrability we mean the presence of reductions of a chain to a system of hyperbolic equations of arbitrarily high order integrable in the Darboux sense. Darboux integrablity admits a remarkable algebraic interpretation: the Lie-Rinehart algebras related to both characteristic directions corresponding to the reduced system of the hyperbolic equations have to be of finite dimension. A classification algorithm based on the properties of the char…
We consider the four-dimensional integrable Martinez Alonso--Shabat equation, and list three integrable three-dimensional reductions thereof. We also present a four-dimensional integrable modified Martinez Alonso--Shabat equation together with its Lax pair. We also construct an infinite hierarchy of commuting nonlocal symmetries (and not just the shadows, as it is usually the case in the literature) for the Martinez Alonso--Shabat equation.
We analyze the factorization process for lattice maps, searching for integrable cases. The maps were assumed to be at most quadratic in the dependent variables, and we required minimal factorization (one linear factor) after 2 steps of iteration. The results were then classified using algebraic entropy. Some new models with polynomial growth (strongly associated with integrability) were found. One of them is a nonsymmetric generalization of the homogeneous quadratic maps associated with KdV (modified and Schwarzian), for this new model we have also verified the "consistency around a cube".