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arXiv physics/0504189physics.soc-ph
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个人如何学会轮流:拥挤博弈中交替合作的出现和囚徒困境

How individuals learn to take turns: Emergence of alternating cooperation in a congestion game and the prisoner's dilemma

Dirk Helbing, Martin Schonhof, Hans-Ulrich Stark, Janusz A. Holyst

摘要:

在许多社会困境中,个人倾向于产生一个低回报的情况,而不是一个系统的最佳状态(“公地悲剧”)。交通路线是否也是类似的问题?为了解决这个问题,我们目前的实验结果,人类在计算机实验室中玩的路线选择游戏,它允许一个研究决策行为在重复的游戏超越囚徒困境。我们将专注于个人是否设法找到一个合作和公平的解决方案,与系统的最佳道路使用兼容。我们发现,个人倾向于一个用户均衡与平等的旅行时间在开始。然而,经过多次迭代,它们通常会建立一个连贯的振荡行为,因为轮流执行比应用纯策略或混合策略更好。由此产生的行为是公平的,并与系统最佳的道路使用兼容。尽管复杂的动力学导致协调振荡,我们已经确定了量化所观察到的过渡过程的数学关系。我们对2人和4人游戏的主要实验发现可以用一种新的强化学习模型来解释,该模型适用于任意数量的人,它基于过去的经验和试错行为。平均回报的增加似乎是时间依赖型反应模式创新的重要驱动力,即更复杂策略的演变。我们的研究结果是相关的决策支持系统和路由的交通或数据网络。

英文摘要:

In many social dilemmas, individuals tend to generate a situation with low payoffs instead of a system optimum ("tragedy of the commons"). Is the routing of traffic a similar problem? In order to address this question, we present experimental results on humans playing a route choice game in a computer laboratory, which allow one to study decision behavior in repeated games beyond the Prisoner's Dilemma. We will focus on whether individuals manage to find a cooperative and fair solution compatible with the system-optimal road usage. We find that individuals tend towards a user equilibrium with equal travel times in the beginning. However, after many iterations, they often establish a coherent oscillatory behavior, as taking turns performs better than applying pure or mixed strategies. The resulting behavior is fair and compatible with system-optimal road usage. In spite of the complex dynamics leading to coordinated oscillations, we have identified mathematical relationships quantifying the observed transition process. Our main experimental discoveries for 2- and 4-person games can be explained with a novel reinforcement learning model for an arbitrary number of persons, which is based on past experience and trial-and-error behavior. Gains in the average payoff seem to be an important driving force for the innovation of time-dependent response patterns, i.e. the evolution of more complex strategies. Our findings are relevant for decision support systems and routing in traffic or data networks.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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