Aaron Robertson, Doron Zeilberger
We prove that the minimum number (asymptotically) of monochromatic Schur triples that a 2-coloring of [1,n] can have is (n^2)/22 + O(n). This was solved independently by Tomasz Schoen.
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We give a full, correct proof of the following result, earlier claimed by Erdős and Komjáth. If the Continuum Hypothesis holds then there is a coloring of the plane with countably many colors, with no monocolored right triangle.
This paper investigates vertex colorings of graphs such that some rainbow subgraph~$R$ and some monochromatic subgraph $M$ are forbidden. Previous work focussed on the case that $R=M$. Here we consider the more general case, especially the case that $M=K_2$.
We show that any $2$-coloring of $\mathbb{N}$ contains infinitely many monochromatic sets of the form $\{x,y,xy,x+y\},$ and more generally monochromatic sets of the form $\{x_i,\prod x_i,\sum x_i: i\leq k\}$ for any $k\in\mathbb{N}.$ Along the way we prove a monochromatic products of sums theorem that extends Hindman's theorem and a colorful variant of this result that holds in any 'balanced' coloring.
A 21-Coloring of the Plane Without Monochromatic Unit-Area Rectangles
针对平面单色单位面积矩形的问题，研究人员将Kovač构造的无面积1单色矩形的平面着色的颜色数从21降至21。
In this note, we improve on results of Hoppen, Kohayakawa and Lefmann about the maximum number of edge colorings without monochromatic copies of a star of a fixed size that a graph on $n$ vertices may admit. Our results rely on an improved application of an entropy inequality of Shearer.
A measure theoretic approach of the problem that there exits a finite unit-distance graphs in the plane that are not five (or four) colorable.
A path in an edge-colored graph is called a monochromatic path if all edges of the path have a same color. We call $k$ paths $P_1,\cdots,P_k$ rainbow monochromatic paths if every $P_i$ is monochromatic and for any two $i\neq j$, $P_i$ and $P_j$ have different colors. An edge-coloring of a graph $G$ is said to be a rainbow monochromatic $k$-edge-connection coloring (or $RMC_k$-coloring for short) if every two distinct vertices of $G$ are connected by at least $k$ rainbow monochromatic paths. We use $rmc_k(G)$ to denote the maximum number of colors that ensures $G$ has an $RMC_k$-coloring, and t…
We discuss a problem posed by Ronald Graham about the minimum number, over all 2-colorings of $[1,n]$, of monochromatic $\{x,y,x+ay\}$ triples for $a \geq 1$. We give a new proof of the original case of $a=1$. We show that the minimum number of such triples is at most $\frac{n^2}{2a(a^2+2a+3)} + O(n)$ when $a \geq 2$. We also find a new upper bound for the minimum number, over all $r$-colorings of $[1,n]$, of monochromatic Schur triples, for $r \geq 3$.
The solution to the problem of finding the minimum number of monochromatic triples $(x,y,x+ay)$ with $a\geq 2$ being a fixed positive integer over any 2-coloring of $[1,n]$ was conjectured by Butler, Costello, and Graham (2010) and Thanathipanonda (2009). We solve this problem using a method based on Datskovsky's proof (2003) on the minimum number of monochromatic Schur triples $(x,y,x+y)$. We do this by exploiting the combinatorial nature of the original proof and adapting it to the general problem.
This paper is motivated by a recent result of Wolf \cite{wolf} on the minimum number of monochromatic 4-term arithmetic progressions(4-APs, for short) in $\Z_p$, where $p$ is a prime number. Wolf proved that there is a 2-coloring of $\Z_p$ with 0.000386% fewer monochromatic 4-APs than random 2-colorings; the proof is probabilistic and non-constructive. In this paper, we present an explicit and simple construction of a 2-coloring with 9.3% fewer monochromatic 4-APs than random 2-colorings. This problem leads us to consider the minimum number of monochromatic 4-APs in $\Z_n$ for general $n$. We …
Any 2-coloring of the plane contains monochromatic unit rhombuses
研究证明平面任意二染色必含同色单位边非单位对角线菱形，回应了Axenovich等人问题。
In the problem of 2-coloring without monochromatic triangles (or triangle-tree 2-coloring), vertices of the simple, connected, undirected graph are colored with either 'black' or 'white' such that there are no 3 mutually adjacent vertices of the same color. In this paper we are positively answering the question posed in our previous work, namely, if there exists an algorithm solving 2-coloring without monochromatic triangles on planar graphs with linear-time complexity.
Given a dense subset $A$ of the first $n$ positive integers, we provide a short proof showing that for $p=ω(n^{-2/3})$ the so-called {\sl randomly perturbed} set $A \cup [n]_p$ a.a.s. has the property that any $2$-colouring of it has a monochromatic Schur triple, i.e.\ a triple of the form $(a,b,a+b)$. This result is optimal since there are dense sets $A$, for which $A\cup [n]_p$ does not possess this property for $p=o(n^{-2/3})$.
Any two-coloring of the plane contains monochromatic 3-term arithmetic progressions
本文证实了Erdős等人关于平面二着色猜想的一个自然开放情形，证明了平面的任何二着色都包含任意3项等差数列的单色全等副本。
The concept of monochromatic connection of graphs was introduced by Caro and Yuster in 2011. Recently, a lot of results have been published about it. In this survey, we attempt to bring together all the results that dealt with it. We begin with an introduction, and then classify the results into the following categories: monochromatic connection coloring of edge-version, monochromatic connection coloring of vertex-version, monochromatic index, monochromatic connection coloring of total-version.
In this work, we continue the study of vertex colorings of graphs, in which adjacent vertices are allowed to be of the same color as long as each monochromatic connected component is of relatively small cardinality. We focus on colorings with two and three available colors and present improved bounds on the size of the monochromatic connected components for two meaningful subclasses of planar graphs, namely maximal outerplanar graphs and complete planar 3-trees.
Let D be a finite set of positive real numbers. The distance graph G(R,D) is the graph with vertex set R (set of real numbers), and two vertices x, y are adjacent if |x-y| belongs to D. We prove that every positive integer t>1 there is a distance set D such that the chromatic number of G(R,D) is t and no proper coloring of G(R,D) with t colors allows monochromatic intervals. This result disproves a conjecture in [2].
It is well known that any set of n intervals in $\mathbb{R}^1$ admits a non-monochromatic coloring with two colors and a conflict-free coloring with three colors. We investigate generalizations of this result to colorings of objects in more complex 1-dimensional spaces, namely so-called tree spaces and planar network spaces.
There are many extremely challenging problems about existence of monochromatic arithmetic progressions in colorings of groups. Many theorems hold only for abelian groups as results on non-abelian groups are often much more difficult to obtain. In this research project we do not only determine existence, but study the more general problem of counting them. We formulate the enumeration problem as a problem in real algebraic geometry and then use state of the art computational methods in semidefinite programming and representation theory to derive lower bounds for the number of monochromatic arit…
The half-monochromatic colorings of plane graphs with even polygonal faces
本文研究了平面图中偶多边形面的半单色着色问题，给出了基于独立数的着色颜色数上界。
The concept of monochromatic connectivity was introduced by Caro and Yuster. A path in an edge-colored graph is called a \emph{monochromatic path} if all the edges on the path are colored the same. An edge-coloring of $G$ is a \emph{monochromatic connection coloring} ($MC$-coloring, for short) if there is a monochromatic path joining any two vertices in $G$. The \emph{monochromatic connection number}, denoted by $mc(G)$, is defined to be the maximum number of colors used in an $MC$-coloring of a graph $G$. In this paper, we study the monochromatic connection number on the lexicographical, stro…
A path in an edge-colored graph is called a \emph{monochromatic path} if all the edges on the path are colored the same. An edge-coloring of $G$ is a \emph{monochromatic connection coloring} (MC-coloring, for short) if there is a monochromatic path joining any two vertices in $G$. The \emph{monochromatic connection number}, denoted by $mc(G)$, is defined to be the maximum number of colors used in an MC-coloring of a graph $G$. These concepts were introduced by Caro and Yuster, and they got some nice results. In this paper, we will study two kinds of Erdős-Gallai-type problems for $mc(G)$, and …
Let N^{+}(k)= 2^{k/2} k^{3/2} f(k) and N^{-}(k)= 2^{k/2} k^{1/2} g(k) where 1=o(f(k)) and g(k)=o(1). We show that the probability of a random 2-coloring of {1,2,...,N^{+}(k)} containing a monochromatic k-term arithmetic progression approaches 1, and the probability of a random 2-coloring of {1,2,...,N^{-}(k)} containing a monochromatic k-term arithmetic progression approaches 0, for large k. This improves an upper bound due to Brown, who had established an analogous result for N^{+}(k)= 2^k log k f(k).
We prove that for each partition of the Lobachevsky plane into finitely many Borel pieces one of the cells of the partition contains an unbounded centrally symmetric subset.
Variations on Ramsey numbers and minimum numbers of monochromatic triangles in line $2$-colorings of configurations
本文探索了拉姆齐数与单色化配置中单色三角形的最小数变体，通过定义线2-着色配置并计算具体对称示例，扩展并完善了相关图论理论。
A Pythagorean triple is a triple of positive integers a, b, c $\in$ N${}^{+}$ satisfying a${}^2$ + b${}^2$ = c${}^2$. Is it true that, for any finite coloring of N${}^{+}$ , at least one Pythagorean triple must be monochromatic? In other words, is the Dio-phantine equation X${}^2$+ Y${}^2$ = Z${}^2$ regular? This problem, recently solved for 2-colorings by massive SAT computations [Heule et al., 2016], remains widely open for k-colorings with k $\ge$ 3. In this paper, we introduce morphic colorings of N + , which are special colorings in finite groups with partly multiplicative properties. We …
We derive exact and sharp lower bounds for the number of monochromatic generalized Schur triples $(x,y,x+ay)$ whose entries are from the set $\{1,\dots,n\}$, subject to a coloring with two different colors. Previously, only asymptotic formulas for such bounds were known, and only for $a\in\mathbb{N}$. Using symbolic computation techniques, these results are extended here to arbitrary $a\in\mathbb{R}$. Furthermore, we give exact formulas for the minimum number of monochromatic Schur triples for $a=1,2,3,4$, and briefly discuss the case $0<a<1$.
Two-coloring cubic graphs with small monochromatic components, but without singletons
本文结合小单色分量与无孤立点两个染色性质，证明存在常数c使每个三次图可2-染色，使每个单色分量顶点数介于2和c之间，并给出非平衡版本，作为Wegner猜想工具的松弛。
One of the toughest problems in Ramsey theory is to determine the existence of monochromatic arithmetic progressions in groups whose elements have been colored. We study the harder problem to not only determine the existence of monochromatic arithmetic progressions, but to also count them. We reformulate the enumeration in real algebraic geometry and then use state of the art computational methods in semidefinite programming and representation theory to derive sharp, or an explicit constant from sharp, lower bounds for the cyclic group of any order.
We prove a known 2-coloring of the integers $[N] := \{1,2,3,\ldots,N\}$ minimizes the number of monochromatic arithmetic 3-progressions under certain restrictions. A monochromatic arithmetic progression is a set of equally-spaced integers that are all the same color. Previous work by Parrilo, Robertson and Saracino conjectured an optimal coloring for large $N$ that involves 12 colored blocks. Here, we prove that the conjecture is optimal among anti-symmetric colorings with 12 or fewer colored blocks. We leverage a connection to the coloring of the continuous interval $[0,1]$ used by Parrilo, R…
A path in a vertex-colored graph is called a \emph{vertex-monochromatic path} if its internal vertices have the same color. A vertex-coloring of a graph is a \emph{monochromatic vertex-connection coloring} (\emph{MVC-coloring} for short), if there is a vertex-monochromatic path joining any two vertices in the graph. For a connected graph $G$, the \emph{monochromatic vertex-connection number}, denoted by $mvc(G)$, is defined to be the maximum number of colors used in an \emph{MVC-coloring} of $G$. These concepts of vertex-version are natural generalizations of the colorful monochromatic connect…
Given a finite coloring (or finite partition) of the free semigroup $A^+$ over a set $A$, we consider various types of monochromatic factorizations of right sided infinite words $x\in A^ω$. Some stronger versions of the usual notion of monochromatic factorization are introduced. A factorization is called sequentially monochromatic when concatenations of consecutive blocks are monochromatic. A sequentially monochromatic factorization is called ultra monochromatic if any concatenation of arbitrary permuted blocks of the factorization has the same color of the single blocks. We establish links, a…
A graph is said to be {\it total-colored} if all the edges and the vertices of the graph are colored. A total-coloring of a graph is a {\it total monochromatically-connecting coloring} ({\it TMC-coloring}, for short) if any two vertices of the graph are connected by a path whose edges and internal vertices have the same color. For a connected graph $G$, the {\it total monochromatic connection number}, denoted by $tmc(G)$, is defined as the maximum number of colors used in a TMC-coloring of $G$. In this paper, we study two kinds of Erdős-Gallai-type problems for $tmc(G)$ and completely solve th…
On the minimum number of monochromatic solutions to the strict Schur inequality in 2-colored integer intervals with negative left endpoint
本文研究了在负左端点的2染色整数区间中严格Schur不等式解的最小数量，解决了k≤-2的情况。
We show that $\sqrt{k}\cdot r^{k/2}$ is a threshold interval length where, under mild conditions, almost every $r$-coloring of an interval of longer length contains a monochromatic $k$-term arithmetic progression, while almost no $r$-coloring of an interval of shorter length contains a monochromatic $k$-term arithmetic progression.
For a fixed simple digraph $F$ and a given simple digraph $D$, an $F$-free $k$-coloring of $D$ is a vertex-coloring in which no induced copy of $F$ in $D$ is monochromatic. We study the complexity of deciding for fixed $F$ and $k$ whether a given simple digraph admits an $F$-free $k$-coloring. Our main focus is on the restriction of the problem to planar input digraphs, where it is only interesting to study the cases $k \in \{2,3\}$. From known results it follows that for every fixed digraph $F$ whose underlying graph is not a forest, every planar digraph $D$ admits an $F$-free $2$-coloring, a…
A vertex coloring of a strong digraph $D$ is a \emph{strong vertex-monochromatic connection coloring (SVMC-coloring)} if for every pair $u, v$ of vertices in $D$ there exists an $(u,v)$-path having all its internal vertices of the same color. Let $smc_v(D)$ denote the maximum number of colors used in an SVMC-coloring of a digraph $D$. In this paper we determine the value of $smc_v(D)$, whenever $D$ is the line digraph of a digraph. Also, if $T$ is a tournament, we give conditions to find the exact value of $smc_v(T)$.
We study a certain relaxation of the classic vertex coloring problem, namely, a coloring of vertices of undirected, simple graphs, such that there are no monochromatic triangles. We give the first classification of the problem in terms of classic and parametrized algorithms. Several computational complexity results are also presented, which improve on the previous results found in the literature. We propose the new structural parameter for undirected, simple graphs -- the triangle-free chromatic number $χ_3$. We bound $χ_3$ by other known structural parameters. We also present two classes of g…
We investigate the distributions of the number of: (1) monochromatic complete subgraphs over edgewise 2-colorings of complete graphs; and (2) monochromatic arithmetic progressions over 2-colorings of intervals, as statistical Ramsey theory questions. We present convincing evidence that both distributions are very well-approximated by the Delaporte distribution.
Large monochromatic components in colorings of complete hypergraphs
本文研究完全超图着色中最大单色连通分量的大小，推广了图论中的经典问题，给出了紧至$1+o(1)$因子的上下界，并探讨了顶点$s$-集合计数及两色特殊情形。
Optimization Tools for Computing Colorings of $[1,\cdots ,n]$ with Few Monochromatic Solutions on $3$-variable Linear Equations
本文借助整数优化与半定优化工具，构造三变量非正则齐次线性方程的最优或近最优二着色，并将 Schur 方程的结果推广到多色情形。
Gyárfás and Lehel and independently Faudree and Schelp proved that in any 2-coloring of the edges of $K_{n,n}$ there exists a monochromatic path on at least $2\lceil n/2\rceil$ vertices, and this is tight. We prove a stability version of this result which holds even if the host graph is not complete; that is, if $G$ is a balanced bipartite graph on $2n$ vertices with minimum degree at least $(3/4+o(1))n$, then in every 2-coloring of the edges of $G$, either there exists a monochromatic cycle on at least $(1+o(1))n$ vertices, or the coloring of $G$ is close to an extremal coloring -- in which c…
For a ring R and system L of linear homogeneous equations, we call a coloring of the nonzero elements of R minimal for L if there are no monochromatic solutions to L and the coloring uses as few colors as possible. For a rational number q and positive integer n, let E(q,n) denote the equation $\sum_{i=0}^{n-2} q^{i}x_i = q^{n-1}x_{n-1}$. We classify the minimal colorings of the nonzero rational numbers for each of the equations E(q,3) with q in {3/2,2,3,4}, for E(2,n) with n in {3,4,5,6}, and for x_1+x_2+x_3=4x_4. These results lead to several open problems and conjectures on minimal colorings…
A note on the $k$-defect number: Vertex Coloring with a Fixed Number of Monochromatic Edges
本文提出k-缺陷数概念，用于研究具有固定数量单色边的顶点着色问题，并扩展了色数的性质。
We prove the existence of a function $f :\mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N}$ such that the vertices of every planar graph with maximum degree $Δ$ can be 3-colored in such a way that each monochromatic component has at most $f(Δ)$ vertices. This is best possible (the number of colors cannot be reduced and the dependence on the maximum degree cannot be avoided) and answers a question raised by Kleinberg, Motwani, Raghavan, and Venkatasubramanian in 1997. Our result extends to graphs of bounded genus.
Gallai-Schur Triples and Related Problems
本文在单色-彩虹范式下研究Gallai-Schur三元组，探讨$x\neq y$、$x+y+b=z$和$x+y<z$情形下的Gallai-Schur数，并分析彩虹与单色解数量的渐近最小值。
We address the question of the "partition regularity" of the Pythagorean equation a^2+b^2=c^2; in particular, can the natural numbers be assigned a 2-coloring, so that no Pythagorean triple (i.e., a solution to the equation) is monochromatic? We prove that the hypergraph of Pythagorean triples can contain no Steiner triple systems, a natural obstruction to 2-colorability. Then, after transforming the question into one about 3-CNF satisfiability and applying some reductions, a SAT solver is used to find a 2-coloring for {1,...,7664}. Work continues as we seek to improve the reductions and exten…
Let $\R$ be the set of all finite graphs $G$ with the Ramsey property that every coloring of the edges of $G$ by two colors yields a monochromatic triangle. In this paper we establish a sharp threshold for random graphs with this property. Let $G(n,p)$ be the random graph on $n$ vertices with edge probability $p$. We prove that there exists a function $\hat c=\hat c(n)$ with $0<c<\hat c<C$ such that for any $\eps > 0$, as $n$ tends to infinity $$Pr[G(n,(1-\eps)\hat c/\sqrt{n}) \in \R ] \to 0$$ and $$Pr [ G(n,(1+\eps)\hat c/\sqrt{n}) \in \R ] \to 1.$$ A crucial tool that is used in the proof an…
Two-colorings of normed spaces without long monochromatic unit arithmetic progressions
该研究构造了配备最大度量的n维欧氏空间的二染色，证明满足特定间距与直径条件的有限实数集无单色等距拷贝，并推论任意赋范空间可二染色使足够长的单位等差数列含双色点。
Given an $r$-edge-coloring of the complete graph $K_n$, what is the largest number of edges in a monochromatic connected component? This natural question has only recently received the attention it deserves, with work by two disjoint subsets of the authors resolving it for the first two special cases, when $r = 2$ or $3$. Here we introduce a general framework for studying this problem and apply it to fully resolve the $r = 4$ case, showing that any $4$-edge-coloring of $K_n$ contains a monochromatic component with at least $\frac{1}{12}\binom{n}{2}$ edges, where the constant $\frac{1}{12}$ is …
Covering complete $r$-partite hypergraphs with few monochromatic components
本文证明了在特定条件下，通过少量单色组件可以覆盖完整的$r$-部超图，解决了Gyárfás和Király的猜想，并给出了二分图的覆盖结论。
A Gallai-coloring (Gallai-$k$-coloring) is an edge-coloring (with colors from $\{1, 2, \ldots, k\}$) of a complete graph without rainbow triangles. Given a graph $H$ and a positive integer $k$, the $k$-colored Gallai-Ramsey number $GR_k(H)$ is the minimum integer $n$ such that every Gallai-$k$-coloring of the complete graph $K_n$ contains a monochromatic copy of $H$. In this paper, we consider two extremal problems related to Gallai-$k$-colorings. First, we determine upper and lower bounds for the maximum number of edges that are not contained in any rainbow triangle or monochromatic triangle …
The typical problem in (generalized) Ramsey theory is to find the order of the largest monochromatic member of a family F (for example matchings, paths, cycles, connected subgraphs) that must be present in any edge coloring of a complete graph K_n with t colors. Another area is to find the minimum number of monochromatic members of F that partition or cover the vertex set of every edge colored complete graph. Here we propose a problem that connects these areas: for fixed positive integers s,t, at least how many vertices can be covered by the vertices of no more than s monochromatic members of …
Monochromatic graph decompositions and monochromatic piercing inspired by anti-Ramsey colorings
本研究作为反拉姆齐理论相关三部曲的终篇，针对任意图和图族定义两类推广函数，开发方法推导其渐近紧结果，拓展了反拉姆齐着色的研究范畴。
An edge-coloring of a connected graph $G$ is called a {\it monochromatic connection coloring} (MC-coloring, for short), introduced by Caro and Yuster, if there is a monochromatic path joining any two vertices of the graph $G$. Let $mc(G)$ denote the maximum number of colors used in an MC-coloring of a graph $G$. Note that an MC-coloring does not exist if $G$ is not connected, and in this case we simply let $mc(G)=0$. We use $G(n,p)$ to denote the Erdös-Rényi random graph model, in which each of the $\binom{n}{2}$ pairs of vertices appears as an edge with probability $p$ independently from othe…
An edge-coloring of a connected graph $G$ is called a {\em monochromatic connection coloring} (MC-coloring for short) if any two vertices of $G$ are connected by a monochromatic path in $G$. For a connected graph $G$, the {\em monochromatic connection number} (MC-number for short) of $G$, denoted by $mc(G)$, is the maximum number of colors that ensure $G$ has a monochromatic connection coloring by using this number of colors. This concept was introduced by Caro and Yuster in 2011. They proved that $mc(G)\leq m-n+k$ if $G$ is not a $k$-connected graph. In this paper we depict all graphs with $m…
Canonical theorems in geometric Ramsey theory
本文证明了在欧几里得空间中，任何锐角三角形或m维单位超立方体在任何着色下必然存在单色或彩虹副本。
Gyárfas proved that every coloring of the edges of $K_n$ with $t+1$ colors contains a monochromatic connected component of size at least $n/t$. Later, Gyárfás and Sárközy asked for which values of $γ=γ(t)$ does the following strengthening for almost complete graphs hold: if $G$ is an $n$-vertex graph with minimum degree at least $(1-γ)n$, then every $(t+1)$-edge coloring of $G$ contains a monochromatic component of size at least $n/t$. We show $γ= 1/(6t^3)$ suffices, improving a result of DeBiasio, Krueger, and Sárközy.
A graph is said to be {\it total-colored} if all the edges and the vertices of the graph are colored. A total-coloring of a graph is a {\it total monochromatically-connecting coloring} ({\it TMC-coloring}, for short) if any two vertices of the graph are connected by a path whose edges and internal vertices on the path have the same color. For a connected graph $G$, the {\it total monochromatic connection number}, denoted by $tmc(G)$, is defined as the maximum number of colors used in a TMC-coloring of $G$. Note that a TMC-coloring does not exist if $G$ is not connected, in which case we simply…
It is well-known that in every $r$-coloring of the edges of the complete bipartite graph $K_{n,n}$ there is a monochromatic connected component with at least ${2n\over r}$ vertices. It would be interesting to know whether we can additionally require that this large component be balanced; that is, is it true that in every $r$-coloring of $K_{n,n}$ there is a monochromatic component that meets both sides in at least $n/r$ vertices? Over forty years ago, Gyárfás and Lehel and independently Faudree and Schelp proved that any $2$-colored $K_{n,n}$ contains a monochromatic $P_n$. Very recently, Buci…
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