We discuss two sorts of generalization of Lie groupoids. One is Lie $n$-groupoids defined as simplicial manifolds with trivial $π_{k\geq n+1}$. The other is the stacky Lie groupoid $\cG\rra M$ with $\cG$ a differentiable stack. We build 1-1 correspondence between Lie 2-groupoids and stacky Lie groupoids up to a certain Morita equivalence. Equivalences of these higher groupoids are described.
Stacky Lie groupoids are generalizations of Lie groupoids in which the "space of arrows" of the groupoid is a differentiable stack. In this paper, we consider actions of stacky Lie groupoids on differentiable stacks and their associated quotients. We provide a characterization of principal actions of stacky Lie groupoids, i.e., actions whose quotients are again differentiable stacks in such a way that the projection onto the quotient is a principal bundle. As an application, we extend the notion of Morita equivalence of Lie groupoids to the realm of stacky Lie groupoids, providing examples tha…
We show that the leaves of an LA-groupoid which pass through the unit manifold are, modulo a connectedness issue, Lie groupoids. We illustrate this phenomenon by considering the cotangent Lie algebroids of Poisson groupoids thus obtaining an interesting class of symplectic groupoids coming from their symplectic foliations. In particular, we show that for a (strict) Lie 2-group the coadjoint orbits of the units in the dual of its Lie 2-algebra are symplectic groupoids, meaning that the classical Kostant-Kirillov-Souriau symplectic forms on these special coadjoint orbits are multiplicative.
We define stacky Lie groups to be group objects in the 2-category of differentiable stacks. We show that every connected and etale stacky Lie group is equivalent to a crossed module of the form (H,G) where H is the fundamental group of the given stacky Lie group and G is the connected and simply connected Lie group integrating the Lie algebra of the stacky group. Our result is closely related to a strictification result of Baez and Lauda.
We study Riemannian metrics on Lie groupoids in the relative setting. We show that any split fibration between proper groupoids can be made Riemannian, and we use these metrics to linearize proper groupoid fibrations. As an application, we derive rigidity theorems for Lie groupoids, which unify, simplify and improve similar results for classic geometries. Then we establish the Morita invariance for our metrics, introduce a notion for metrics on stacks, and use them to construct stacky tubular neighborhoods and to prove a stacky Ehresmann theorem.
Following Sullivan's spacial realization of a differential algebra, we construct a universal integrating Lie 2-groupoid for every Lie algebroid. Then We show that unlike Lie algebras which one-to-one correspond to simply connected Lie groups, Lie algebroids (integrable or not) one-to-one correspond to a sort of etale Lie 2-groupoids with 2-connected source fibres. Finally, we discuss how to lift Lie algebroid morphisms to Lie 2-groupoid morphisms (Lie II Theorem).
To a Lie groupoid over a compact base, the associated group of bisection is an (infinite-dimensional) Lie group. Moreover, under certain circumstances one can reconstruct the Lie groupoid from its Lie group of bisections. In the present article we consider functorial aspects of these construction principles. The first observation is that this procedure is functorial (for morphisms fixing the base). Moreover, it gives rise to an adjunction between the category of Lie groupoids over a fixed base and the category of Lie groups acting on the base. In the last section we then show how to promote th…
In this PhD thesis, we have studied certain geometric structures over Lie groupoids and differentiable stacks. This thesis is based on the work [arXiv:2103.04560, arXiv:2012.08447, arXiv:2012.08442, arXiv:1907.00375]. In [arXiv:1907.00375], we have discussed the correspondence between two notions of a gerbe over a stack. In [arXiv:2012.08447], we have developed the notion of Chern-Weil map for principal bundles over a Lie groupoid when the Lie groupoid is equipped with a connection. In [arXiv:2012.08442], we discuss the notion of connection on the principal bundle over a Deligne Mumford stack …
Affine structures on a Lie groupoid, including affine $k$-vector fields, $k$-forms and $(p,q)$-tensors are studied. We show that the space of affine structures is a 2-vector space over the space of multiplicative structures. Moreover, the space of affine multivector fields has a natural graded strict Lie 2-algebra structure and affine (1,1)-tensors constitute a strict monoidal category. Such higher structures can be seen as the categorification of multiplicative structures on a Lie groupoid.
以前的工作（Pradines，1966，Aof and Brown，1992）给出了局部李群胚的完整李群胚的一个设定。在这里，我们开发类似的2维概念从一个局部Lie交叉模块的群胚。这涉及到用交叉模情形下的局部光滑余容许同伦（或自由导子）替换广群的局部光滑余容许部分的Ehresmann概念。发展还必须使用某些类型的双重广群的相应概念。这导致了一个完整李群胚而不是双重群胚，但它涉及到2维信息。
The holonomy Lie $\infty$-groupoid of a singular foliation I
Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校数学系）；Institut Élie Cartan de Lorraine, UMR 7502, Université de Lorraine（洛林埃利嘉当研究所）
We explain that general differential calculus and Lie theory have a common foundation: Lie Calculus is differential calculus, seen from the point of view of Lie theory, by making use of the groupoid concept as link between them. Higher order theory naturally involves higher algebra (n-fold groupoids).(conceptual, topological) differential calculus, groupoids, higher algebra($n$-fold groupoids), Lie group, Lie groupoid, tangent groupoid, cubes of rings
Endowing differentiable functions from a compact manifold to a Lie group with the pointwise group operations one obtains the so-called current groups and, as a special case, loop groups. These are prime examples of infinite-dimensional Lie groups modelled on locally convex spaces. In the present paper, we generalise this construction and show that differentiable mappings on a compact manifold (possibly with boundary) with values in a Lie groupoid form infinite-dimensional Lie groupoids which we call current Lie groupoids. We then study basic differential geometry and Lie theory for these Lie g…
We discuss natural transformations in the context of Lie groupoids, and their infinitesimal counterpart. Our main result is an integration procedure that provides smooth natural transformations between Lie groupoid morphisms.
Groupoids are mathematical structures able to describe symmetry properties more general than those described by groups. They were introduced (and named) by H. Brandt in 1926. Around 1950, Charles Ehresmann used groupoids with additional structures (topological and differentiable) as essential tools in topology and differential geometry. In recent years, Mickael Karasev, Alan Weinstein and Stanisław Zakrzewski independently discovered that symplectic groupoids can be used for the construction of noncommutative deformations of the algebra of smooth functions on a manifold, with potential applica…
A symplectic Lie group is a Lie group with a left-invariant symplectic form. Its Lie algebra structure is that of a quasi-Frobenius Lie algebra. In this note, we identify the groupoid analogue of a symplectic Lie group. We call the aforementioned structure a \textit{$t$-symplectic Lie groupoid}; the "$t$" is motivated by the fact that each target fiber of a $t$-symplectic Lie groupoid is a symplectic manifold. For a Lie groupoid $\mathcal{G}\rightrightarrows M$, we show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between quasi-Frobenius Lie algebroid structures on $A\mathcal{G}$ (the associated …
We discuss the basic properties of Lie groupoids, Lie algebroids and Lie pseudo-groups in view of applying these techniques to the analysis of Jordan-Hölder resolutions and, subsequently, to the integration of partial differential equations. The present introduction is an extension to Lie groupoids, as far as possible, of the so well known properties and techniques much useful in Lie groups theory. We mention as far as possible since, in the case of Lie groupoids, just the first Lie Theorem holds. As for the prolongation algorithm, it is extremely useful when dealing with groupoids whereas rat…
In this work we introduce the category of multiplicative sections of an $\la$-groupoid. We prove that this category carries natural strict Lie 2-algebra structures, which are Morita invariant. As applications, we study the algebraic structure underlying multiplicative vector fields on a Lie groupoid and in particular vector fields on differentiable stacks. We also introduce the notion of geometric vector field on the quotient stack of a Lie groupoid, showing that the space of such vector fields is a Lie algebra. We describe the Lie algebra of geometric vector fields in several cases, including…
Given a bundle gerbe on a compact smooth manifold or, more generally, on a compact étale Lie groupoid $M$, we show that the corresponding category of gerbe modules, if it is non-trivial, is equivalent to the category of finitely generated projective modules over an Azumaya algebra on $M$. This result can be seen as an equivariant Serre-Swan theorem for twisted vector bundles.
In this paper we prove that every proper Lie groupoid admits a desingularization to a regular proper Lie groupoid. When equipped with a Riemannian metric, we show that it admits a desingularization to a regular Riemannian proper Lie groupoid, arbitrarily close to the original one in the Gromov-Hausdorff distance between the quotient spaces. We construct the desingularization via a successive blow-up construction on a proper Lie groupoid. We also prove that our construction of the desingularization is invariant under Morita equivalence of groupoids, showing that it is a desingularization of the…
We apply the bar construction to the nerve of a double Lie groupoid to obtain a local Lie 2-groupoid. As an application, we recover Haefliger's fundamental groupoid from the fundamental double groupoid of a Lie groupoid. In the case of a symplectic double groupoid, we study the induced closed 2-form on the associated local Lie 2-groupoid, which leads us to propose a definition of a symplectic 2-groupoid.
We define multiplicative Poisson-Nijenhuis structures on a Lie groupoid which extends the notion of symplectic-Nijenhuis groupoid introduced by Stié23non and Xu. We also introduce a special class of Lie bialgebroid structure on a Lie algebroid $A$, called P-N Lie bialgebroid, which defines a hierarchy of compatible Lie bialgebroid structures on $A$. We show that under some topological assumption on the groupoid, there is a one-to-one correspondence between multiplicative Poisson-Nijenhuis structures on a Lie groupoid and P-N Lie bialgebroid structures on the corresponding Lie algebroid.
In this paper, we introduce a notion of a central $U(1)$-extension of a double Lie groupoid and show that it defines a cocycle in the certain triple complex.
For any topological groupoid G and any homomorphism from a locally compact Hausdorff topological group K to G, we construct an associated monodromy group. We prove that Morita equivalent topological groupoids have the same monodromy groups. We show how the monodromy groups can be used to test if a Lie groupoid lacks faithful representations.
We study some properties of coisotropic submanifolds of a manifold with respect to a given multivector field. Using this notion, we generalize the results of Weinstein \cite{wein} from Poisson bivector field to Nambu-Poisson tensor or more generally to any multivector field. We also introduce the notion of Nambu-Lie groupoid generalizing the concepts of both Poisson-Lie groupoid and Nambu-Lie group. We show that the infinitesimal version of Nambu-Lie groupoid is the notion of weak Lie-Filippov bialgebroid as introduced in \cite{bas-bas-das-muk}. Next we introduce coisotropic subgroupoids of a …
As groupoids generalize groups, motivated by group extensions we consider a kind of fibrations of Lie groupoids, called locally topological product Lie groupoid fibrations with fiber $\sf A$, i.e., \[ 1\rightarrow {\sf A} \rightarrow {\sf G} \rightarrow {\sf K}\rightarrow 1 \] where $\sf A,\sf G$ and $\sf K$ are Lie groupoids. Similar to the theory of group extensions, we show that the existence of locally topological product Lie groupoid fibrations with fiber $\sf A$ over $\sf K$ is obstructed by a groupoid cohomology of $H^3_{\bar Λ}({\sf K},Z_{\sf A})$, and these locally topological product…
An arbitrary Lie groupoid gives rise to a groupoid of germs of local diffeomorphisms over its base manifold, known as its effect. The effect of any bundle of Lie groups is trivial. All quotients of a given Lie groupoid determine the same effect. It is natural to regard the effects of any two Morita equivalent Lie groupoids as being equivalent. In this paper we shall describe a systematic way of comparing the effects of different Lie groupoids. In particular, we shall rigorously define what it means for two arbitrary Lie groupoids to give rise to equivalent effects. For effective orbifold group…
We introduce a notion of metric on a Lie groupoid, compatible with multiplication, and we study its properties. We show that many families of Lie groupoids admit such metrics, including the important class of proper Lie groupoids. The exponential map of these metrics allow us to establish a Linearization Theorem for Riemannian groupoids, obtaining both a simpler proof and a stronger version of the Weinstein-Zung Linearization Theorem for proper Lie groupoids. This new notion of metric has a simplicial nature which will be explored in future papers of this series.
A Lie groupoid, called \textit{material Lie groupoid}, is associated in a natural way to any elastic material. The corresponding Lie algebroid, called \textit{material algebroid}, is used to characterize the uniformity and the homogeneity properties of the material. The relation to previous results in terms of $G-$structures is discussed in detail. An illustrative example is presented as an application of the theory.
A Lie groupoid, called \textit{second-order non-holonomic material Lie groupoid}, is associated in a natural way to any Cosserat media. This groupoid is used to give a new definition of homogeneity which does not depend on a reference crystal. The corresponding Lie algebroid, called \textit{second-order non-holonomic material Lie algebroid}, is used to characterize the homogeneity property of the material. We also relate these results with the previously ones in terms of non-holonomic second-order $\overline{G}$-structures.
Lie $\infty$-groupoids are simplicial Banach manifolds that satisfy an analog of the Kan condition for simplicial sets. An explicit construction of Henriques produces certain Lie $\infty$-groupoids called `Lie $\infty$-groups' by integrating finite type Lie $n$-algebras. In order to study the compatibility between this integration procedure and the homotopy theory of Lie $n$-algebras introduced in the companion paper arXiv:1809.05999, we present a homotopy theory for Lie $\infty$-groupoids. Unlike Kan simplicial sets and the higher geometric groupoids of Behrend and Getzler, Lie $\infty$-group…
In these lectures notes I discuss the Linearization Theorem for Lie groupoids, and its relation to the various classical linearization theorems for submersions, foliations and group actions. In particular, I explain in some detail the recent metric approach to this problem.
We give a precise and general description of gerbes valued in arbitrary crossed module and over an arbitrary differential stack. We do it using only Lie groupoids, hence ordinary differential geometry. We prove the coincidence with the existing notions by comparing our construction with non-Abelian cohomology.
This thesis treats two main topics: calibrated symplectic foliations, and local Lie groupoids. Calibrated symplectic foliations are one possible generalization of taut foliations of 3-manifolds to higher dimensions. Their study has been popular in recent years, and we collect several interesting results. We then show how de Rham's theory of currents, and Sullivan's theory of structure currents, can be applied in trying to understand the calibratability of symplectic foliations. Our study of local Lie groupoids begins with their definition and an exploration of some of their basic properties. N…
The notion of $n$-transitivity can be carried over from groups of diffeomorphisms on a manifold $M$ to groups of bisections of a Lie groupoid over $M$. The main theorem states that the $n$-transitivity is fulfilled for all $n\in\mathbb N$ by an arbitrary group of $C^r$-bisections of a Lie groupoid $Γ$ of class $C^r$, where $1\leq r\leqω$, under mild conditions. For instance, the group of all bisections of any Lie groupoid and the group of all Lagrangian bisections of any symplectic groupoid are $n$-transitive in the sense of this theorem. In particular, if $Γ$ is source connected for any arrow…
We study deformations of Lie groupoids by means of the cohomology which controls them. This cohomology turns out to provide an intrinsic model for the cohomology of a Lie groupoid with values in its adjoint representation. We prove several fundamental properties of the deformation cohomology including Morita invariance, a van Est theorem, and a vanishing result in the proper case. Combined with Moser's deformation arguments for groupoids, we obtain several rigidity and normal form results.
This is a concise introduction to the theory of Lie groupoids, with emphasis in their role as models for stacks. After some preliminaries, we review the foundations on Lie groupoids, and we carefully study equivalences and proper groupoids. Differentiable stacks are geometric objects which have manifolds and orbifolds as special instances, and can be presented as the transverse geometry of a Lie groupoid. Two Lie groupoids are equivalent if they are presenting the same stack, and proper groupoids are presentations of separated stacks, which by the linearization theorem are locally modeled by l…
Cartan-Lie algebroids, i.e. Lie algebroids equipped with a compatible connection, permit the definition of an adjoint representation, on the fiber as well as on the tangent of the base. We call (positive) quadratic Lie algebroids, Cartan-Lie algebroids with ad-invariant (Riemannian) metrics on their fibers and base $κ$ and $g$, respectively. We determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for a positive quadratic Lie algebroid to integrate to a Riemmanian Cartan-Lie groupoid. Here we mean a Cartan-Lie groupoid $\mathcal{G}$ equipped with a bi-invariant and inversion invariant metric $η$ o…
We describe a construction of the modular class associated to a representation up to homotopy of a Lie groupoid. In the case of the adjoint representation up to homotopy, this class is the obstruction to the existence of a volume form, in the sense of Weinstein's "The volume of a differentiable stack".
