Presentations of smooth symmetry groups of differentiable stacks are studied within the framework of the weak 2-category of Lie groupoids, smooth principal bibundles, and smooth biequivariant maps. It is shown that principality of bibundles is a categorical property which is sufficient and necessary for the existence of products. Stacky Lie groups are defined as group objects in this weak 2-category. Introducing a graphic notation, it is shown that for every stacky Lie monoid there is a natural morphism, called the preinverse, which is a Morita equivalence if and only if the monoid is a stacky Lie group. As example we describe explicitly the stacky Lie group structure of the irrational Kronecker foliation of the torus.
We define stacky Lie groups to be group objects in the 2-category of differentiable stacks. We show that every connected and etale stacky Lie group is equivalent to a crossed module of the form (H,G) where H is the fundamental group of the given stacky Lie group and G is the connected and simply connected Lie group integrating the Lie algebra of the stacky group. Our result is closely related to a strictification result of Baez and Lauda.
We discuss two sorts of generalization of Lie groupoids. One is Lie $n$-groupoids defined as simplicial manifolds with trivial $π_{k\geq n+1}$. The other is the stacky Lie groupoid $\cG\rra M$ with $\cG$ a differentiable stack. We build 1-1 correspondence between Lie 2-groupoids and stacky Lie groupoids up to a certain Morita equivalence. Equivalences of these higher groupoids are described.
Stacky Lie groupoids are generalizations of Lie groupoids in which the "space of arrows" of the groupoid is a differentiable stack. In this paper, we consider actions of stacky Lie groupoids on differentiable stacks and their associated quotients. We provide a characterization of principal actions of stacky Lie groupoids, i.e., actions whose quotients are again differentiable stacks in such a way that the projection onto the quotient is a principal bundle. As an application, we extend the notion of Morita equivalence of Lie groupoids to the realm of stacky Lie groupoids, providing examples tha…
We show that the leaves of an LA-groupoid which pass through the unit manifold are, modulo a connectedness issue, Lie groupoids. We illustrate this phenomenon by considering the cotangent Lie algebroids of Poisson groupoids thus obtaining an interesting class of symplectic groupoids coming from their symplectic foliations. In particular, we show that for a (strict) Lie 2-group the coadjoint orbits of the units in the dual of its Lie 2-algebra are symplectic groupoids, meaning that the classical Kostant-Kirillov-Souriau symplectic forms on these special coadjoint orbits are multiplicative.
We study Riemannian metrics on Lie groupoids in the relative setting. We show that any split fibration between proper groupoids can be made Riemannian, and we use these metrics to linearize proper groupoid fibrations. As an application, we derive rigidity theorems for Lie groupoids, which unify, simplify and improve similar results for classic geometries. Then we establish the Morita invariance for our metrics, introduce a notion for metrics on stacks, and use them to construct stacky tubular neighborhoods and to prove a stacky Ehresmann theorem.
This work characterizes global quotient stacks---smooth stacks associated to a finite group acting a manifold---among smooth quotient stacks $[M/G]$, where $M$ is a smooth manifold equipped with a smooth proper action by a Lie group $G$. The characterization is described in terms of the action of the connected component $G_0$ on $M$ and is related to (stacky) fundamental group and covering theory. This characterization is then applied to smooth toric Deligne-Mumford stacks, and global quotients among toric DM stacks are then characterized in terms of their associated combinatorial data of stac…
A group, defined as set with associative multiplication and inverse, is a natural structure describing the symmetry of a space. The concept of group generalizes to group objects internal to other categories than sets. But there are yet more general objects that can still be thought of as groups in many ways, such as quantum groups. We explain some of the generalizations of groups which arise in Poisson geometry and quantization: the germ of a topological group, Poisson Lie groups, rigid monoidal structures on symplectic realizations, groupoids, 2-groups, stacky Lie groups, and hopfish algebras…
In this thesis, we introduce a new cohomology theory associated to a Lie 2-algebras and a new cohomology theory associated to a Lie 2-group. These cohomology theories are shown to extend the classical cohomology theories of Lie algebras and Lie groups in that their second groups classify extensions. We use this fact together with an adapted van Est map to prove the integrability of Lie 2-algebras anew.
A Lie 2-group $G$ is a category internal to the category of Lie groups. Consequently it is a monoidal category and a Lie groupoid. The Lie groupoid structure on $G$ gives rise to the Lie 2-algebra $\mathbb{X}(G)$ of multiplicative vector fields, see (Berwick-Evans -- Lerman). The monoidal structure on $G$ gives rise to a left action of the 2-group $G$ on the Lie groupoid $G$, hence to an action of $G$ on the Lie 2-algebra $\mathbb{X}(G)$. As a result we get the Lie 2-algebra $\mathbb{X}(G)^G$ of left-invariant multiplicative vector fields. On the other hand there is a well-known construction t…
Lie's Third Theorem, asserting that each finite-dimensional Lie algebra is the Lie algebra of a Lie group, fails in infinite dimensions. The modern account on this phenomenon is the integration problem for central extensions of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, which in turn is phrased in terms of an integration procedure for Lie algebra cocycles. This paper remedies the obstructions for integrating cocycles and central extensions from Lie algebras to Lie groups by generalising the integrating objects. Those objects obey the maximal coherence that one can expect. Moreover, we show that they a…
A symplectic Lie group is a Lie group with a left-invariant symplectic form. Its Lie algebra structure is that of a quasi-Frobenius Lie algebra. In this note, we identify the groupoid analogue of a symplectic Lie group. We call the aforementioned structure a \textit{$t$-symplectic Lie groupoid}; the "$t$" is motivated by the fact that each target fiber of a $t$-symplectic Lie groupoid is a symplectic manifold. For a Lie groupoid $\mathcal{G}\rightrightarrows M$, we show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between quasi-Frobenius Lie algebroid structures on $A\mathcal{G}$ (the associated …
We show that any left invariant metric with harmonic curvature on a solvable Lie group is Ricci-parallel. We show the same result for any Lie group of dimension $\leq$ 6.
Lie groups of automorphisms of cotangent bundles of Lie groups are completely characterized and interesting results are obtained. We give prominence to the fact that the Lie groups of automorphisms of cotangent bundles of Lie groups are super symmetric Lie groups. In the cases of orthogonal Lie lgebras, semi-simple Lie algebras and compact Lie algebras we recover by simple methods interesting co-homological known results. The Lie algebra of prederivations encompasses the one of derivations as a subalgebra. We find out that Lie algebras of cotangent Lie groups (which are not semi-simple) of sem…
Endowing differentiable functions from a compact manifold to a Lie group with the pointwise group operations one obtains the so-called current groups and, as a special case, loop groups. These are prime examples of infinite-dimensional Lie groups modelled on locally convex spaces. In the present paper, we generalise this construction and show that differentiable mappings on a compact manifold (possibly with boundary) with values in a Lie groupoid form infinite-dimensional Lie groupoids which we call current Lie groupoids. We then study basic differential geometry and Lie theory for these Lie g…
We discuss a Moser type argument to show when a deformation of a Lie group homomorphism and of a Lie subgroup is trivial. For compact groups we obtain stability results.
In this paper, we introduce the notion of a (regular) Hom-Lie group. We associate a Hom-Lie algebra to a Hom-Lie group and show that every regular Hom-Lie algebra is integrable. Then, we define a Hom-exponential (Hexp) map from the Hom-Lie algebra of a Hom-Lie group to the Hom-Lie group and discuss the universality of this Hexp map. We also describe a Hom-Lie group action on a smooth manifold. Subsequently, we give the notion of an adjoint representation of a Hom-Lie group on its Hom-Lie algebra. At last, we integrate the Hom-Lie algebra $(\mathfrak{gl}(V),[\cdot,\cdot],\mathsf{Ad})$, and the …
We discuss the basic properties of Lie groupoids, Lie algebroids and Lie pseudo-groups in view of applying these techniques to the analysis of Jordan-Hölder resolutions and, subsequently, to the integration of partial differential equations. The present introduction is an extension to Lie groupoids, as far as possible, of the so well known properties and techniques much useful in Lie groups theory. We mention as far as possible since, in the case of Lie groupoids, just the first Lie Theorem holds. As for the prolongation algorithm, it is extremely useful when dealing with groupoids whereas rat…
We generalize the Uhlenbeck-Segal theory for harmonic maps into compact semi-simple Lie groups to general Lie groups equipped with torsion free bi-invariant connection.
The jet bundle $J^kG$ of $k$-jets of curves in a Lie group $G$ has a natural Lie group structure. We present an explicit formula for the group multiplication in the right trivialization and for the group 2-cocycle describing the abelian Lie group extension $\mathfrak{g}\to J^{k}G\to J^{k-1}G$.
Groupoids are mathematical structures able to describe symmetry properties more general than those described by groups. They were introduced (and named) by H. Brandt in 1926. Around 1950, Charles Ehresmann used groupoids with additional structures (topological and differentiable) as essential tools in topology and differential geometry. In recent years, Mickael Karasev, Alan Weinstein and Stanisław Zakrzewski independently discovered that symplectic groupoids can be used for the construction of noncommutative deformations of the algebra of smooth functions on a manifold, with potential applica…
In this note we construct an infinite-dimensional Lie group structure on the group of vertical bisections of a regular Lie groupoid. We then identify the Lie algebra of this group and discuss regularity properties (in the sense of Milnor) for these Lie groups. If the groupoid is locally trivial, i.e. a gauge groupoid, the vertical bisections coincide with the gauge group of the underlying bundle. Hence the construction recovers the well known Lie group structure of the gauge groups. To establish the Lie theoretic properties of the vertical bisections of a Lie groupoid over a non-compact base, …
Regular Lie groups are infinite dimensional Lie groups with the property that smooth curves in the Lie algebra integrate to smooth curves in the group in a smooth way (an `evolution operator' exists). Up to now all known smooth Lie groups are regular. We show in this paper that regular Lie groups allow to push surprisingly far the geometry of principal bundles: parallel transport exists and flat connections integrate to horizontal foliations as in finite dimensions. As consequences we obtain that Lie algebra homomorphisms intergrate to Lie group homomorphisms, if the source group is simply con…
In this paper we study contact structure on 2-step nilpotent, Heisenberg type Lie groups. We decompose this Lie groups to center and orthogonal complement, then investigate properties of both orthogonal Lie subgroups. Finally, we provide a connection between matchings in groups and field extensions and 2-step nilpotent Lie groups.
We give the expression of the metric derived from Lie groups. For the metric derived from classical Lie groups such as the unitary group, the orthogonal group and the symplectic group, we conjecture that the metric becomes the Einstein metric.
We introduce and study some mixed product Poisson structures on product manifolds associated to Poisson Lie groups and Lie bialgebras. For quasitriangular Lie bialgebras, our construction is equivalent to that of fusion products of quasi-Poisson G-manifolds introduced by Alekseev, Kosmann- Schwarzbach, and Meinrenken. Our primary examples include four series of holomorphic Poisson structures on products of flag varieties and related spaces of complex semi-simple Lie groups.
Using vertical and complete lifts, any left invariant Riemannian metric on a Lie group induces a left invariant Riemannian metric on the tangent Lie group. In the present article we study the Riemannian geometry of tangent bundle of two families of Lie groups. The first one is the family of special Lie groups considered by J. Milnor and the second one is the class of Lie groups with one-dimensional commutator groups. The Levi-Civita connection, sectional and Ricci curvatures have been investigated.
We describe the full group of isometries of absolutely simple, compact, connected real Lie groups, of SO(4) and of U(n), endowed with suitable bi-invariant Riemannian metrics.
We study Wick-rotations of left-invariant metrics on Lie groups, using results from real GIT (\cite{1}, \cite{2}, \cite{3}). An invariant for Wick-rotation of Lie groups is given, and we describe when a pseudo-Riemannian Lie group can be Wick-rotated to a Riemannian Lie group. We also prove a general version (for general Lie algebras) of $\acute{E}$. Cartan's result, namely the existence and conjugacy of Cartan involutions.
A Lie group is called orthogonal if it carries a bi-invariant pseudo Riemannian metric. Oscillator Lie groups constitutes a subclass of the class of orthogonal Lie groups. In this paper, we determine the Lie bialgebra structures and the solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation on a generic class of oscillator Lie groups. On the other hand, we show that any solution of the classical Yang-Baxter equation on an orthogonal Lie group induces a metric in the dual Lie groups associated to this solution. This metric is geodesically complete if and only if the dual are unimodular. More generally…
There are studied Lie groups considered as almost hypercomplex Hermitian-Norden manifolds, which are integrable and have the lowest dimension four. It is established a correspondence of the derived Lie algebras of types of invariant hypercomplex structures and the explicit matrix representation of their Lie groups. There are constructed examples of the considered structure of different types on some known Lie groups.
In this paper, we study the Ricci-Bourguignon flow on higher dimensional classical Heisenberg nilpotent Lie groups and construct a solution of this flow on Heisenberg and quaternion nilpotent Lie groups. In the end, we investigate the deformation of spectrum and length spectrum on compact nilmanifolds obtained of Heisenberg and quaternion nilpotent Lie groups.
In this article we endow the group of bisections of a Lie groupoid with compact base with a natural locally convex Lie group structure. Moreover, we develop thoroughly the connection to the algebra of sections of the associated Lie algebroid and show for a large class of Lie groupoids that their groups of bisections are regular in the sense of Milnor.
We describe the structure of the Lie groups endowed with a left-invariant symplectic form, called symplectic Lie groups, in terms of semi-direct products of Lie groups, symplectic reduction and principal bundles with affine fiber. This description is particularly nice if the group is Hamiltonian, that is, if the left canonical action of the group on itself is Hamiltonian. The principal tool used for our description is a canonical affine structure associated with the symplectic form. We also characterize the Hamiltonian symplectic Lie groups among the connected symplectic Lie groups. We special…
The purpose of this paper is to show how central extensions of (possibly infinite-dimensional) Lie algebras integrate to central extensions of étale Lie 2-groups. In finite dimensions, central extensions of Lie algebras integrate to central extensions of Lie groups, a fact which is due to the vanishing of π_2 for each finite-dimensional Lie group. This fact was used by Cartan (in a slightly other guise) to construct the simply connected Lie group associated to each finite-dimensional Lie algebra. In infinite dimensions, there is an obstruction for a central extension of Lie algebras to integra…
We extend the Nambu bracket to 1-forms. Following the Poisson-Lie case, we define Nambu-Lie groups as Lie groups endowed with a multiplicative Nambu structure. A Lie group G with a Nambu structure P is a Nambu-Lie group iff P=0 at the unit and the Nambu bracket of left (right) invariant forms is left (right) invariant. We define a corresponding notion of a Nambu-Lie algebra. We give several examples of Nambu-Lie groups and algebras.
We show that, in compact semisimple Lie groups and Lie algebras, any neighbourhood of the identity gets mapped, under the commutator map, to a neighbourhood of the identity.
In the present paper, we describe two geometric notions, holomorphic Norden structures and Kähler-Norden structures on Hom-Lie groups, and prove that on Hom-Lie groups in the left invariant setting, these structures are related to each other. We study Kähler-Norden structures with abelian complex structures and give the curvature properties of holomorphic Norden structures on Hom-Lie groups. Finally, we show that any left-invariant holomorphic Hom-Lie group is a flat (holomorphic Norden Hom-Lie algebra carries a Hom-Left-symmetric algebra) if its left-invariant complex structure (complex struc…
In this article we define the twisted product of groups as the generalization of the semidirect product of groups. We will find the necessary and sufficient condition in order that the twisted product of groups to be a group. In particular, for two copies of the same group, the twisted product of group by itself through the action of inner automorphisms is a group if and only if the initial group is a metabelian group. Further we will construct Lie algebra for Lie group of a twisted product of Lie groups. In the case of twisted product of Lie group by itself by means of the action of inner aut…
In this survey, we discuss a series of linearization problems--for Poisson structures, Lie algebroids, and Lie groupoids. The last problem involves a conjecture on the structure of proper groupoids. Attempting to prove this by the method of averaging leads to problems concerning almost actions of compact groups and almost invariant submanifolds for compact group actions. The paper ends with a discussion of possible extensions of the convexity theorems for momentum maps of hamiltonian actions of compact groups.
We develop the structure theory of symplectic Lie groups based on the study of their isotropic normal subgroups. The article consists of three main parts. In the first part we show that every symplectic Lie group admits a sequence of subsequent symplectic reductions to a unique irreducible symplectic Lie group. The second part concerns the symplectic geometry of cotangent symplectic Lie groups and the theory of Lagrangian extensions of flat Lie groups. In the third part of the article we analyze the existence problem for Lagrangian normal subgroups in nilpotent symplectic Lie groups.
We classify connected Lie groups which are locally isomorphic to generalized Heisenberg groups. For a given generalized Heisenberg group $N$, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of isomorphism classes of connected Lie groups which are locally isomorphic to $N$ and a union of certain quotients of noncompact Riemannian symmetric spaces.
In this survey, we report on the state of the art of some of the fundamental problems in the Lie theory of Lie groups modeled on locally convex spaces, such as integrability of Lie algebras, integrability of Lie subalgebras to Lie subgroups, and integrability of Lie algebra extensions to Lie group extensions. We further describe how regularity or local exponentiality of a Lie group can be used to obtain quite satisfying answers to some of the fundamental problems. These results are illustrated by specialization to some specific classes of Lie groups, such as direct limit groups, linear Lie gro…
It is shown that there is a $C^*$-algebraic quantum group related to any double Lie group. An algebra underlying this quantum group is an algebra of a differential groupoid naturally associated with a double Lie group
Using a characterization of parabolics in reductive Lie groups due to Furstenberg, elementary properties of buildings, and some algebraic topology, we give a new proof of Tits' classification of 2-transitive Lie groups.
A Riemann-Poisson Lie group is a Lie group endowed with a left invariant Riemannian metric and a left invariant Poisson tensor which are compatible in the sense introduced in C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris sér. {\bf I 333} (2001) 763-768. We study these Lie groups and we give a characterization of their Lie algebras. We give also a way of building these Lie algebras and we give the list of such Lie algebras up to dimension 5.
We study generalized Lie bialgebroids over a single point, that is, generalized Lie bialgebras. Lie bialgebras are examples of generalized Lie bialgebras. Moreover, we prove that the last ones can be considered as the infinitesimal invariants of Lie groups endowed with a certain type of Jacobi structures. We also propose a method to obtain generalized Lie bialgebras. It is a generalization of the Yang-Baxter equation method. Finally, we describe the structure of a compact generalized Lie bialgebra.
We present an explicit realization of abelian extensions of infinite dimensional Lie groups using abelian extensions of path groups, by generalizing Mickelsson's approach to loop groups and the approach of Losev-Moore-Nekrasov-Shatashvili to current groups. We apply our method to coupled cocycles on current Lie algebras and to Lichnerowicz cocycles on the Lie algebra of divergence free vector fields.
A special symplectic Lie group is a triple $(G,ω,\nabla)$ such that $G$ is a finite-dimensional real Lie group and $ω$ is a left invariant symplectic form on $G$ which is parallel with respect to a left invariant affine structure $\nabla$. In this paper starting from a special symplectic Lie group we show how to ``deform" the standard Lie group structure on the (co)tangent bundle through the left invariant affine structure $\nabla$ such that the resulting Lie group admits families of left invariant hypersymplectic structures and thus becomes a hypersymplectic Lie group. We consider the affine …
We define and make initial study of Lie groupoids equipped with a compatible homogeneity (or graded bundle) structure, such objects we will refer to as weighted Lie groupoids. One can think of weighted Lie groupoids as graded manifolds in the category of Lie groupoids. This is a very rich geometrical theory with numerous natural examples. Note that $\mathcal{VB}$-groupoids, extensively studied in the recent literature, form just the particular case of weighted Lie groupoids of degree one. We examine the Lie theory related to weighted groupoids and weighted Lie algebroids, objects defined in a …
