We propose a new approach to the value distribution theory of entire holomorphic curves. We define a ``packing density'' of an entire holomorphic curve, and show that it has various non-trivial properties. We prove a ``gap theorem'' for holomorphic maps from elliptic curves to the complex projective space, and study the relation between theta functions and our packing problem. Applying the Nevanlinna theory, we investigate the packing densities of entire holomorphic curves in the complement of hyperplanes.
We establish a Lehto--Virtanen-type theorem and a rescaling principle for an isolated essential singularity of a holomorphic curve in a complex space, which are useful for establishing a big Picard-type theorem and a big Brody-type one for holomorphic curves.
Combining the definition of Schwarzian derivative for conformal mappings between Riemannian manifolds given by Osgood and Stowe with that for parametrized curves in Euclidean space given by Ahlfors, we establish injectivity criteria for holomorphic curves $ϕ:\mathbb{D}\to\mathbb{C}^n$. The result can be considered a generalization of a classical condition for univalence of Nehari.
In this paper, we find a holomorphic Darboux chart around any immersed noncompact holomorphic Legendrian curve in a complex contact manifold $(X,ξ)$. By using such a chart, we show that every holomorphic Legendrian immersion $R\to X$ from an open Riemann surface can be approximated on relatively compact subsets by holomorphic Legendrian embeddings, and every holomorphic Legendrian immersion $M\to X$ from a compact bordered Riemann surface is a uniform limit of topological embeddings $M\hookrightarrow X$ such that $\mathring M\hookrightarrow X$ is a complete holomorphic Legendrian embedding. We…
In this paper we prove that every open Riemann surface properly embeds in the Special Linear group $SL_2(\mathbb{C})$ as a holomorphic Legendrian curve, where $SL_2(\mathbb{C})$ is endowed with its standard contact structure. As a consequence, we derive the existence of proper, weakly complete, flat fronts in the real hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^3$ with arbitrary complex structure.
In this paper we construct a properly embedded holomorphic disc in the unit ball $\mathbb{B}^2$ of $\mathbb{C}^2$ having a surprising combination of properties: on the one hand, it has finite area and hence is the zero set of a bounded holomorphic function on $\mathbb{B}^2$; on the other hand, its boundary curve is everywhere dense in the sphere $b\mathbb{B}^2$.
In this paper we study holomorphic Legendrian curves in the standard holomorphic contact structure on $\mathbb{C}^{2n+1}$ for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$. We provide several approximation and desingularization results which enable us to prove general existence theorems, settling some of the open problems in the subject. In particular, we show that every open Riemann surface $M$ admits a proper holomorphic Legendrian embedding $M\hookrightarrow\mathbb{C}^{2n+1}$, and we prove that for every compact bordered Riemann surface $M=\mathring M\cup bM$ there exists a topological embedding $M\hookrightarrow \…
In this paper we survey some recent contributions by the authors to the theory of null holomorphic curves in the complex Euclidean space $\mathbb C^3$, as well as their applications to null holomorphic curves in the special linear group $SL_2(\mathbb C)$, minimal surfaces in the Euclidean space $\mathbb R^3$, and constant mean curvature one surfaces (Bryant surfaces) in the hyperbolic 3-space $\mathbb H^3$. The paper is an expanded version of the lecture given by the second named author at the Abel Symposium in Trondheim, Norway, in July 2013.
We obtain a Runge approximation theorem for holomorphic Legendrian curves and immersions in the complex projective $3$-space $\mathbb{CP}^3$, both from open and compact Riemann surfaces, and we prove that the space of Legendrian immersions from an open Riemann surface into $\mathbb{CP}^3$ is path connected. We also show that holomorphic Legendrian immersions from Riemann surfaces of finite genus and at most countably many ends, none of which are point ends, satisfy the Calabi-Yau property. Coupled with the Runge approximation theorem, we infer that every open Riemann surface embeds into $\math…
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a holomorphic foliation by curves defined in a neighborhood of $0$ in $\mathbb{C}^n$ ($n\geq 2$) having $0$ as a weakly hyperbolic singularity. Let $T$ be a positive harmonic current directed by $\mathcal{F}$ which does not give mass to any of the $n$ coordinate invariant hyperplanes $\{z_j=0\}$ for $1\leq j\leq n.$ Then we show that the Lelong number of $T$ at $0$ vanishes. Moreover, an application of this local result in the global context is given. We discuss also the relation between several basic notions such as directed positive harmonic currents, directed positive d…
In this paper, we study holomorphic curves satisfying the Fubini-Study derivative $\|f'(z)\|=O(|z|^σ)$ for some $σ>-1$ from the viewpoint of Nevanlinna theory
We consider the algebraic degeneracy of holomorphic curves from a point of view of meromorphic vector fields. Employing the notion of Jocabian sections introduced by W. Stoll, we establish a Second Main Theorem type inequality. As consequences, several algebraic degeneracy theorems are obtained for holomorphic curves into a complex projective variety.
In this paper, we establish a second main theorem for holomorphic curve intersecting hypersurfaces in general position in projective space with level of truncation. As an application, we reduce the number hypersurfaces in uniqueness problem for holomorphic curve of authors before.
Normality criterion for a family of holomorphic curves that partially share wandering hyperplanes with their derivatives, and holomorphic functions lifted to curves in $P^2(\mathbb{C})$
We prove that the envelope of meromorphy of any imbedded symplectic sphere in $CP^2$ coincides with the whole $CP^2$. As a tool for the proof we use the Gromov theory of pseudo-holomorphic curves. Several results in this subject, such as adjunction formula, smoothness of moduli space in the neighborhood of a cusp-curve are improved. We introduce a natural holomorphic structure on the pulled back tangent bundle, in which the differential of a ps.-hol. map in an analytic morphism and describe cusps of ps.-hol. curves using Bennequin index.
Let $\mathcal{R}$ be an open Riemann surface. In this paper we prove that every continuous function $M \to \mathbb{R}^n$, $n\ge 3$, defined on a divergent Jordan arc $M \subset \mathcal{R}$ can be approximated in the Carleman sense by conformal minimal immersions; thus providing a new generalization of Carleman's theorem. In fact, we prove that this result remains true for null curves and many other classes of directed holomorphic immersions for which the directing variety satisfies a certain flexibility property. Furthermore, the constructed immersions may be chosen to be complete or proper u…
Let $M$ be a connected open Riemann surface. We prove that the space $\mathscr L(M,\mathbb C^{2n+1})$ of all holomorphic Legendrian immersions of $M$ into $\mathbb C^{2n+1}$, $n\geq 1$, endowed with the standard holomorphic contact structure, is weakly homotopy equivalent to the space $\mathscr C(M,\mathbb S^{4n-1})$ of continuous maps from $M$ to the sphere $\mathbb S^{4n-1}$. If $M$ has finite topological type, then these spaces are homotopy equivalent. We determine the homotopy groups of $\mathscr L(M,\mathbb C^{2n+1})$ in terms of the homotopy groups of $\mathbb S^{4n-1}$. It follows that …
Let $M$ be a three-dimensional contact manifold and $ψ:D\setminus\{0\}\to M\times{\Bbb R}$ a finite-energy pseudoholomorphic map from a punctured disc in ${\Bbb C}$, that is asymptotic to a periodic orbit of the Reeb vector field. This article examines conditions under which smooth coordinates may be defined in a tubular neighbourhood of the orbit such that $ψ$ resembles a holomorphic curve, invoking comparison with the theory of topological linking of plane complex algebroid curves near a singularity. Examples of this behaviour which are studied in some detail include pseudoholomorphic maps i…
Let a planar residual set be a set obtained by removing countably many disjoint topological disks from an open set in the plane. We prove that the residual set of a planar packing by curves that satisfy a certain lower curvature bound has Hausdorff dimension bounded away from 1, quantitatively, depending only on the curvature bound. As a corollary, the residual set of any circle packing has Hausdorff dimension uniformly bounded away from 1. This result generalizes the result of Larman, who obtained the same conclusion for circle packings inside a square. We also show that our theorem is optima…
In this paper, we show that for every conformal minimal immersion $u:M\to \mathbb{R}^3$ from an open Riemann surface $M$ to $\mathbb{R}^3$ there exists a smooth isotopy $u_t:M\to\mathbb{R}^3$ $(t\in [0,1])$ of conformal minimal immersions, with $u_0=u$, such that $u_1$ is the real part of a holomorphic null curve $M\to \mathbb{C}^3$ (i.e. $u_1$ has vanishing flux). Furthermore, if $u$ is nonflat then $u_1$ can be chosen to have any prescribed flux and to be complete.
In this paper, we prove some fundamental theorems for holomorphic curves on angular domain intersecting a hypersurface, finite set of fixed hyperplanes in general position and finite set of fixed hypersurfaces in general position on complex projective variety with the level of truncation. As applications of the second main theorems for an angle, we will discuss the uniqueness problem of holomorphic curves in an angle instead of the whole complex plane. Detail, we establish a result for uniqueness problem of holomorphic curve by inverse image of a hypersurface. In my knowledge, this is the firs…
We establish a defect relation of holomorphic curves from a general open Riemann surface into a normal complex projective variety, with Zariski-dense image intersecting effective Cartier divisors.
In this paper, we give some extension of fundamental theorems in Nevanlinna - Cartan theory for holomorphic curve on M punctured complex planes. As an application, we establish a result for uniqueness problem of holomorphic curve by inverse image of a hypersurface, it is improvement of some results before [8, 14] in this trend.
In this paper, we prove a lemma on logarithmic derivative for holomorphic curves from annuli into Kähler compact manifold and. As its application, a second main theorem for holomophic curves from annuli into semi abelian varieties intersecting with only one divisor is given.
We prove the convergence of the normalized Fubini-Study measures and the logarithms of the Bergman kernels of various Bergman spaces of holomorphic and weakly holomorphic sections associated to a singular Hermitian holomorphic line bundle on an algebraic curve. Using this, we study the asymptotic distribution of the zeros of random sequences of sections in these spaces.
A holomorphic map from the complex line to a complex projective space is called normal (a. k. a. Brody curve) if it is uniformly continuous from the Euclidean metric to the Fubini--Study metric. The paper contains a survey of known results about such maps, as well as some new theorems.
Yan and Chen proved a weak Cartan-type second main theorem for holomorphic curves meeting hypersurfaces in projective space that included truncated counting functions. Here we give an explicit estimate for the level of truncation.
We study holomorphic curves $f:\C\longrightarrow \C^3$ avoiding four complex hyperplanes and a real subspace of real dimension four or five in $\C^3$. We show that the projection of $f$ into the complex projective space $\C P^2$ is not necessarily constant.
Let $M$ be a two dimensional complex manifold, $p \in M $ and \Fl a germ of holomorphic foliation of \M at $p$. Let $S\subset M$ be a germ of an irreducible, possibly singular, curve at $p$ in $M$ which is a separatrix for \Fl. We prove that if the Camacho-Sad-Suwa index $\id(\F,S,p)\not \in \Q^+\cup \{0\} $ then there exists another separatrix for \Fl at $p$. A similar result is proved for the existence of parabolic curves for germs of holomorphic diffeomorphisms near a curve of fixed points.
We consider a problem of whether a property of holomorphic curves on a subset $X$ of the complex plane can be extended to the whole complex plane. In this paper, the property we consider is uniqueness of holomorphic curves. We introduce the propagation set. Simply speaking, $X$ is a propagation set if linear relation of holomorphic curves on the part of preimage of hyperplanes contained in $X$ can be extended to the whole complex plane. If the holomorphic curves are of infinite order, we prove the existence of a propagation set which is the union of a sequence of disks (In fact, the method app…
It is known that the classical Frobenius theorem on conditions of integrability for distributions of planes can be extended to the case of complex holomorphic distributions. We show that an alternative criterion for integrability, namely, non-connectivity, discovered (or at least, marked and explicitly formulated) by Carathéodory in relation to classical thermodynamics, also admits a holomorphic formulation.
A new proof of the Second Main Theorem with truncation level 1 for Zariski-dense holomorphic curves into Abelian varieties, which has just been proved by Yamanoi [Y2], is presented. Our proof is based on the idea of the "Radon transform" introduced in [K2] combined with consideration on certain singular perturbation of the probability measures on the parameter space which appears in the "Radon transform".
We study those real $\mathcal{C}^\infty$ foliations in complex surfaces whose leaves are holomorphic curves. The main motivation is to try and understand these foliations in neighborhoods of curves: can we expect the space of foliations in a fixed neighborhood to be infinite-dimensional, or are there some contexts under which every such foliation is holomorphic? We give some restrictions and study in more details the geometry of foliations whose leaves belong to a holomorphic family of holomorphic curves. In particular, we classify all real-analytic foliations on neighborhoods of curves which …
We study the value distribution of holomorphic curves from a general open Riemann surface into a smooth logarithmic pair $(X, D).$ By stochastic calculus, we first obtain a version of tautological inequality (proposed by McQuillan) and a logarithmic derivative lemma. Then, one uses them to establish a Second Main Theorem of Nevanlinna theory for pair $(X, D)$ under certain conditions. Finally, we apply the Second Main Theorem to study the holomorphic curves from a general open Riemann surface into certain special moduli spaces of polarized Abelian varieties intersecting boundary divisors.
We study the holonomy cocycle H of a holomorphic foliation \Fc by Riemann surfaces defined on a compact complex projective surface X satisfying the following two conditions: 1) its singularities E are all hyperbolic; 2) there is no holomorphic non-constant map \C\to X such that out of E the image of \C is locally contained in a leaf. Let T be a harmonic current tangent to \Fc which does not give mass to any invariant analytic curve. Using the leafwise Poincaré metric, we show that H is integrable with respect to T. Consequently, we infer the existence of the Lyapunov exponent function of T.
We prove the existence of a pair $(Σ,\, Γ)$, where $Σ$ is a compact Riemann surface with $\text{genus}(Σ)\, \geq\, 2$, and $Γ\, \subset\, {\mathrm SL}(2, \mathbb C)$ is a cocompact lattice, such that there is a generically injective holomorphic map $Σ\, \longrightarrow\, {\mathrm SL}(2, \mathbb C)/Γ$. This gives an affirmative answer to a question raised by Huckleberry and Winkelmann \cite{HW} and by Ghys \cite{Gh}.
We deal with the distributions of holomorphic curves and integral points off divisors. We will simultaneouly prove an optimal dimension estimate from above of a subvariety W off a divisor D which contains a Zariski dense entire holomorphic curve, or a Zariski dense D-integral point set, provided that in the latter case everything is defined over a number field. Then, if the number of components of D is large, the estimate leads to the constancy of such a holomorphic curve or the finiteness of such an integral point set. At the begining, we extend logarithmic Bloch-Ochiai's Theorem to the Kaehl…
Applying the Second Main Theorem we deal with the algebraic degeneracy of entire holomorphic curves from the complex plane into a complex algebraic normal variety of positive log Kodaira dimension that admits a finite proper morphism to a semi-abelian variety. We will also discuss applications to the Kobayashi hyperbolicity problem.
In this paper we consider holomorphic families of frescos (i.e. filtered differential equations with a regular singularity) and we construct a locally versal holomorphic family for every fixed Bernstein polynomial. We construct also several holomorphic parameters (a holomorphic parameter is a function defined on a set of isomorphism classes of frescos) which are quasi-invariant by changes of variable. This is motivated by the fact that a fresco is associated to a relative de Rham cohomology class on a one parameter degeneration of compact complex manifolds, up to a change of variable in the pa…
The purpose of this paper is the study of vanishing cycles in holomorphic foliations by complex curves on compact complex manifolds. The main result consists in showing that a vanishing cycle comes together with a much richer complex geometric object - we call this object a foliated shell.
By means of $C^\infty$-connections we will prove a general second main theorem and some special ones for holomorphic curves. The method gives a geometric proof of H. Cartan's second main theorem in 1933. By applying the same method, we will prove some second main theorems in the case of the product space $(\pone)^2$ of the Riemann sphere.
Recently, there are many developments on the second main theorem for holomorphic curves into algebraic varieties intersecting divisors in general position or subgeneral position. In this paper, we refine the concept of subgeneral position by introducing the notion of the index of subgeneral position. With this new notion we give some surprising improvement of the previous known second main theorem type results. Moreover, via the analogue between Nevanlinna theory and Diophantine approximation, the corresponding Schmidt's subspace type theorems are also established in the final section.
We study holomorphic Legendrian curves in the standard complex contact structure on the projectivised cotangent bundle $X=\mathbb P(T^*Z)$ of a complex manifold $Z$ of dimension at least $2$. We provide a detailed analysis of Legendrian curves degenerating to vertical curves and obtain several approximation and general position theorems. In particular, we prove that any vertical holomorphic curve $M\to X$ from a compact bordered Riemann surface $M$ can be deformed to a horizontal Legendrian curve by an arbitrarily small deformation. A similar result is proved in the parametric setting, provide…
Let D be a domain in C^n with smooth boundary, of finite 1-type at a point p in the boundary and such that the closure of D has a basis of Stein Runge neighborhoods. Assume that there exists an analytic disc which intersects the closure of D exactly at p. We construct proper holomorphic maps from any open Riemann surface S which are attached to the closure of D exactly at p.
We study when there exists a dense holomorphic curve in a space of holomorphic maps from a Stein space. We first show that for any bounded convex domain $Ω\Subset\mathbb{C}^n$ and any connected complex manifold $Y$, the space $\mathcal{O}(Ω,Y)$ contains a dense holomorphic disc. Our second result states that $Y$ is an Oka manifold if and only if for any Stein space $X$ there exists a dense entire curve in every path component of $\mathcal{O}(X,Y)$. In the second half of this paper, we apply the above results to the theory of universal functions. It is proved that for any bounded convex domain …
Given a pseudoconvex domain D in C^N, N>1, we prove that there is a holomorphic function f on D such that the lengths of paths p: [0,1]--> D along which Re f is bounded above, with p(0) fixed, grow arbitrarily fast as p(1)--> bD. A consequence is the existence of a complete closed complex hypersurface M in D such that the lengths of paths p:[0,1]--> M, with p(0) fixed, grow arbitrarily fast as p(1)-->bD.
In [Ann. of Math. 169 (2009)], Min Ru proved a second main theorem for algebraically nondegenerate holomorphic curves in complex projective varieties intersecting fixed hypersurface targets. In this paper, by introducing a new proof method for the case of projective varieties, we generalize this result to moving hypersurface targets.
If f: C -> P^n is a holomorphic curve of hyper-order less than one for which 2n + 1 hyperplanes in general position have forward invariant preimages with respect to the translation t(z)=z+c, then f is periodic with period c. This result, which can be described as a difference analogue of M. Green's Picard-type theorem for holomorphic curves, follows from a more general result presented in this paper. The proof relies on a new version of Cartan's second main theorem for the Casorati determinant and an extended version of the difference analogue of the lemma on the logarithmic derivatives, both …
Let f:C -> A be an entire holomorphic curve into a semi-Abelian variety A. Then the Zariski closure of f(C) is a translate of a semi-Abelian subvariety of A (logarithmic Bloch-Ochiai's theorem). The purpose of the present paper is to establish a quantitative version of the above result for such f i.e., the second main theorem and the defect relation.
Since the great work on holomorphic curves into algebraic varieties intersecting hypersurfaces in general position established by Ru in 2009, recently there has been some developments on the second main theorem into algebraic varieties intersecting moving hypersurfaces targets. The main purpose of this paper is to give some interesting improvements of Ru's second main theorem for moving hypersurfaces targets located in subgeneral position with index.
In this article we completely determine the possible dimensions of integral points and holomorphic curves on the complement of a union of hyperplanes in projective space. Our main theorems generalize a result of Evertse and Gyory, who determined when all sets of integral points (over all number fields) on the complement of a union of hyperplanes are finite, and a result of Ru, who determined when all holomorphic maps to the complement of a union of hyperplanes are constant. The main tools used are the S-unit lemma and its analytic analogue, Borel's lemma.
For a smooth family $V \to U$ of polarized manifolds with semi-ample canonical sheaves, we show the following result: any entire curve must be contained in the fibers of the classifying map from the base space $U$ to the moduli space. This settles the Relative Isotriviality Conjecture, \cite[Conjecture 1.5]{DLSZ}.
