Let $M$ be a three-dimensional contact manifold and $ψ:D\setminus\{0\}\to M\times{\Bbb R}$ a finite-energy pseudoholomorphic map from a punctured disc in ${\Bbb C}$, that is asymptotic to a periodic orbit of the Reeb vector field. This article examines conditions under which smooth coordinates may be defined in a tubular neighbourhood of the orbit such that $ψ$ resembles a holomorphic curve, invoking comparison with the theory of topological linking of plane complex algebroid curves near a singularity. Examples of this behaviour which are studied in some detail include pseudoholomorphic maps into ${\Bbb E}_{p,q}\times{\Bbb R}$, where ${\Bbb E}_{p,q}$ denotes a rational ellipsoid with contact structure induced by the complex structure of the ambient ${\Bbb C}^{2}$. Contact structures arising from non-standard circle-fibrations of the three-sphere are also examined.
Earlier we introduced and studied the concept of holomorphic {\it branched Cartan geometry}. We define here a foliated version of this notion; this is done in terms of Atiyah bundle. We show that any complex compact manifold of algebraic dimension $d$ admits, away from a closed analytic subset of positive codimension, a nonsingular holomorphic foliation of complex codimension $d$ endowed with a transversely flat branched complex projective geometry (equivalently, a ${\mathbb C}P^d$-geometry). We also prove that transversely branched holomorphic Cartan geometries on compact complex projective r…
This is the second part of a series of two papers dedicated to a systematic study of holomorphic Jacobi structures. In the first part, we introduced and study the concept of a holomorphic Jacobi manifold in a very natural way as well as various tools. In the present paper, we solve the integration problem for holomorphic Jacobi manifolds by proving that they integrate to complex contact groupoids. A crucial tool in our proof is what we call the "homogenization scheme", which allows us to identify holomorphic Jacobi manifolds with homogeneous holomorphic Poisson manifolds and holomorphic contac…
In this paper, we find a holomorphic Darboux chart around any immersed noncompact holomorphic Legendrian curve in a complex contact manifold $(X,ξ)$. By using such a chart, we show that every holomorphic Legendrian immersion $R\to X$ from an open Riemann surface can be approximated on relatively compact subsets by holomorphic Legendrian embeddings, and every holomorphic Legendrian immersion $M\to X$ from a compact bordered Riemann surface is a uniform limit of topological embeddings $M\hookrightarrow X$ such that $\mathring M\hookrightarrow X$ is a complete holomorphic Legendrian embedding. We…
We strengthen our previous results regarding the moduli spaces of Zoll metrics and Zoll projective structures on S^2. In particular, we describe a concrete, open condition which suffices to guarantee that a totally real embedding of RP^2 in CP_2 arises from a unique Zoll projective structure on the 2-sphere. Our methods ultimately reflect the special role such structures play in the initial value problem for the 3-dimensional Lorentzian Einstein-Weyl equations.
Let V be a real hypersurface of class C^k, k>=3, in a complex manifold M of complex dimension n+1, HT(V) the holomorphic tangent bundle to V giving the induced CR structure on V. Let θbe a contact form for (V,HT(V)), ξ_0 the Reeb vector field determined by θand assume that ξ_0 is of class C^k. In this paper we prove the following theorem (cf. Theorem 4.1): if the integral curves of ξ_0 are real analytic then there exist an open neighbourhood N\subset M of V and a solution u\in C^k(N) of the complex Monge-Ampère equation (dd^c u)^(n+1)=0 on N which is a defining equation for V. Moreover, the Mo…
In this paper we study holomorphic Legendrian curves in the standard holomorphic contact structure on $\mathbb{C}^{2n+1}$ for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$. We provide several approximation and desingularization results which enable us to prove general existence theorems, settling some of the open problems in the subject. In particular, we show that every open Riemann surface $M$ admits a proper holomorphic Legendrian embedding $M\hookrightarrow\mathbb{C}^{2n+1}$, and we prove that for every compact bordered Riemann surface $M=\mathring M\cup bM$ there exists a topological embedding $M\hookrightarrow \…
We study boundary singularities which can appear for infinitesimal generators of one-parameter semigroups of holomorphic self-maps in the unit disc. We introduce "regular" fractional singularities and characterize them in terms of the behavior of the associated semigroups and Koenigs functions. We also provide necessary and sufficient geometric criteria on the shape of the image of the Koenigs function for having such singularities. In order to do this, we study contact points of semigroups and prove that any contact (not fixed) point of a one-parameter semigroup corresponds to a maximal arc o…
In this paper we prove that every open Riemann surface properly embeds in the Special Linear group $SL_2(\mathbb{C})$ as a holomorphic Legendrian curve, where $SL_2(\mathbb{C})$ is endowed with its standard contact structure. As a consequence, we derive the existence of proper, weakly complete, flat fronts in the real hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^3$ with arbitrary complex structure.
In this paper we construct complex contact structures on $\mathbb{C}^{2n+1}$ for any $n\ge 1$ with the property that every holomorphic Legendrian map $\mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}^{2n+1}$ is constant. In particular, these contact structures are not globally contactomorphic to the standard complex contact structure on $\mathbb{C}^{2n+1}$.
In this paper, we develop holomorphic Jacobi structures. Holomorphic Jacobi manifolds are in one-to-one correspondence with certain homogeneous holomorphic Poisson manifolds. Furthermore, holomorphic Poisson manifolds can be looked at as special cases of holomorphic Jacobi manifolds. We show that holomorphic Jacobi structures yield a much richer framework than that of holomorphic Poisson structures. We also discuss the relationship between holomorphic Jacobi structures, generalized contact bundles and Jacobi-Nijenhuis structures.
We study the branched holomorphic projective structures on a compact Riemann surface $X$ with a fixed branching divisor $S\, =\, \sum_{i=1}^d x_i$, where $x_i \,\in\, X$ are distinct points. After defining branched ${\rm SO}(3,{\mathbb C})$--opers, we show that the branched holomorphic projective structures on $X$ are in a natural bijection with the branched ${\rm SO}(3,{\mathbb C})$--opers singular at $S$. It is deduced that the branched holomorphic projective structures on $X$ are also identified with a subset of the space of all logarithmic connections on $J^2((TX)\otimes {\mathcal O}_X(S))…
Let $M$ be a connected open Riemann surface. We prove that the space $\mathscr L(M,\mathbb C^{2n+1})$ of all holomorphic Legendrian immersions of $M$ into $\mathbb C^{2n+1}$, $n\geq 1$, endowed with the standard holomorphic contact structure, is weakly homotopy equivalent to the space $\mathscr C(M,\mathbb S^{4n-1})$ of continuous maps from $M$ to the sphere $\mathbb S^{4n-1}$. If $M$ has finite topological type, then these spaces are homotopy equivalent. We determine the homotopy groups of $\mathscr L(M,\mathbb C^{2n+1})$ in terms of the homotopy groups of $\mathbb S^{4n-1}$. It follows that …
In this paper we introduce the notion of a formal complex contact structure on an odd dimensional complex manifold. Our main result is that every formal complex contact structure on a Stein manifold $X$ is homotopic to a holomorphic contact structure on a Stein domain $Ω\subset X$ which is diffeotopic to $X$. We also prove a parametric h-principle in this setting, analogous to Gromov's h-principle for contact structures on smooth open manifolds. On Stein threefolds we obtain a complete homotopy classification of formal complex contact structures. Our methods also furnish a parametric h-princip…
We show that for every $ε>0$, there exists a compact lamination by $ε$-holomorphic surfaces in the complex projective plane, minimal, and that carries hyperbolic holonomy. We call $ε$-holomorphic a real 2-dimensional surface $Σ$ in ${\bf C}P^2$ such that the angle between $TΣ$ and $iTΣ$ is uniformly bounded by $ε$. When $ε$ is sufficiently small, such surfaces are in particular symplectic.
In this article, we consider a bounded pseudoconvex domain in ${\bf C}^2$ satifying: (a) it admits a proper holomorphic mapping $f$ onto the unit ball $B^2$, and (b) it is simply connected and has a real analytic boundary. According to [Barletta-Bedford, Indiana U. Math. J, 39(1985), 315-338], the strong pseudconvexity of $B^2$ alone yields that such a domain is "weakly spherical" at the boundary points that are at the same time a smooth point of the branch locus $Z_{df} = \{\det(J_{\bf C} f) = 0\}$. (Notice that [Diederich-Fornaess, Math. Ann., 282 (1988), 681-700] implies that $f$ as well as…
We study the set ${\mathcal P}_S$ consisting of all branched holomorphic projective structures on a compact Riemann surface $X$ of genus $g \geq 1$ and with a fixed branching divisor $S:= \sum_{i=1}^d n_i\cdot x_i$, where $x_i \in X$. Under the hypothesis that $n_i=1$, for all $i$, with $d$ a positive even integer such that $d \neq 2g-2$, we show that ${\mathcal P}_S$ coincides with a subset of the set of all logarithmic connections with singular locus $S$, satisfying certain geometric conditions, on the rank two holomorphic jet bundle $J^1(Q)$, where $Q$ is a fixed holomorphic line bundle on …
Let $X$ be an elliptic curve and $\mathbb{P}$ the Riemann sphere. Since $X$ is compact, it is a deep theorem of Douady that the set $\mathcal{O}(X,\mathbb{P})$ consisting of holomorphic maps $X\to \mathbb{P}$ admits a complex structure. If $R_n$ denotes the set of maps of degree $n$, then Namba has shown for $n\geq2$ that $R_n$ is a $2n$-dimensional complex manifold. We study holomorphic flexibility properties of the spaces $R_2$ and $R_3$. Firstly, we show that $R_2$ is homogeneous and hence an Oka manifold. Secondly, we present our main theorem, that there is a $6$-sheeted branched covering …
We study spin structures on Riemann and Klein surfaces in terms of divisors. In particular, we take a closer look at spin structures on hyperelliptic and $p$-gonal surfaces defined by divisors supported on their branch points. Moreover, we study invariant spin divisors under automorphisms and anti-holomorphic involutions of Riemann surfaces.
A contact singularity is a normal singularity $(V,0)$ together with a holomorphic contact form $η$ on $V\backslash$ Sing $V$ in a neighbourhood of 0, i.e. $η\wedge (dη)^r$ has no zero, where dim $V=2r+1$. The main result of this paper is that there are no isolated contact singularities.
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be written as $ f^{*}\mathcal{G}$, where $\mathcal{G}$ is a foliation in $ {\mathbb P^2}$ with three invariant lines in general position, say $(XYZ)=0$, and $f:{\mathbb P^n}--->{\mathbb P^2}$, $f=(F^α_{0}:F^β_{1}:F^γ_{2})$ is a nonlinear rational map. Using local stability results of singular holomorphic foliations, we prove that: if $n\geq 3$, the foliation $\mathcal{F}$ is globally stable under holomorphic deformations. As a consequence we obtain new irreducible componentes for the space of codimension one foliations on $\mathbb P^n$. We present also a result which characte…
The envelope of holomorphy of an arbitrary domain in a two-dimensional Stein manifold is identified with a connected component of the set of equivalence classes of analytic discs immersed into the Stein manifold with boundary in the domain. This implies, in particular, that for each of its points the envelope of holomorphy contains an embedded (non-singular) Riemann surface (and also an immersed analytic disc) passing through this point with boundary contained in the natural embedding of the original domain into its envelope of holomorphy. Moreover, it says, that analytic continuation to a nei…
We study holomorphic Legendrian curves in the standard complex contact structure on the projectivised cotangent bundle $X=\mathbb P(T^*Z)$ of a complex manifold $Z$ of dimension at least $2$. We provide a detailed analysis of Legendrian curves degenerating to vertical curves and obtain several approximation and general position theorems. In particular, we prove that any vertical holomorphic curve $M\to X$ from a compact bordered Riemann surface $M$ can be deformed to a horizontal Legendrian curve by an arbitrarily small deformation. A similar result is proved in the parametric setting, provide…
In this paper, we prove a Mergelyan type approximation theorem for immersed holomorphic Legendrian curves in an arbitrary complex contact manifold $(X,ξ)$. Explicitly, we show that if $S$ is a compact admissible set in a Riemann surface $M$ and $f:S\to X$ is a $ξ$-Legendrian immersion of class $\mathscr{C}^{r+2}(S,X)$ for some $r\ge 2$ which is holomorphic in the interior of $S$, then $f$ can be approximated in the $\mathscr{C}^r(S,X)$ topology by holomorphic Legendrian embeddings from open neighbourhoods of $S$ into $X$. This result has numerous applications, some of which are indicated in th…
