Edward S. Letzter
S. Montgomery and S. Witherspoon proved that upper and lower semisolvable, semisimple, finite dimensional Hopf algebras are of Froebenius type when their dimensions are not divisible by the characteristic of the base field. In this note we show that a finite dimensional, semisimple, lower solvable Hopf algebra is always of Froebenius type, in arbitrary characteristic.
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In formulating a generalized framework to study certain noncommutative algebras naturally arising in representation theory, K. A. Brown asked if every finitely generated Hopf algebra satisfying a polynomial identity was finite over a normal commutative Hopf subalgebra. In this note we show that Radford's biproduct, applied to the enveloping algebra of the Lie superalgebra pl(1,1), provides a noetherian prime counterexample.
The question of whether or not a Hopf algebra $H$ is faithfully flat over a Hopf subalgebra $A$ has received positive answers in several particular cases: when $H$ (or more generally, just $A$) is commutative, or cocommutative, or pointed, or when $K$ contains the coradical of $H$. We prove the statement in the title, adding the class of cosemisimple Hopf algebras to those known to be faithfully flat over all Hopf subalgebras. We also show that the third term of the resulting "exact sequence" $A\to H\to C$ is always a cosemisimple coalgebra, and that the expectation $H\to A$ is positive when $…
Let $G$ be a finite group and let $π: G \to G'$ be a surjective group homomorphism. Consider the cocycle deformation $L = H^σ$ of the Hopf algebra $H = k^G$ of $k$-valued linear functions on $G$, with respect to some convolution invertible 2-cocycle $σ$. The (normal) Hopf subalgebra $k^{G'} \subseteq k^G$ corresponds to a Hopf subalgebra $L' \subseteq L$. Our main result is an explicit necessary and sufficient condition for the normality of $L'$ in $L$.
Let H be a finite dimensional semisimple Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. In this note we give a short proof of the fact that a Hopf subalgebra of H is a depth two subalgebra if and only if it is normal Hopf subalgebra.
Let $S$ be the left $R$-bialgebroid of a depth two extension with centralizer $R$ as defined in math.QA/0108067. We show that the left endomorphism ring of depth two extension, not necessarily balanced, is a left $S$-Galois extension of $A^{\rm op}$. Looking to examples of depth two, we establish that a Hopf subalgebra is normal if and only if it is a Hopf-Galois extension. We find a class of examples of the alternative Hopf algebroids in math.QA/0302325. We also characterize finite weak Hopf-Galois extensions using an alternate Galois canonical mapping with several corollaries: that these are…
We prove that a depth two Hopf subalgebra K of a semisimple Hopf algebra H is normal (where the ground field $k$ is algebraically closed of characteristic zero). This means on the one hand that a Hopf subalgebra is normal when inducing (then restricting) modules several times as opposed to one time creates no new simple constituents. This point of view was taken in the paper http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0409346 which established a normality result in case H and K are finite group algebras. On the other hand this means that K is normal in H when H | K is a Galois extension with respect to action o…
An extension of $k$-algebras $B \subset A$ is said to have depth one if there exists a positive integer $n$ such that $ A$ is a direct summand of $ B^n$ in $_B\mtr{Mod}_B$. Depth one extensions of semisimple algebras are completely characterized in terms of their centers. For extensions of semisimple Hopf algebras our results are similar to those obtained for finite group algebra extensions in \cite{BKone}.
A criterion for subcoalgebras to be invariant under the adjoint action is given generalizing Masuoka's criterion for normal Hopf subalgebras. At the level of characters, the image of the induction functor from a normal Hopf subalgebra is isomorphic to the image of the restriction functor.
Some new results on the module structure of Hopf algebras over a certain class of Hopf subalgebras and right coideal subalgebras are proved.
A description of all normal Hopf subalgebras of a semisimple Drinfeld double is given. This is obtained by considering an analogue of Goursat's lemma concerning fusion subcategories of Deligne products of two fusion categories. As an application we show that the Drinfeld double of any abelian extension is also an abelian extension.
Faithful flatness of Hopf algebras over coideal subalgebras with a bimodule conditional expectation
本文直接自足地证明了：若Hopf代数H的右余理想子代数A作为A-双模是H的直和项，则H作为左、右A-模忠实平坦。
We study the flatness and the projectivity of Hopf algebras, defined over a Dedekind ring, over their Hopf subalgebras. We give a criterion for the faithful flatness and use it to show the faithful flatness of an arbitrary flat Hopf algebra upon its finite normal Hopf subalgebra. For the projectivity of a projective Hopf algebras we need some finiteness condition in terms of the module of integral. In particular we show the the module of integral has rank one.
We define left and right kernels of representations of Hopf algebras. In the case of group algebras, left and right kernels coincide and they are the usual kernels of modules. In the general case we show that these kernels coincide with the categorical left and right Hopf kernels of morphisms of Hopf algebras defined in \cite{AD}. Brauer's theorem for kernels over group algebras is generalized to Hopf algebras.
It is proved in the paper that a Noetherian residually finite dimensional Hopf algebra is a flat module over any right Noetherian right coideal subalgebra. In the case of Hopf subalgebras we get faithful flatness. These results are obtained by verifying the existence of the classical quotient rings of those algebras. It is also proved that the antipode of either right or left Noetherian residually finite dimensional Hopf algebra is bijective. As a consequence, such a Hopf algebra is right and left Noetherian simultaneously.
Let $H$ be a pointed Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. If $H$ is a domain with finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension greater than or equal to two, then $H$ contains a Hopf subalgebra of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension two.
In this note the notion of kernel of a representation of a semisimple Hopf algebra is introduced. Similar properties to the kernel of a group representation are proved in some special cases. In particular, every normal Hopf subalgebra of a semisimple Hopf algebra H is the kernel of a representation of H.
Failure of flatness over finite-dimensional Hopf subalgebras
本文证明任意有限维非半单 Hopf 代数作为子代数时存在非平坦的包含代数，并指出一类无限维 Hopf 代数保证所有 Hopf 代数在其子代数上忠实平坦。
Commutators and crossed modules of color Hopf algebras
本文在余交换彩色Hopf代数半阿贝尔范畴中刻画换位子，给出幂零性的Hall判据与Zassenhaus引理，并证明彩色Hopf交叉模范畴与内部交叉模范畴及Moore复形长度为1的单纯余交换彩色Hopf代数范畴等价。
We reduce certain proofs in math.RA/0108067, math.RA/0408155, and math.QA/0409589 to depth two quasibases from one side only, a minimalistic approach which leads to a characterization of Galois extensions for finite projective bialgebroids without the Frobenius extension property. We prove that a proper algebra extension is a left $T$-Galois extension for some right finite projective left bialgebroid over some algebra $R$ if and only if it is a left depth two and left balanced extension. Exchanging left and right in this statement, we have a characterization of right Galois extensions for left…
Under the assumption that a residually finite dimensional Hopf algebra H has an Artinian ring of fractions it is proved that H is a flat module over any right coideal subalgebra satisfying a polynomial identity and is faithfully flat over any polynomial identity Hopf subalgebra. As a consequence we find a large class of Hopf algebras which are flat over all coideal subalgebras and are faithfully flat over all Hopf subalgebras.
One-dimensional partial actions of 8-dimensional Hopf algebras and right coideal subalgebras
本文完成8维Hopf代数一维部分作用的分类，证明其对称性，并证明有限维余半单Hopf代数的右余理想子代数均可实现为部分smash积。
We consider the combinatorial Dyson-Schwinger equation X=B^+(P(X)) in the non-commutative Connes-KreimerHopf algebra of planar rooted trees H, where B^+ is the operator of grafting on a root, and P a formal series. The unique solution X of this equation generates a graded subalgebra A_P of\H. We describe all the formal series P such that A_P is a Hopf subalgebra. We obtain in this way a 2-parameters family of Hopf subalgebras of H, organized into three isomorphism classes: a first one, restricted to a olynomial ring in one variable; a second one, restricted to the Hopf subalgebra of ladders, i…
A condition is identified which guarantees that the coinvariants of a coaction of a Hopf algebra on an algebra form a subalgebra, even though the coaction may fail to be an algebra homomorphism. A Hilbert Theorem (finite generation of the subalgebra of coinvariants) is obtained for such coactions of a cosemisimple Hopf algebra. This is applied to two adjoint coactions of quantized function algebras of classical groups on the associated FRT bialgebra. Provided that the Hopf algebra is cosemisimple and coquasitriangular, the algebras of coinvariants form two finitely generated, commutative, grad…
A combinatorial Hopf algebra is a graded connected Hopf algebra over a field $F$ equipped with a character (multiplicative linear functional) $ζ:H\to F$. We show that the terminal object in the category of combinatorial Hopf algebras is the algebra $QSym$ of quasi-symmetric functions; this explains the ubiquity of quasi-symmetric functions as generating functions in combinatorics. We illustrate this with several examples. We prove that every character decomposes uniquely as a product of an even character and an odd character. Correspondingly, every combinatorial Hopf algebra $(H,ζ)$ possesses …
Coideal subalgebras of pointed and connected Hopf algebras
本文证明了在温和条件下，尖点Hopf代数及其连通分次版本中的余理想子代数具有PBW基结构，并借助Lyndon词和辫子换位子的组合方法构造性地建立了齐次余理想子代数对的结构定理。
We prove that the Lie commutator subalgebra of the associative algebra containing a matrix subalgebra is perfect.
Let $H$ be a character Hopf algebra. Every right coideal subalgebra that contains the coradical has a PBW-basis which can be extended up to a PBW-basis of $H.$
A decomposition Theorem for pointed braided Hopf algebras
本文推广了带点辫子Hopf代数的分解定理，证明在底层普通Hopf代数余半单时，其张量积分解与Yetter-Drinfeld范畴的余模结构相容。
Given a a Hopf algebra $H$, its left coideal subalgebra $A$ and a non-zero multiplicative functional $μ$ on $A$, we define the space of left $μ$-integrals $L^A_μ\subset A$. We observe that $\dim L^A_μ=1$ if $A$ is a Frobenius algebra and we conclude this equality for finite dimensional left coideal subalgebras of a weakly finite Hopf algebra. In general we prove that if $\dim L^A_μ>0$ then $\dim A <\infty$. Given a group-like element $g\in H$ we define the space $L^g_{ A}\subset A'$ of $g$-cointegrals on $ A$ and linking this concept with the theory of $μ$-integrals we observe that: - every se…
We develop a theory of multigraded (i.e., $N^l$-graded) combinatorial Hopf algebras modeled on the theory of graded combinatorial Hopf algebras developed by Aguiar, Bergeron, and Sottile [Compos. Math. 142 (2006), 1--30]. In particular we introduce the notion of canonical $k$-odd and $k$-even subalgebras associated with any multigraded combinatorial Hopf algebra, extending simultaneously the work of Aguiar et al. and Ehrenborg. Among our results are specific categorical results for higher level quasisymmetric functions, several basis change formulas, and a generalization of the descents-to-pea…
Partial actions of Hopf algebras can be considered as a generalization of partial actions of groups on algebras. Among important properties of partial Hopf actions, it is possible to assure the existence of enveloping actions. This allows to extend several results from the theory of partial group actions to the Hopf algebraic setting. In this article, we explore some properties of the fixed point subalgebra with relations to a partial action of a Hopf algebra. We also construct, for partial actions of finite dimensional Hopf algebras a Morita context relating the fixed point subalgebra and the…
In previous work, to each Hopf algebra H and each invertible right two-cocycle on H, Eli Aljadeff and the first-named author attached a subalgebra B of the free commutative Hopf algebra S generated by the coalgebra underlying H; the algebra B is the subalgebra of coinvariants of a generic Hopf Galois extension. In this paper we give conditions under which S is faithfully flat, or even free, as a B-module. We also show that B is generated as an algebra by certain elements arising from the theory of polynomial identities for comodule algebras developped jointly with Aljadeff.
In this paper we explore minimum odd and minimum even depth sub algebra pairs in the context of double cross products of finite dimensional Hopf algebras. We start by defining factorization algebras and outline how subring depth in this context relates with the module depth of the regular left module representation of the given subalgebra. Next we study minimum odd depth for double cross product Hopf subalgebras and determine their value in terms of their related module depth, we conclude that minimum odd depth of Drinfeld double Hopf subalgebras is 3. Finaly we produce a necessary and suffici…
We prove that a Hopf algebra with a finite coradical filtration is co-Frobenius, i. e. there is a non-zero integral on it. As a consequence, we show that algebras of functions on quantum groups at roots of one are co-Frobenius. We also characterize co-Frobenius Hopf algebras with coradical a Hopf subalgebra. This characterization is in the framework of the lifting method due to H.-J. Schneider and the first-named author. Here is our main result. Let H be a Hopf algebra whose coradical is a Hopf subalgebra. Let gr H be the associated graded Hopf algebra and let R be the diagram of H. Then the f…
We develop a theory of right group-like projections in Hopf algebras linking them with the theory of left coideal subalgebras with two sided counital integrals. Every right group-like projection is associated with a left coideal subalgebra, maximal among the ones containing the given group-like projection as an integral, and we show that that subalgebra is finite dimensional. We observe that in a semisimple Hopf algebra $H$ every left coideal subalgebra has an integral and we prove a 1-1 correspondence between right group-like projections and left coideal subalgebras of $H$. We provide a numbe…
A general Mackey type decomposition for representations of semisimple Hopf algebras is investigated. We show that such a decomposition occurs in the case that the module is induced from an arbitrary Hopf subalgebra and it is restricted back to a group subalgebra. Some other examples when such a decomposition occurs are also constructed. They arise from gradings on the category of corepresentations of a semisimple Hopf algebra and provide new examples of Green functors in the literature.
In Section 1 we introduce Frobenius coordinates in the general setting that includes Hopf subalgebras. In Sections 2 and 3 we review briefly the theories of Frobenius algebras and augmented Frobenius algebras with some new material in Section 3. In Section 4 we study the Frobenius structure of an FH-algebra H \cite{Par72} and extend two recent theorems in \cite{EG}. We obtain two Radford formulas for the antipode in H and generalize in Section 7 the results on its order in \cite{FMS}. We study the Frobenius structure on an FH-subalgebra pair in Sections 5 and 6. In Section 8 we show that the q…
Let $H$ be a semisimple Hopf algebra, and let $R$ be a noetherian left $H$-module algebra. If $R/R^H$ is a right $H^*$-dense Galois extension, then the invariant subalgebra $R^H$ will inherit the AS-Cohen-Macaulay property from $R$ under some mild conditions, and $R$, when viewed as a right $R^H$-module, is a Cohen-Macaulay module. In particular, we show that if $R$ is a noetherian complete semilocal algebra which is AS-regular of global dimension 2 and $H=\operatorname{\bf k} G$ for some finite subgroup $G\subseteq Aut(R)$, then all the indecomposable Cohen-Macaulay module of $R^H$ is a direc…
In this paper, we completely determine the group of algebra automorphisms for the two-parameter Hopf algebra ${\check U}_{r,s}^{\geq 0}({\mathfrak sl_{3}})$. As a result, the group of Hopf algebra automorphisms is determined for $\V$ as well. We further characterize all the derivations of the subalgebra $U^{+}_{r,s}({\mathfrak sl_{3})}$, and calculate its first degree Hochschild cohomology group.
We prove that for every automata algebra of exponential growth, the associated Lie algebra contains a free subalgebra. For n\geq 1, let L_{n+2} be a Lie algebra with generator set x_1,..., x_{n+2} and the following relations: for k\leq n, any commutator of length $k$ which consists of fewer than k different symbols from {x_1,...,x_{n+2}} is zero. As an application of this result about automata algebras, we prove that for every n\geq 1, L_{n+2} contains a free subalgebra. We also prove the similar result about groups defined by commutator relations.
Masuoka proved (2009) that a finite-dimensional irreducible Hopf algebra $H$ in positive characteristic is semisimple if and only if it is commutative semisimple if and only if the Hopf subalgebra generated by all primitives is semisimple. In this paper, we give another proof of this result by using Hochschild cohomology of coalgebras.
We prove that a finite-dimensional cocommutative Hopf algebra $H$ is local, if and only if the subalgebra generated by the first term of its coradical filtration $H_1$ is local. In particular if $H$ is connected, $H$ is local if and only if all the primitive elements of $H$ are nilpotent.
We study the cyclic module ${}_SR$ for a ring extension $A \| B$ with centralizer $R$ and bimodule endomorphism ring $S = End {}_BA_B$. We show that if $A \| B$ is an H-separable Hopf subalgebra, then $B$ is a normal Hopf subalgebra of $A$. We observe from math.RA/0107064 and math.RA/0108067 depth two in the role of noncommutative normality (as in field theory) in a depth two separable Frobenius characterization of irreducible semisimple-Hopf-Galois extensions. We prove that a depth two extension has a Galois $A$-coring structure on $A ø_R T$ where $T$ is the right $R$-bialgebroid dual to $S$.
We study the self-dual Hopf algebra $\h\_{\SP}$ of special posets introduced by Malvenuto and Reutenauer and the Hopf algebra morphism from $\h\_{\SP}$ to to the Hopf algebra of free quasi-symmetric functions $\FQSym$ given by linear extensions. In particular, we construct two Hopf subalgebras both isomorphic to $\FQSym$; the first one is based on plane posets, the second one on heap-ordered forests. An explicit isomorphism between these two Hopf subalgebras is also defined with the help of two transformations on special posets. The restriction of the Hopf pairing of $\h\_{\SP}$ to these Hopf …
On some semidirect products of skew braces arising in Hopf-Galois theory
本文分类了作为理想与左理想半直积的斜撑，并据此分类Galois群为半直积的域扩张上由正规Hopf子代数和Hopf子代数实现的Hopf-Galois结构，进而研究广义正规基生成元与局部域扩张的整模结构。
The link relation on simple subcoalgebras is used for decompositions of coalgebras. In this paper, we provide more sufficient conditions for this link relation, and prove a formula on the products between link-indecomposable components of Hopf algebras with the dual Chevalley property. Furthermore, we show that each of its component is generated by a simple subcoalgebra, as a faithfully flat module (in fact, a projective generator) over a Hopf subalgebra which is the component containing the unit element. Our conclusions generalize some relevant results on pointed Hopf algebras, which were est…
The finite dual $H^{\circ}$ of an affine commutative-by-finite Hopf algebra $H$ is studied. Such a Hopf algebra $H$ is an extension of an affine commutative Hopf algebra $A$ by a finite dimensional Hopf algebra $F$. The main theorem gives natural conditions under which $H^{\circ}$ decomposes as a crossed or smash product of $F^{\ast}$ by the finite dual of $A$. This decomposition is then further analysed using the Cartier- Gabriel-Kostant theorem to obtain component Hopf subalgebras of $H^{\circ}$ mapping onto the classical components of $A^{\circ}$. The detailed consequences for a number of f…
Let H be a connected Hopf k-algebra of finite Gel'fand-Kirillov dimension over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic 0. The objects of study in this paper are the left or right coideal subalgebras T of H. They are shown to be deformations of commutative polynomial k-algebras. A number of well-known homological and other properties follow immediately from this fact. Further properties are described, examples are considered, invariants are constructed and a number of open questions are listed.
Let $H$ be a finite-dimensional connected Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed field $\field$ of characteristic $p>0$. We provide the algebra structure of the associated graded Hopf algebra $\gr H$. Then, we study the case when $H$ is generated by a Hopf subalgebra $K$ and another element and the case when $H$ is cocommutative. When $H$ is a restricted universal enveloping algebra, we give a specific basis for the second term of the Hochschild cohomology of the coalgebra $H$ with coefficients in the trivial $H$-bicomodule $\field$. Finally, we classify all connected Hopf algebras of dimen…
The notion of double coset for semisimple finite dimensional Hopf algebras is introduced. This is done by considering an equivalence relation on the set of irreducible characters of the dual Hopf algebra. As an application formulae for the restriction of the irreducible characters to normal Hopf subalgebras are given.
This paper is an attempt to construct a special kind of Hopf pairing $\langle-,-\rangle:H^\bullet\otimes H\rightarrow\Bbbk$. Specifically, $H^\bullet$ and $H$ should be both affine, noetherian and of the same GK-dimension. In addition, some properties of them would be dual to each other. We test the ideas in two steps for all the affine prime regular Hopf algebras $H$ of GK-dimension one: 1) We compute the finite duals $H^\circ$ of them, which are given by generators and relations; 2) the Hopf pairings desired are determined by choosing certain Hopf subalgebras $H^\bullet$ of $H^\circ$, where …
Study of the quotient module of a finite-dimensional Hopf subalgebra pair in order to compute its depth yields a relative Maschke Theorem, in which semisimple extension is characterized as being separable, and is therefore an ordinary Frobenius extension. We study the core Hopf ideal of a Hopf subalgebra, noting that the length of the annihilator chain of tensor powers of the quotient module is linearly related to the depth, if the Hopf algebra is semisimple. A tensor categorical definition of depth is introduced, and a summary from this new point of view of previous results are included. It i…
We study graded right coideal subalgebras of Nichols algebras of semisimple Yetter-Drinfeld modules. Assuming that the Yetter-Drinfeld module admits all reflections and the Nichols algebra is decomposable, we construct an injective order preserving and order reflecting map between morphisms of the Weyl groupoid and graded right coideal subalgebras of the Nichols algebra. Here morphisms are ordered with respect to right Duflo order and right coideal subalgebras are ordered with respect to inclusion. If the Weyl groupoid is finite, then we prove that the Nichols algebra is decomposable and the a…
We classify combinatorial Dyson-Schwinger equations giving a Hopf subalgebra of the Hopf algebra of Feynman graphs of the considered Quantum Field Theory. We first treat single equations with an arbitrary number (eventually infinite) of insertion operators. we distinguish two cases; in the first one, the Hopf subalgebra generated by the solution is isomorphic to the Faà di Bruno Hopf algebra or to the Hopf algebra of symmetric functions; in the second case, we obtain the dual of the enveloping algebra of a particular associative algebra (seen as a Lie algebra). We also treat systems with an ar…
We prove that if $\mathbb A$ is an algebra that is supernilpotent with respect to the $2$-term higher commutator, and $\mathbb B$ is a subalgebra of $\mathbb A$, then $\mathbb B$ is representable as a retract of a finite subdirect power of $\mathbb A$.
We establish the conjugacy of Cartan subalgebras for extended affine Lie algebras whose centreless core is "of type A", i.e., matrices over a quantum torus Q whose trace lies in the commutator space of Q. This settles the last outstanding part of the conjugacy problem for Extended Affine Lie Algebras that remained open.
For $G$ a finite abelian group, we study the properties of general equivalence relations on $G_n=G^n\rtimes \SG_n$, the wreath product of $G$ with the symmetric group $\SG_n$, also known as the $G$-coloured symmetric group. We show that under certain conditions, some equivalence relations give rise to subalgebras of $\k G_n$ as well as graded connected Hopf subalgebras of $\bigoplus_{n\ge o} \k G_n$. In particular we construct a $G$-coloured peak subalgebra of the Mantaci-Reutenauer algebra (or $G$-coloured descent algebra). We show that the direct sum of the $G$-coloured peak algebras is a Ho…
We show that with the appropriate choice of coproduct, the type B quasisymmetric functions form a Hopf algebra, and the recently introduced type B peak functions form a Hopf subalgebra.
Left coideal subalgebras of Nichols algebras
本研究确定了满足一次生成条件的特定Yetter-Drinfeld模的Nichols代数，提出低次生成元扩展左余理想子代数的策略，并探讨更一般Hopf代数情形下的构造方法。
We study systems of combinatorial Dyson-Schwinger equations with an arbitrary number $N$ of coupling constants. The considered Hopf algebra of Feynman graphs is $\mathbb{N}^N$-graded, and we wonder if the graded subalgebra generated by the solution is Hopf or not. We first introduce a family of pre-Lie algebras which we classify, dually providing systems generating a Hopf subalgebra, we also describe the associated groups, as extensions of groups of formal diffeomorphisms on several variables. We then consider systems coming from Feynman graphs of a Quantum Field Theory. We show that if the nu…
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