Given a configuration of pebbles on the vertices of a graph, a pebbling move is defined by removing two pebbles from some vertex and placing one pebble on an adjacent vertex. The cover pebbling number of a graph, gamma(G), is the smallest number of pebbles such that through a sequence of pebbling moves, a pebble can eventually be placed on every vertex simultaneously, no matter how the pebbles are initially distributed. The cover pebbling number for complete multipartite graphs and wheel graphs is determined. We also prove a sharp bound for gamma(G) given the diameter and number of vertices of G.
In this paper we prove two multiset analogs of classical results. We prove a multiset analog of Lovasz's version of the Kruskal-Katona Theorem and an analog of the Bollobas-Thomason threshold result. As a corollary we obtain the existence of pebbling thresholds for arbitrary graph sequences. In addition, we improve both the lower and upper bounds for the `random pebbling' threshold of the sequence of paths.
Given a configuration of pebbles on the vertices of a connected graph G, a pebbling move is defined as the removal of two pebbles from some vertex, and the placement of one of these on an adjacent vertex. We introduce the notion of domination cover pebbling, obtained by combining graph cover pebbling with the theory of domination in graphs. The domination cover pebbling number, psi(G), of a graph G is the minimum number of pebbles that must be placed on V(G) such that after a sequence of pebbling moves, the set of vertices with pebbles forms a dominating set of G, regardless of the initial con…
This paper discusses the complexity of graph pebbling, dealing with both traditional pebbling and the recently introduced game of cover pebbling. Determining whether a configuration is solvable according to either the traditional definition or the cover pebbling definition is shown to be NP-complete. The problem of determining the cover pebbling number for an arbitrary demand configuration is shown to be NP-hard.
For any configuration of pebbles on the nodes of a graph, a pebbling move replaces two pebbles on one node by one pebble on an adjacent node. A cover pebbling is a move sequence ending with no empty nodes. The number of pebbles needed for a cover pebbling starting with all pebbles on one node is trivial to compute and it was conjectured that the maximum of these simple cover pebbling numbers is indeed the general cover pebbling number of the graph. That is, for any configuration of this size, there exists a cover pebbling. In this note, we prove a generalization of the conjecture. All previous…
A new graph invariant called the secure vertex cover pebbling number, which is a combination of two graph invariants, namely secure vertex cover and cover pebbling number, is introduced in this paper. The secure vertex cover pebbling number of a graph G is the minimum number m so that every distribution of m pebbles can reach some secure vertex cover of G by a sequence of pebbling moves. In this paper, the complexity of the secure vertex cover problem and secure vertex cover pebbling problem are discussed. Also, we obtain some basic results and the secure vertex cover pebbling number for compl…
This paper continues the results of "Domination Cover Pebbling: Graph Families." An almost sharp bound for the domination cover pebbling (DCP) number for graphs G with specified diameter has been computed. For graphs of diameter two, a bound for the ratio between the cover pebbling number of G and the DCP number of G has been computed. A variant of domination cover pebbling, called subversion DCP is introducted, and preliminary results are discussed.
Given a graph G and a configuration C of pebbles on the vertices of G, a pebbling step removes two pebbles from one vertex and places one pebble on an adjacent vertex. The cover pebbling number g=g(G) is the minimum number so that every configuration of g pebbles has the property that, after some sequence of pebbling steps, every vertex has a pebble on it. We prove that the cover pebbling number of the d-dimensional hypercube Q^d equals 3^d.
Given a configuration of pebbles on the vertices of a graph, a pebbling move is defined by removing two pebbles from some vertex and placing one pebble on an adjacent vertex. The cover pebbling number of a graph is the smallest number of pebbles necessary so that through a sequence of pebbling moves, a pebble can eventually be placed on every vertex simultaneously, no matter how the pebbles are initially distributed. We determine Bose Einstein and Maxwell Boltzmann cover pebbling thresholds for the complete graph. Also, we show that the cover pebbling decision problem is NP-complete.
A pebbling move on a graph consists of taking two pebbles off from one vertex and add one pebble on an adjacent vertex, the $t$-pebbling number of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of pebbles so that we can move $t$ pebbles on any vertex on $G$ regardless the original distribution of pebbles. Let $ω$ be a positive function on $V(G)$, the $ω$-cover pebbling number of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of pebbles so that we can reach a distribution with at least $ω(v)$ pebbles on $v$ for all $v\in V(G)$. In this paper, we give the $ω$-cover pebbling number of trees for nonnegative function $ω$, w…
A pebbling move on a graph consists of taking two pebbles off of one vertex and placing one pebble on an adjacent vertex. In the traditional pebbling problem we try to reach a specified vertex of the graph by a sequence of pebbling moves. In this paper we investigate the case when every vertex of the graph must end up with at least one pebble after a series of pebbling moves. The cover pebbling number of a graph is the minimum number of pebbles such that however the pebbles are initially placed on the vertices of the graph we can eventually put a pebble on every vertex simultaneously. We find …
A pebbling step on a graph consists of removing two pebbles from one vertex and placing one pebble on an adjacent vertex. A graph is said to be cover pebbled if every vertex has a pebble on it after a series of pebbling steps. The cover pebbling number of a graph is the minimum number of pebbles such that the graph can be cover pebbled, no matter how the pebbles are initially placed on the vertices of the graph. In this paper we determine the cover pebbling numbers of cycles, finite products of paths and cycles, and products of a path or a cycle with good graphs, amongst which are trees and co…
In a graph G with a distribution of pebbles on its vertices, a pebbling move is the removal of two pebbles from one vertex and the addition of one pebble to an adjacent vertex. A weight function on G is a non-negative integer-valued function on the vertices of G. A distribution of pebbles on G covers a weight function if there exists a sequence of pebbling moves that gives a new distribution in which every vertex has at least as many pebbles as its weight. In this paper we give some necessary and some sufficient conditions for a distribution of pebbles to cover a given weight function on a con…
Recent research in graph pebbling has introduced the notion of a cover pebbling number. Along this same idea, we develop a more general pebbling function Pi(G, t, P). This measures the minimum number of pebbles needed to guarantee that any distribution of them on G can be transformed via pebbling moves to a distribution with pebbles on t target vertices. Furthermore, the P part of the function gives the ability to change how many pebbles are needed to pebble from one vertex to another. Bounds on the Pi-pebbling function are developed, as well as its exact value for several families of graphs.
Graph pebbling is a network model for studying whether or not a given supply of discrete pebbles can satisfy a given demand via pebbling moves. A pebbling move across an edge of a graph takes two pebbles from one endpoint and places one pebble at the other endpoint; the other pebble is lost in transit as a toll. It has been shown that deciding whether a supply can meet a demand on a graph is NP-complete. The pebbling number of a graph is the smallest t such that every supply of t pebbles can satisfy every demand of one pebble. Deciding if the pebbling number is at most k is Π_2^P-complete. In …
In [C. Xue, C. Yerger: Optimal Pebbling on Grids, Graphs and Combinatorics] the authors conjecture that if every vertex of an infinite square grid is reachable from a pebble distribution, then the covering ratio of this distribution is at most $3.25$. First we present such a distribution with covering ratio $3.5$, disproving the conjecture. The authors in the above paper also claim to prove that the covering ratio of any pebble distribution is at most $6.75$. The proof contains some errors. We present a few interesting pebble distributions that this proof does not seem to cover and highlight s…
We investigate generalizations of pebbling numbers and of Graham's pebbling conjecture that pi(GxH) <= pi(G)pi(H), where pi(G) is the pebbling number of the graph G. We develop new machinery to attack the conjecture, which is now twenty years old. We show that certain conjectures imply others that initially appear stronger. We also find counterexamples that show that Sjostrand's theorem on cover pebbling does not apply if we allow the cost of transferring a pebble from one vertex to an adjacent vertex to depend on the edge, and we describe an alternate pebbling number for which Graham's conjec…
The last decade has seen a revival of interest in pebble games in the context of proof complexity. Pebbling has proven a useful tool for studying resolution-based proof systems when comparing the strength of different subsystems, showing bounds on proof space, and establishing size-space trade-offs. The typical approach has been to encode the pebble game played on a graph as a CNF formula and then argue that proofs of this formula must inherit (various aspects of) the pebbling properties of the underlying graph. Unfortunately, the reductions used here are not tight. To simulate resolution proo…
Given a distribution of pebbles to the vertices of a graph, a pebbling move removes two pebbles from a single vertex and places a single pebble on an adjacent vertex. The pebbling number $π(G)$ is the smallest number such that, for any distribution of $π(G)$ pebbles to the vertices of $G$ and choice of root vertex $r$ of $G$, there exists a sequence of pebbling moves that places a pebble on $r$. Computing $π(G)$ is provably difficult, and recent methods for bounding $π(G)$ have proved computationally intractable, even for moderately sized graphs. Graham conjectured that $π(G ~\square~ H) \leq …
Graph pebbling is a network optimization model for transporting discrete resources that are consumed in transit: the movement of two pebbles across an edge consumes one of the pebbles. The pebbling number of a graph is the fewest number of pebbles t so that, from any initial configuration of t pebbles on its vertices, one can place a pebble on any given target vertex via such pebbling steps. It is known that deciding if a given configuration on a particular graph can reach a specified target is NP-complete, even for diameter two graphs, and that deciding if the pebbling number has a prescribed…
The reversible pebble game is a combinatorial game played on rooted DAGs. This game was introduced by Bennett (1989) motivated by applications in designing space efficient reversible algorithms. Recently, Chan (2013) showed that the reversible pebble game number of any DAG is the same as its Dymond-Tompa pebble number and Raz-Mckenzie pebble number. We show, as our main result, that for any rooted directed tree T, its reversible pebble game number is always just one more than the edge rank coloring number of the underlying undirected tree U of T. It is known that given a DAG G as input, determ…
A pebbling move on a graph removes two pebbles at a vertex and adds one pebble at an adjacent vertex. Rubbling is a version of pebbling where an additional move is allowed. In this new move one pebble is removed at vertices v and w adjacent to a vertex u and an extra pebble is added at vertex u. A vertex is reachable from a pebble distribution if it is possible to move a pebble to that vertex using rubbling moves. The rubbling number of a graph is the smallest number m needed to guarantee that any vertex is reachable from any pebble distribution of m pebbles. The optimal rubbling number is the…
Cover-free families were considered from different subjects by numerous researchers. Recently, cover-free families are also found useful in cryptography. In this paper, we use an uniform method to survey known results of cover-free families. Many old results are updated or generalized. Some new results are also given.
Cover-free families are set systems used as solutions for a large variety of problems, and in particular, problems where we deal with $n$ elements and want to identify $d$ invalid ones among them by performing only $t$ tests ($t \leq n$). We are specially interested in cryptographic problems, and we note that some of these problems need cover-free families with an increasing size $n$. Solutions that propose the increase of $n$, such as \emph{monotone families} and \emph{nested families}, have been recently considered in the literature. In this paper, we propose a generalization that we call \e…
We give Henneberg-type constructions for three families of sparse colored graphs arising in the rigidity theory of periodic and other forced symmetric frameworks. The proof method, which works with Laman-sparse finite covers of colored graphs highlights the connection between these sparse colored families and the well-studied matroidal (k, l)-sparse families.
Let $V$ be an $n$-dimensional vector space over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$. Suppose that $\mathscr{F}$ is an intersecting family of $m$-dimensional subspaces of $V$. The covering number of $\mathscr{F}$ is the minimum dimension of a subspace of $V$ which intersects all elements of $\mathscr{F}$. In this paper, we give the tight upper bound for the size of $\mathscr{F}$ whose covering number is $m$, and describe the structure of $\mathscr{F}$ which reaches the upper bound. Moreover, we determine the structure of an maximum intersecting family of singular linear space with the maximum cover…
Let N((r,w;d),t) denote the minimum number of points in a (r,w;d)-cover-free family having t blocks. Hajiabolhassan and Moazami (2012)[6] showed that the Hadamard conjecture is equivalent to confirm N((1,1;d)4d-1)=4d-1. Hence, it is a challenging and interesting problem to determine the exact value of N((r,w;d),t). In this paper, we determine the exact value of N((r,w;d),t) for every r, w, where r+w<t+1 and some d.
An (r;w; d) -cover-free family (CFF) is a family of subsets of a finite set such that the intersection of any r members of the family contains at least d elements that are not in the union of any other w members. The minimum number of elements for which there exists an (r;w; d)-CFF with t blocks is denoted by N((r;w; d); t). In this paper, we determine the exact value of N((r;w; d); t) for some special parameters. Also, we present two constructions for (2; 1; d)- CFF and (2; 2; d)-CFF which improve the existing constructions. Moreover, we introduce a generalization of cover-free families which…
It is conjectured by Berge and Fulkerson that every bridgeless cubic graph has six perfect matchings such that each edge is contained in exactly two of them. H$\ddot{a}$gglund constructed two graphs Blowup$(K_4, C)$ and Blowup$(Prism, C_4)$. Based on these two graphs, Chen constructed infinite families of bridgeless cubic graphs $M_{0,1,2, \ldots,k-2, k-1}$ which is obtained from cyclically 4-edge-connected and having a Fulkerson-cover cubic graphs $G_0,G_1,\ldots, G_{k-1}$ by recursive process. If each $G_i$ for $1\leq i\leq k-1$ is a cyclically 4-edge-connected snarks with excessive index at…
A $d$-{\em interval} is a union of at most $d$ disjoint closed intervals on a fixed line. Tardos [Combinatorica 15 (1995), 123-134] and the second author [Disc. Comput. Geom. 18 (1997), 195-203] used topological tools to bound the transversal number $τ$ of a family $H$ of $d$-intervals in terms of $d$ and the matching number $ν$ of $H$. We investigate the weighted and fractional versions of this problem and prove upper bounds that are tight up to constant factors. We apply both the topological method and an approach of Alon [Disc. Comput. Geom. 19 (1998), 333-334]. For the use of the latter, w…
Cover numbers by graph families bounded by certain graph parameters
HUN-REN Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics（匈牙利科学院阿尔弗雷德·雷尼数学研究所）；MTA-HUN-REN RI Lendület “Momentum” Arithmetic Combinatorics Research Group（匈牙利国家研究、创新与技术办公室-匈牙利科学院雷尼研究所“动力”算术组合学课题组）；Yokohama National University（横滨国立大学）
Let H = (H,V) be a hypergraph with edge set H and vertex set V. Then hypergraph H is invertible iff there exists a permutation pi of V such that for all E belongs to H(edges) intersection of(pi(E) and E)=0. H is invertibility critical if H is not invertible but every hypergraph obtained by removing an edge from H is invertible. The degree of H is d if |{E belongs to H(edges)|x belongs to E}| =< d for each x belongs to V Let i(d) be the maximum number of edges of an invertibility critical hypergraph of degree d. Theorem: i(d) =< (d-1) {2d-1 choose d} + 1. The proof of this result leads to the f…
We propose a polynomial time construction of an $(n,d)$-universal set over alphabet $Σ=\{0,1\}$, of size $d\cdot 2^{d+o(d)}\cdot\log n$. This is an improvement over the size, $d^{5}2^{2.66d}\log n$, of an $(n,d)$-universal set constructed by Bshouty, \cite{BshoutyTesters}, over alphabet $Σ=\{0,1\}$.
In this paper new infinite families of linear binary completely transitive codes are presented. They have covering radius $ρ= 3$ and 4, and are a half part of the binary Hamming and the binary extended Hamming code of length $n=2^m-1$ and $2^m$, respectively, where $m$ is even. From these new completely transitive codes, in the usual way, i.e., as coset graphs, new presentations of infinite families of distance transitive coset graphs of diameter three and four, respectively, are constructed.
We generalise Uspensky's theorem characterising eventual exact (e.e.) covers of the positive integers by homogeneous Beatty sequences, to e.e. m-covers, for any m \in \N, by homogeneous sequences with irrational moduli. We also consider inhomogeneous sequences, again with irrational moduli, and obtain a purely arithmetical characterisation of e.e. m-covers. This generalises a result of Graham for m = 1, but when m > 1 the arithmetical description is more complicated. Finally we speculate on how one might make sense of the notion of an exact m-cover when m is not an integer, and present a "frac…
For a graph $G$ with vertex set $V(G)=\{v_1, v_2, \cdots, v_n\}$, the extended double cover $G^*$ is a bipartite graph with bipartition (X, Y), $X=\{x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n\}$ and $Y=\{y_1, y_2, \cdots, y_n\}$, where two vertices $x_i$ and $y_j$ are adjacent if and only if $i=j$ or $v_i$ adjacent to $v_j$ in $G$. The double graph $D[G]$ of $G$ is a graph obtained by taking two copies of $G$ and joining each vertex in one copy with the neighbours of corresponding vertex in another copy. In this paper we study energy and Laplacian energy of the graphs $G^*$ and $D[G]$, $L$-spectra of $G^{k*}$ the …
It is proved that for any finite connected graph $G$, there exists an orientation of $G$ such that the spectral radius of the corresponding Hermitian adjacency matrix is smaller or equal to the spectral radius of the universal cover of $G$ (with equality if and only if $G$ is a tree). This resolves a problem proposed by Mohar. The proof uses the method of interlacing families of polynomials that was developed by Marcus, Spielman, and Srivastava in their seminal work on the existence of infinite families of Ramanujan graphs.
In this paper infinite families of linear binary nested completely regular codes are constructed. They have covering radius $ρ$ equal to $3$ or $4$, and are $1/2^i$-th parts, for $i\in\{1,\ldots,u\}$ of binary (respectively, extended binary) Hamming codes of length $n=2^m-1$ (respectively, $2^m$), where $m=2u$. In the usual way, i.e., as coset graphs, infinite families of embedded distance-regular coset graphs of diameter $D$ equal to $3$ or $4$ are constructed. In some cases, the constructed codes are also completely transitive codes and the corresponding coset graphs are distance-transitive.
