We give precise conditions under which the real interpolation space [Y_0,X_1]_{s,p} coincides with a closed subspace of the corresponding interpolation space [X_0,X_1]_{s,p} when Y_0 is a closed subspace of X_0 of codimension one. This result is applied to study the basis properties of nonharmonic Fourier series in Sobolev spaces H^s on an interval when 0<s<1. The main result: let E be a family of exponentials exp(i λ_n t) and E forms an unconditional basis in L^2 on an interval. Then there exist two number s_0, s_1 such that E forms an unconditional basis in H^s for s<s_0, E forms an unconditional basis in its span with codimension 1 in H^s for s_1<s. For s in [s_0,s_1] the exponential family is not an unconditional basis in its span.
We investigate the properties of a class of weighted vector-valued $L_p$-spaces and the corresponding (an)isotropic Sobolev-Slobodetskii spaces. These spaces arise naturally in the context of maximal $L_p$-regularity for parabolic initial-boundary value problems. Our main tools are operators with a bounded $\calH^\infty$-calculus, interpolation theory, and operator sums.
We explicitly describe all Hilbert function spaces that are interpolation spaces with respect to a given couple of Sobolev inner product spaces considered over $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ or a half-space in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ or a bounded Euclidean domain with Lipschitz boundary. We prove that these interpolation spaces form a subclass of isotropic Hörmander spaces. They are parametrized with a radial function parameter which is OR-varying at $+\infty$ and satisfies some additional conditions. We give explicit examples of intermediate but not interpolation spaces.
This paper provides an overview of interpolation of Banach and Hilbert spaces, with a focus on establishing when equivalence of norms is in fact equality of norms in the key results of the theory. (In brief, our conclusion for the Hilbert space case is that, with the right normalisations, all the key results hold with equality of norms.) In the final section we apply the Hilbert space results to the Sobolev spaces $H^s(Ω)$ and $\widetilde{H}^s(Ω)$, for $s\in \mathbb{R}$ and an open $Ω\subset \mathbb{R}^n$. We exhibit examples in one and two dimensions of sets $Ω$ for which these scales of Sobo…
The real interpolation spaces between $L^{p}({\mathbb{R}}^{n})$ and $\dot {H}^{t,p}({\mathbb{R}}^{n})$ (resp. $H^{t,p}({\mathbb{R}}^{n})$), $t>0,$ are characterized in terms of fractional moduli of smoothness, and the underlying seminorms are shown to be " the correct" fractional generalization of the classical Gagliardo seminorms. This is confirmed by the fact that, using the new spaces combined with interpolation and extrapolation methods, we are able to extend the Bourgain-Brezis-Mironescu-Maz'ya-Shaposhnikova limit formulae, as well as the Bourgain-Brezis-Mironescu convergence theorem, to …
In this paper, we provide the characterization of nonhomogeneous wavelet bi-frames. First of all we introduce the reducing subspaces of Sobolev spaces over local fields of prime characteristics and then characterize the nonhomogeneous wavelet bi frames over such fields.
In this work we present a newly developed study of the interpolation of weighted Sobolev spaces by the complex method. We show that in some cases, one can obtain an analogue of the famous Stein-Weiss theorem for weighted $L^{p}$ spaces. We consider an example which gives some indication that this may not be possible in all cases. Our results apply in cases which cannot be treated by methods in earlier papers about interpolation of weighted Sobolev spaces. They include, for example, a proof that $\left[W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^{d},ω_{0}),W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^{d},ω_{1})\right]_θ=W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^{d},ω…
The purpose of this work is to describe an abstract theory of Hardy-Sobolev spaces on doubling Riemannian manifolds via an atomic decomposition. We study the real interpolation of these spaces with Sobolev spaces and finally give applications to Riesz inequalities.
Functions in a Sobolev space are approximated directly by piecewise affine interpolation in the norm of the space. The proof is based on estimates for interpolations and does not rely on the density of smooth functions.
Sobolev extensions, interpolation inequalities and consequences
Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München（慕尼黑大学）；Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology（慕尼黑量子科学与技术中心）；Caltech（加州理工学院）；University of Jyväskylä（于韦斯屈莱大学）
We firstly describe a maximal inequality for dual Sobolev spaces W^{-1,p}. This one corresponds to a "Sobolev version" of usual properties of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator in Lebesgue spaces. Even in the euclidean space, this one seems to be new and we develop arguments in the general framework of Riemannian manifold. Then we present an application to obtain interpolation results for Sobolev spaces.
This paper has been withdrawn by the author becouse the conjecture presented in this paper is false. The correct study of metrics in interpolation spaces for and applcation to nonharmonic Fourier series will be published in S.Petersburg Math. J. jointly with N. Kalton.
The paper gives a detailed survey of recent results on elliptic problems in Hilbert spaces of generalized smoothness. The latter are the isotropic Hörmander spaces $H^{s,φ}:=B_{2,μ}$, with $μ(ξ)=<ξ>^{s}φ(<ξ>)$ for $ξ\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$. They are parametrized by both the real number $s$ and the positive function $φ$ varying slowly at $+\infty$ in the Karamata sense. These spaces form the refined Sobolev scale, which is much finer than the Sobolev scale ${H^{s}}\equiv{H^{s,1}}$ and is closed with respect to the interpolation with a function parameter. The Fredholm property of elliptic operators a…
We prove that $W^{1}_{p}$ is an interpolation space between $W^{1}_{p_{1}}$ and $W^{1}_{p_{2}}$ for $p>q_{0}$ and $1\leq p_{1}<p<p_{2}\leq \infty$ on some classes of manifolds and general metric spaces, where $q_{0}$ depends on our hypotheses.
In this paper we prove structural and topological characterizations of the screened Sobolev spaces with screening functions bounded below and above by positive constants. We generalize a method of interpolation to the case of seminormed spaces. This method, which we call the truncated method, generates the screened Sobolev subfamily and a more general screened Besov scale. We then prove that the screened Besov spaces are equivalent to the sum of a Lebesgue space and a homogeneous Sobolev space and provide a Littlewood-Paley frequency space characterization.
In this article we give a straightforward proof of refined inequalities between Lorentz spaces and Besov spaces and we generalize previous results of H. Bahouri and A. Cohen. Our approach is based in the characterization of Lorentz spaces as real interpolation spaces. We will also study the sharpness and optimality of these inequalities.
We study the Sobolev spaces $H^σ(K)$ and $H^σ_0(K)$ on p.c.f. self-similar sets in terms of the boundary behavior of functions. First, for $σ\in \mathbb{R}^+$, we make an exact description of the tangents of functions in $H^σ(K)$ at the boundary. Second, we characterize $H_0^σ(K)$ as the space of functions in $H^σ(K)$ with zero tangent of an appropriate order depending on $σ$. Last, we extend $H^σ(K)$ to $σ\in\mathbb{R}$, and obtain various interpolation theorems with $σ\in\mathbb{R}^+$ or $σ\in\mathbb{R}$. We illustrate that there is a countable set of critical orders, that arises naturally i…
Interpolation inequalities in Triebel-Lizorkin-Lorentz spaces and Besov-Lorentz spaces are studied for both inhomogeneous and homogeneous cases. First we establish interpolation inequalities under quite general assumptions on the parameters of the function spaces. Several results on necessary conditions are also provided. Next, utilizing the interpolation inequalities together with some embedding results, we prove Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities for fractional derivatives in Lorentz spaces, which do hold even for the limiting case when one of the parameters is equal to 1 or $\infty$.
If Z is a quotient of a subspace of a separable Banach space X, and V is any separable Banach space, then there is a Banach couple (A_0,A_1) such that A_0 and A_1 are isometric to $X\oplus V$, and any intermediate space obtained using the real or complex interpolation method contains a complemented subspace isomorphic to Z. Thus many properties of Banach spaces, including having non-trivial cotype, having the Radon-Nikodym property, and having the analytic unconditional martingale difference sequence property, do not pass to intermediate spaces.
We consider the problem of complex interpolation of certain Hardy-type subspaces of Köthe function spaces. For example, suppose $X_0$ and $X_1$ are Köthe function spaces on the unit circle $\bold T,$ and let $H_{X_0}$ and $H_{X_1}$ be the corresponding Hardy spaces. Under mild conditions on $X_0,X_1$ we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the complex interpolation space $[H_{X_0},H_{X_1}]_θ$ to coincide with $H_{X_θ}$ where $X_θ=[X_0,X_1]_θ.$ We develop a very general framework for such results and our methods apply to many more general sitauations including the vector-valued case.
A \Riesz-basis sequence for $L_2[-π,π]$ is a strictly increasing sequence $X:=(x_j)_{j\in\mathbb{Z}}$ in $\mathbb{R}$ such that the set of functions $\left(e^{-ix_j(\cdot)}\right)_{j\in\mathbb{Z}}$ is a Riesz basis for $L_2[-π,π]$. Given such a sequence and a parameter $0<h\leq1$, we consider interpolation of functions $g\in W_2^k(\mathbb{R})$ at the set $(hx_j)_{j\in\mathbb{Z}}$ via translates of the Gaussian kernel. Existence is shown of an interpolant of the form $$I^{hX}(g)(x):=\underset{j\in\mathbb{Z}}{\sum}a_je^{-(x-hx_j)^2},\quad x\in\mathbb{R},$$ which is continuous and square-integrab…
It is common that a Sobolev space defined on $\mathbb{R}^m$ has a non-compact embedding into an $L^p$-space, but it has subspaces for which this embedding becomes compact. There are three well known cases of such subspaces, the Rellich compactness, for a subspace of functions on a bounded domain (or an unbounded domain, sufficiently thin at infinity), the Strauss compactness, for a subspace of radially symmetric functions in $\mathbb{R}^m$, and the weighted Sobolev spaces. Known generalizations of Strauss compactness include subspaces of functions with block-radial symmetry, subspaces of funct…
We obtain new oscillation inequalities in metric spaces in terms of the Peetre $K-$functional and the isoperimetric profile. Applications provided include a detailed study of Fractional Sobolev inequalities and the Morrey-Sobolev embedding theorems in different contexts. In particular we include a detailed study of Gaussian measures as well as probablity measures between Gaussian and exponential. We show a kind of reverse Polya-Szego principle that allows us to obtain continuity as a self improvement from boundedness, using symetrization inequalities. Our methods also allow for precise estimat…
On any complete Riemannian manifold $M$ and for all $p\in [2,\infty)$, we prove a family of second order $L^{p}$-interpolation inequalities that arise from the following simple $L^{p}$-estimate valid for every $u \in C^{\infty}(M)$: $$ \|\nabla u\|_{p}^p \leq \|u Δ_{p} u\|_1\in [0,\infty], $$ where $Δ_p$ denotes the $p$-Laplace operator. We show that these inequalities, in combination with abstract functional analytic arguments, allow to establish new global Sobolev regularity results for $L^p$-solutions of the Poisson equation for all $p\in (1,\infty)$, and new global Sobolev regularity resul…
We give an application of interpolation with a function parameter to parabolic differential operators. We introduce the refined anisotropic Sobolev scale that consists of some Hilbert function spaces of generalized smoothness. The latter is characterized by a real number and a function varying slowly at infinity in Karamata's sense. This scale is connected with anisotropic Sobolev spaces by means of interpolation with a function parameter. We investigate a general initial--boundary value parabolic problem in the refined Sobolev scale. We prove that the operator corresponding to this problem se…
We consider a homogeneous fractional Sobolev space obtained by completion of the space of smooth test functions, with respect to a Sobolev--Slobodecki\uı norm. We compare it to the fractional Sobolev space obtained by the $K-$method in real interpolation theory. We show that the two spaces do not always coincide and give some sufficient conditions on the open sets for this to happen. We also highlight some unnatural behaviors of the interpolation space. The treatment is as self-contained as possible.
The Rademacher series in rearrangement invariant function spaces "closed" to the space L_\infty are considered. In terms of interpolation theory of operators a correspondence between such spaces and spaces of coefficients generated by them is stated. It is proved that this correspondence is one-to-one. Some examples and applications are presented.
This paper is devoted to Gaussian interpolation inequalities with endpoint cases corresponding to the Gaussian Poincaré and the logarithmic Sobolev inequalities, seen as limits in large dimensions of Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequalities on spheres. Entropy methods are investigated using not only heat flow techniques but also nonlinear diffusion equations as on spheres. A new stability result is established for the Gaussian measure, which is directly inspired by recent results for spheres.
We study the interpolation property of Sobolev spaces of order 1 denoted by $W^{1}_{p,V}$, arising from Schrödinger operators with positive potential. We show that for $1\leq p_1<p<p_2<q_{0}$ with $p>s_0$, $W^{1}_{p,V}$ is a real interpolation space between $W_{p_1,V}^{1}$ and $W_{p_2,V}^{1}$ on some classes of manifolds and Lie groups. The constants $s_{0}, q_{0}$ depend on our hypotheses.
The research monograph gives the first systematic exposition of the elliptic (scalar and matrix) operators theory and elliptic boundary-value problems in the scales of Hilbert spaces of Hörmander of the functions/distributions of arbitrary positive or negative smoothness. The book is based on the method of interpolation with a functional parameter for the abstract and Sobolev unitary spaces. Some results are also new for the Sobolev scales. The monograph is intended for the researches, professors and PhD students.
We give a comprehensive study of interpolation inequalities for periodic functions with zero mean, including the existence of and the asymptotic expansions for the extremals, best constants, various remainder terms, etc. Most attention is paid to the critical (logarithmic) Sobolev inequality in the two-dimensional case, although a number of results concerning the best constants in the algebraic case and different space dimensions are also obtained.
We prove results on complex interpolation of vector-valued Sobolev spaces over the half-line with Dirichlet boundary condition. Motivated by applications in evolution equations, the results are presented for Banach space-valued Sobolev spaces with a power weight. The proof is based on recent results on pointwise multipliers in Bessel potential spaces, for which we present a new and simpler proof as well. We apply the results to characterize the fractional domain spaces of the first derivative operator on the half line.
An apparently new concept of maximal mean difference quotient is defined for functions in the Lebesgue space $L_{loc}(R^n)$. Our definitions are meaningful for vector valued functions on general measure metric spaces as well and seem to lead to the most natural class of metric Sobolev spaces. The discussion of higher order Sobolev spaces and higher order mean difference quotients on regular subsets of Euclidean spaces is also possible in the context of the generalized Taylor-Whitney jets. This paper is a direct sequel to the papers: B. Bojarski, Taylor expansions and Sobolev spaces, Bull. Geor…
In this paper we investigate the Besov spaces on compact Lie groups in a subelliptic setting, that is, associated with a family of vector fields, satisfying the Hörmander condition, and their corresponding sub-Laplacian. Embedding properties between subelliptic Besov spaces and Besov spaces associated to the Laplacian on the group are proved. We link the description of subelliptic Sobolev spaces with the matrix-valued quantisation procedure of pseudo-differential operators in order to provide subelliptic Sobolev and Besov estimates for operators in the Hörmander classes. Interpolation properti…
We investigate rich subspaces of $L_1$ and deduce an interpolation property of Sidon sets. We also present examples of rich separable subspaces of nonseparable Banach spaces and we study the Daugavet property of tensor products.
We give the description of the first and second complex interpolation of vanishing Morrey spaces, introduced in \cite{AS, CF}. In addition, we show that the diamond subspace (see \cite{HNS}) and one of the function spaces in \cite{AS} are the same. We also give several examples for showing that each of the complex interpolation of these spaces is different.
We study certain interpolation and extension properties of the space of regular operators between two Banach lattices. Let $R_p$ be the space of all the regular (or equivalently order bounded) operators on $L_p$ equipped with the regular norm. We prove the isometric identity $R_p = (R_\infty,R_1)^θ$ if $θ= 1/p$, which shows that the spaces $(R_p)$ form an interpolation scale relative to Calderón's interpolation method. We also prove that if $S\subset L_p$ is a subspace, every regular operator $u : S \to L_p$ admits a regular extension $\tilde u : L_p \to L_p$ with the same regular norm. This e…
We study complex interpolation of weighted Besov and Lizorkin-Triebel spaces. The used weights $w_0,w_1$ are local Muckenhoupt weights in the sense of Rychkov. As a first step we calculate the Calderón products of associated sequence spaces. Finally, as a corollary of these investigations, we obtain results on complex interpolation of radial subspaces of Besov and Lizorkin-Triebel spaces on $\R^d$.
On the Sierpinski gasket $\mathcal{SG}$, we consider Sobolev spaces $L^2_σ(\mathcal{SG})$ associated with the standard Laplacian $Δ$ with order $σ\geq 0$. When $σ\in\mathbb{Z}^+$, $L^2_σ(\mathcal{SG})$ consists of functions equipped with $L^2$ norms of the function itself and its Laplacians up to $σ$ order; when $σ\notin \mathbb{Z}^+$, we fill up the gaps between integer orders by using complex interpolation. Let $L^2_{σ, D}(\mathcal{SG})=(I-Δ_D)^{-σ}L^2(\mathcal{SG})$ where $Δ_D$ is the Dirichlet Laplacian associated with $Δ$. Let $\{p_n\}_{n\geq 0}$ be a collection of countably many points l…
Given an inner function $B$ we classify the invariant subspaces of the algebra $H^\infty_B:=\mathbb{C}+BH^\infty$. We derive a formula in terms of these invariant subspaces for the distance of an element in $L^\infty$ to a certain weak*-closed ideal in $H^\infty_B$ and use this to prove an analogue of the Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation theorem.
Our goal in this article is to construct HK-Sobolev spaces on $\R^\infty$ which contains Sobolev spaces as dense embedding. We discuss that the sequence of weak solution of Sobolev spaces are convergence strongly in HK-Sobolev space. Also, we obtain that the Sobolev space through Bessel Potential is densely contained in HK-Sobolev spaces. Finally we find sufficient condition for the solvability of the divergence equation $\nabla.F= f,$ for $f$ is an element of the subspace $K{S^p}[\R_I^n]$ and $n \in \N$, in the SoboHK-Sobolev space $WS^{k,p}[\R_I^n] $ with the help of Fourier transformation.
We are concerned here with Sobolev-type spaces of vector-valued functions. For an open subset $Ω\subset\mathbb{R}^N$ and a Banach space $V$, we compare the classical Sobolev space $W^{1,p}(Ω, V)$ with the so-called Sobolev-Reshetnyak space $R^{1,p}(Ω, V)$. We see that, in general, $W^{1,p}(Ω, V)$ is a closed subspace of $R^{1,p}(Ω, V)$. As a main result, we obtain that $W^{1,p}(Ω, V)=R^{1,p}(Ω, V)$ if, and only if, the Banach space $V$ has the Radon-Nikodým property
We introduce an extended Sobolev scale on a smooth compact manifold with boundary. The scale is formed by inner-product Hörmander spaces for which an RO-varying radial function serves as a regularity index. These spaces do not depend on a choice of local charts on the manifold. The scale consists of all Hilbert spaces that are interpolation ones for pairs of inner-product Sobolev spaces, is obtained by the interpolation with a function parameter of these pairs, and is closed with respect to this interpolation. As an application of the scale introduced, we give a theorem on the Fredholm propert…
We consider Banach spaces equipped with a set of strongly continuous bounded semigroups satisfying certain conditions. Using these semigroups we introduce an analog of a modulus of continuity and define analogs of Besov norms. A generalization of a classical interpolation theorem is proven in which the role of Sobolev spaces is played by subspaces defined in terms of infinitesimal operators of these semigroups. We show that our assumptions about a given set of semigroups are satisfied in the case of a strongly continuous bounded representation of a Lie group. In the case of a unitary represent…
We give a simple characterization of chaos for weighted composition $C_0$-semigroups on $L^p_ρ(Ω)$ for an open interval $Ω\subseteq\mathbb{R}$. Moreover, we characterize chaos for these classes of $C_0$-semigroups on the closed subspace $W^{1,p}_*(Ω)$ of the Sobolev space $W^{1,p}(Ω)$ for a bounded interval $Ω\subset\mathbb{R}$. These characterizations simplify previously obtained characterization of chaos for these classes of $C_0$-semigroups.
It is a widely used method, for instance in perturbation theory, to associate with a given C0-semigroup its so-called interpolation and extrapolation spaces. In the model case of the shift semigroup acting on L^2(R), the resulting chain of spaces recovers the classical Sobolev scale. In 2014, the second named author defined the universal interpolation space as the projective limit of the interpolation spaces and the universal extrapolation space as the completion of the inductive limit of the extrapolation spaces, provided that the latter is Hausdorff. In this note we use the notion of the dua…
