There has recently been interest in relating properties of matrices drawn at random from the classical compact groups to statistical characteristics of number-theoretical L-functions. One example is the relationship conjectured to hold between the value distributions of the characteristic polynomials of such matrices and value distributions within families of L-functions. These connections are here extended to non-classical groups. We focus on an explicit example: the exceptional Lie group G_2. The value distributions for characteristic polynomials associated with the 7- and 14-dimensional representations of G_2, defined with respect to the uniform invariant (Haar) measure, are calculated using two of the Macdonald constant term identities. A one parameter family of L-functions over a finite field is described whose value distribution in the limit as the size of the finite field grows is related to that of the characteristic polynomials associated with the 7-dimensional representation of G_2. The random matrix calculations extend to all exceptional Lie groups
In this paper complexes of generalized Verma modules over the infinite-dimensional exceptional Lie superalgebras $E (3,8)$ and $E(5,10)$ are constructed and studied.
In this paper we define the degree of a morphism between (generalized) Verma modules over a graded Lie superalgebra and construct series of morphisms of various degrees between (generalized) Verma modules over the exceptional infinite-dimensional linearly compact simple Lie superalgebra E(5,10). We prove that all such morphisms of degree 1 are found.
For sp(n+2) and each exceptional Lie algebra a realization of depth 2 preserving the spaces spanned by a contact one-form and a bilinear form is given. For e_7 and e_6 a realization of depth 1 preserving a lightcone and the space spanned by a bilinear form is also presented. This makes the origin of the exceptions clear.
A simple unifying view of the exceptional Lie algebras is presented. The underlying Jordan pair content and role are exhibited. Each algebra contains three Jordan pairs sharing the same Lie algebra of automorphisms and the same external su(3) symmetry. Eventual physical applications and implications of the theory are outlined.
Recently one of the authors obtained a classification of simple infinite-dimensional Lie superalgebras of vector fields which extends the well-known classification of E. Cartan in the Lie algebra case. The list consists of many series defined by simple equations, and of several exceptional superalgebras, among them E(3,6). In the article we study irreducible representations of the exceptional Lie superalgebra E(3,6). This superalgebra has s\ell(3)\times s\ell(2)\times g\ell(1) as the zero degree component of its consistent \ZZ-grading which leads us to believe that its representation theory ha…
We continue the study of irreducible representations of the exceptional Lie superalgebra E(3,6). This is one of the two simple infinite-dimensional Lie superalgebras of vector fields which have a Lie algebra sl(3)\times sl(2)\times gl(1) as the zero degree component of its consistent ZZ-grading. We provide the classification of the singular vectors in the degenerate Verma modules over E(3,6), completing thereby the classification and construction of all irreducible E(3,6)- modules that are L_0-locally finite.
Generalized quantum statistics (GQS) associated to a Lie algebra or Lie superalgebra extends the notion of para-Bose or para-Fermi statistics. Such GQS have been classified for all classical simple Lie algebras and basic classical Lie superalgebras. In the current paper we finalize this classification for all exceptional Lie algebras and superalgebras. Since the definition of GQS is closely related to a certain Z-grading of the Lie (super)algebra G, our classification reproduces some known Z-gradings of exceptional Lie algebras. For exceptional Lie superalgebras such a classification of Z-grad…
This note is devoted to a more detailed description of one of the five simple exceptional Lie superalgebras of vector fields, cvect(0|3)_*, a subalgebra of vect(4|3). We derive differential equations for its elements, and solve these equations. Hence we get an exact form for the elements of cvect(0|3)_*. Moreover we realize cvect(0|3)_* by "glued" pairs of generating functions on a (3|3)-dimensional periplectic (odd symplectic) supermanifold and describe the bracket explicitly.
The uniformity of the decomposition law, for a family F of Lie algebras which includes the exceptional Lie algebras, of the tensor powers ad^n of their adjoint representations ad is now well-known. This paper uses it to embark on the development of a unified tensor calculus for the exceptional Lie algebras. It deals explicitly with all the tensors that arise at the n=2 stage, obtaining a large body of systematic information about their properties and identities satisfied by them. Some results at the n=3 level are obtained, including a simple derivation of the the dimension and Casimir eigenval…
We list defining relations for the four of the five exceptional simple Lie superalgebras some of which, as David Broadhurst conjectured and Kac demonstrated, may pertain to The Standard Model or Grand unified theories of elementary particles. For the fifth superalgebra the result is not final: there might be infinitely many relations. Contrariwise, for the same Lie superalgebra with Laurent polynomials as coefficients there are only finitely many relations.
In this paper we treat the intersection of fixed point subgroups by the involutive automorphisms of exceptional Lie group $G= F_4, E_6, E_7$. We shall find involutive automorphisms of $G$ such that the connected component of the intersection of those fixed point subgroups coincides with the maximal torus of $G$.
A representation of the exceptional Lie algebras is presented. It reflects a simple unifying view and it is realized in terms of Zorn-type matrices. The role of the underlying Jordan pair and Jordan algebra content is crucial in the development of the structure. Each algebra contains three Jordan pairs sharing the same Lie algebra of automorphisms and the same external su(3) symmetry. Applications in physics are outlined.
The irreducible tensor bases of exceptional Lie algebras G2, F4 and E6 are built by grouping their Cartan-Weyl bases according to the respective chains G2> SO(3) * SO(3), F4 > SO(3)*SO(3)*SO(3)*SO(3) and E6> SO(3)*SO(3)*SO(3)*SO(3). The explicit commutation relations of the irreducible tensor bases of these algebras are given also respectively.
We introduce the notion of G-algebroid, generalising both Lie and Courant algebroids, as well as the algebroids used in $E_{n(n)}\times\mathbb{R}^+$ exceptional generalised geometry for $n\in\{3,\dots,6\}$. Focusing on the exceptional case, we prove a classification of "exact" algebroids and translate the related classification of Leibniz parallelisable spaces into a tractable algebraic problem. After discussing the general notion of Poisson-Lie duality, we show that the Poisson-Lie U-duality is compatible with the equations of motion of supergravity.
We classify all pairs (m,e), where m is a positive integer and e is a nilpotent element of a semisimple Lie algebra, which arise in the classification of simple rational W-algebras.
Exceptional modular invariants for the Lie algebras B2 (at levels 2,3,7,12) and G2 (at levels 3,4) can be obtained from conformal embeddings. We determine the associated alge bras of quantum symmetries and discover or recover, as a by-product, the graphs describing exceptional quantum subgroups of type B2 or G2 which encode their module structure over the associated fusion category. Global dimensions are given.
We describe a number of relationships between properties of the vacuum Verma module of a Virasoro algebra and the automorphism group of certain vertex operator algebras. These groups include the Deligne exceptional series of simple Lie groups and some exceptional finite simple groups including the Monster and Baby Monster.
Four $\ZZ_+$-bigraded complexes with the action of the exceptional infinite-dimensional Lie superalgebra E(3,6) are constructed. We show that all the images and cokernels and all but three kernels of the differentials are irreducible E(3,6)-modules. This is based on the list of singular vectors and the calculation of homology of these complexes. As a result, we obtain an explicit construction of all degenerate irreducible E(3,6)-modules and compute their characters and sizes. Since the group of symmetries of the Standard Model $SU(3) \times SU(2) \times U(1)$ (divided by a central subgroup of …
We generate by computer a basis of invariants for the fundamental representations of the exceptional Lie groups E(6) and E(7), up to degree 18. We discuss the relevance of this calculation for the study of supersymmetric gauge theories, and revisit the self-dual exceptional models. We study the chiral ring of G(2) to degree 13, as well as a few classical groups. The homological dimension of a ring is a natural estimator of its complexity and provides a guideline for identifying theories that have a good chance to be amenable to a solution.
We obtain formulae giving global dimensions for fusion categories defined by Lie groups G at level k and for the associated module-categories obtained via conformal embeddings. The results can be expressed in terms of Lie quantum superfactorials of type G. The later are related, for the type Ar, to the quantum Barnes function.
Let $g$ be an exceptional Lie superalgebra, and let $p$ be the maximal parabolic subalgebra which contains the distinguished Borel subalgebra and has a purely even Levi subalgebra. For any parabolic Verma module in the parabolic category $O^p$, it is shown that the Jantzen filtration is the unique Loewy filtration, and the decomposition numbers of the layers of the filtration are determined by the coefficients of inverse Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials. An explicit description of the submodule lattices of the parabolic Verma modules is given, and formulae for characters and dimensions of the finit…
While describing the results of our recent work on exceptional Lie and Jordan algebras, so tightly intertwined in their connection with elementary particles, we will try to stimulate a critical discussion on the nature of spacetime and indicate how these algebraic structures can inspire a new way of going beyond the current knowledge of fundamental physics.
With this paper we start a programme aiming at connecting two vast scientific areas: Jordan algebras and representation theory. Within representation theory, we focus on non-compact, real forms of semisimple Lie algebras and groups as well as on the modern theory of their induced representations, in which a central role is played by the parabolic subalgebras and subgroups. The aim of the present paper and its sequels is to present a Jordan algebraic interpretations of maximal parabolic subalgebras. In this first paper, we confine ourselves to maximal parabolic subalgebras of the non-compact re…
Degenerate modules of the exceptional infinite-dimensional simple Lie superalgebras vle(3|6), ksle(5|10) and mb(3|8) have recently been constructed by Kac and Rudakov, and by Grozman, Leites and Shchepochkina. I rederive their results using a formalism which is contragredient to theirs; instead of finding singular vectors in induced modules, I build reducible tensor modules ("forms") from elementary differentials. There is a discrepancy between my result for ksle(5|10) and Kac' and Rudakov's one. Since the grade zero subalgebra of vle(3|6) and mb(3|8) is sl(3)+sl(2)+gl(1), gauge theories based…
We classify all continuous degenerate irreducible modules over the exceptional linearly compact Lie superalgebra E(1, 6), and all finite degenerate irreducible modules over the exceptional Lie conformal superalgebra CK6, for which E(1, 6) is the annihilation algebra.
We elucidate the geometry of matrix models based on simple formally real Jordan algebras. Such Jordan algebras give rise to a nonassociative geometry that is a generalization of Lorentzian geometry. We emphasize constructions for the exceptional Jordan algebra and the exceptional Jordan C*-algebra and describe the projective spaces related to the exceptional cubic matrix model and the E_6 matrix model. The resulting projective spaces are shown to be exceptional versions of projective twistor space, thus revealing the existence of exceptional twistor string theories that are dual to octonionic …
We describe all the fine group gradings, up to equivalence, on the Lie algebra $\mathfrak d_4$. This problem is equivalent to finding the maximal abelian diagonalizable subgroups of the automorphism group of $\mathfrak d_4$. We prove that there are fourteen by using two different viewpoints. The first approach is computational: we get a full description of the gradings by using a particular implementation of the automorphism group of the Dynkin diagram of $\mathfrak d_4$ and some algebraic groups stuff. The second approach, more qualitative, emphasizes some algebraic aspects, as triality, and …
We introduce and start investigating the properties of countably infinite, periodic chains of finite dimensional generalizations of the exceptional Lie algebras: each exceptional Lie algebra (but $\mathbf{g}_{2}$) is part of an infinite family of finite dimensional algebras, which we name "Magic Star" algebras. These algebras have remarkable similarities with many characterizing features of the exceptional Lie algebras.
The uniformity, for the family of exceptional Lie algebras g, of the decompositions of the powers of their adjoint representations is well-known now for powers up to the fourth. The paper describes an extension of this uniformity for the totally antisymmetrised n-th powers up to n=9, identifying (see Tables 3 and 6) families of representations with integer eigenvalues 5,...,9 for the quadratic Casimir operator, in each case providing a formula (see eq. (11) to (15)) for the dimensions of the representations in the family as a function of D=dim g. This generalises previous results for powers j …
We give a general construction of realizations of the contact superconformal algebras $K(2)$ and $\hat{K}'(4)$, and the exceptional superconformal algebra $CK_6$ as subsuperalgebras of matrices over a Weyl algebra of size $2^N\times 2^N$, where $N = 1, 2$ and $3$. We show that there is no such a realization for $K(2N)$, if $N\geq 4$.
The construction of a family of real Hamiltonian forms (RHF) for the special class of affine 1+1-dimensional Toda field theories (ATFT) is reported. Thus the method, proposed in [1] for systems with finite number of degrees of freedom is generalized to infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems. The construction method is illustrated on the explicit nontrivial example of RHF of ATFT related to the exceptional algebras E_6 and E_7. The involutions of the local integrals of motion are proved by means of the classical R-matrix approach.
The purpose of this paper is to answer the question whether it is possible to realize simultaneously the relations $N_{α,β}=-N_{-α,-β}$, $N_{α,β}=N_{β,-α-β}=N_{-α-β,α}$ and $N_{α,β}N_{-α,-β}=-\frac{1}{2}q(p+1)\langleα,H_α\rangle$ by the structure constants of the Lie algebra ${\mathfrak g}_2$. We show that if the structure constants obey the first relation, the three last ones are violated, and vice versa. Contrary to the second case, the first one uses the Cartan matrix elements to derive the structure constants in the form of $\langleβ,H_α\rangle$. The commutation relations corresponding to …
In this paper various representations of the exceptional Lie algebra G_2 are investigated in a purely algebraic manner, and multi-boson/multi-fermion realizations are obtained. Matrix elements of the master representation, which is defined on the space of the universal enveloping algebra of G_2, are explicitly determined. From this master representation, different indecomposable representations defined on invariant subspaces or quotient spaces with respect to these invariant subspaces are discussed. Especially, the elementary representations of G_2 are investigated in detail, and the correspon…
We continue the study undertaken in \cite{DV} of the exceptional Jordan algebra $J = J_3^8$ as (part of) the finite-dimensional quantum algebra in an almost classical space-time approach to particle physics. Along with reviewing known properties of $J$ and of the associated exceptional Lie groups we argue that the symmetry of the model can be deduced from the Borel-de Siebenthal theory of maximal connected subgroups of simple compact Lie groups.
We continue the study of Exceptional Periodicity and Magic Star algebras, which provide non-Lie, countably infinite chains of finite dimensional generalizations of exceptional Lie algebras. We analyze the graded algebraic structures arising in the Magic Star projection, as well as the Hermitian part of rank-3 Vinberg's matrix algebras (which we dub HT-algebras), occurring on each vertex of the Magic Star.
We propose a noncommutative version of the Euclidean Lie algebra $E_2$. Several types of non-Hermitian Hamiltonian systems expressed in terms of generic combinations of the generators of this algebra are investigated. Using the breakdown of the explicitly constructed Dyson maps as a criterium, we identify the domains in the parameter space in which the Hamiltonians have real energy spectra and determine the exceptional points signifying the crossover into the different types of spontaneously broken PT-symmetric regions with pairs of complex conjugate eigenvalues. We find exceptional points whi…
The compact simply connected Riemannian 4-symmetric spaces were classified by J.A. Jim{é}nez. As homogeneous manifolds, these spaces are of the $G/H$, where $G$ is a connected compact simple Lie group with an automorphism $\tildeγ$ of oder 4 and $H$ is a fixed points subgroup $G^γ$ of $G$. In the present article, for the exceptional compact Lie group $G=E_8$, we give the explicit form of automorphism of order 4 induced by the $\boldsymbol{R}$-linear transformation $σ'_{4}$ and determine the structure of the group $(E_8)^{σ'_{4}}$. Thereby, we realize the globally exceptional Riemannian $4$-sym…
Starting from the Jordan algebraic interpretation of the "Magic Star" embedding within the exceptional sequence of simple Lie algebras, we exploit the so-called spin factor embedding of rank-3 Jordan algebras and its consequences on the Jordan algebraic Lie symmetries, in order to provide another perspective on the origin of the "Exceptional Periodicity" (EP) and its "Magic Star" structure. We also highlight some properties of the special class of Vinberg's rank-3 (dubbed exceptional) T-algebras, appearing on the tips of the "Magic Star" projection of EP(-generalized, finite-dimensional, excep…
The location and asymptotic behaviour for large n of the zeros of exceptional Jacobi and Laguerre polynomials are discussed. The zeros of exceptional polynomials fall into two classes: the regular zeros, which lie in the interval of orthogonality and the exceptional zeros, which lie outside that interval. We show that the regular zeros have two interlacing properties: one is the natural interlacing between consecutive polynomials as a consequence of their Sturm-Liouville character, while the other one shows interlacing between the zeros of exceptional and classical polynomials. A generalizatio…
