We study the infrared structure of the Standard Model (SM) restricted to the first generation of fermions, including the full SM gauge group, up to three-loop order, and determine the resulting cusp and collinear anomalous dimensions for all gauge groups and particles of the theory. We observe that starting from three loops, the resulting cusp anomalous dimensions include terms involving two distinct couplings, contrary to previous claims in the literature. We give a detailed explanation of this observation and explore the origin of these terms. We provide a supplementary file where all infrared anomalous dimensions calculated in this work are collected. Our results are consistent with the existing literature wherever comparisons are possible.
We present the first comprehensive analysis of the unitarity thresholds and anomalous thresholds of scattering amplitudes at two loops and beyond based on the loop-tree duality, and show how non-causal unphysical thresholds are locally cancelled in an efficient way when the forest of all the dual on-shell cuts is considered as one. We also prove that soft and collinear singularities at two loops and beyond are restricted to a compact region of the loop three-momenta, which is a necessary condition for implementing a local cancellation of loop infrared singularities with the ones appearing in r…
We consider an asymptotically free vectorial gauge theory, with gauge group $G$ and $N_f$ fermions in a representation $R$ of $G$, having an infrared fixed point of the renormalization group. We calculate scheme-independent series expansions for the anomalous dimensions of higher-spin bilinear fermion operators at this infrared fixed point up to $O(Δ_f^3)$, where $Δ_f$ is an $N_f$-dependent expansion variable. Our general results are evaluated for several special cases, including the case $G={\rm SU}(N_c)$ with $R$ equal to the fundamental and adjoint representations.
Nonperturbative and lattice methods indicate that Gribov copies modify the infrared behavior of gauge theories and cause a suppression of gluon propagation. We investigate whether this can be implemented in a modified perturbation theory. The minimal modification proceeds via a nonlocal generalization of the Fadeev-Popov ghost that automatically decouples from physical states. The expected scale invariance of the physics associated with Gribov copies leads to the emergence of a nontrivial infrared fixed point. For a range of a scaling exponent the gauge bosons exhibit unparticlelike behavior i…
We propose a novel renormalization scheme for the hadronic operators. As an example, we show the numerical simulation result for the anomalous dimension of the pseudo scalar operator of the SU(3) gauge theory coupled to Nf = 12 fundamental fermions. The anomalous dimension of the pseudo scalar operator is related with the mass renormalization factor of the fermion thought the partially conserved axial-vector current (PCAC) relation. We derive the mass anomalous dimension at the infrared fixed point (IRFP) of the theory, and find that it is given by gamma_m^*= 0.044_{-0.024}^{+0.025} (stat.)_{-…
We study the magneto response with non-conserved currents in Holography. Non-conserved currents are dual to massive vector fields in AdS. We introduce the mass in a gauge invariant way via the Stückelberg mechanism. In particular we find generalizations of the Chiral Magnetic Effect, the Chiral Separation Effect and the Chiral Magnetic Wave. Since the associated charge is not conserved we need to source it explicitly by a coupling, the generalization of the chemical potential. In this setup we find that in general the anomalous transport phenomena are still realized. The values we find for non…
We implement a dynamical resummation method (DRM) as an extension of the dynamical renormalization group to study the time evolution of infrared dressing in non-gauge theories. Super renormalizable and renormalizable models feature infrared divergences similar to those of a theory at a critical point, motivating a renormalization group improvement of the propagator that yields a power law decay of the survival probability $\propto t^{-Δ}$. The (DRM) confirms this decay, yields the dressed state and determines that the anomalous dimension $Δ$ is completely determined by the slope of the spectra…
An exact formula is derived for the infrared singularities of dimensionally regularized scattering amplitudes in massless QCD with an arbitrary number of legs, valid at any number of loops. It is based on the conjecture that the anomalous-dimension matrix of n-jet operators in soft-collinear effective theory contains only a single non-trivial color structure, whose coefficient is the cusp anomalous dimension of Wilson loops with light-like segments. Its color-diagonal part is characterized by two anomalous dimensions, which are extracted to three-loop order from known perturbative results for …
Scattering amplitudes of partons in QCD contain infrared divergences which can be resummed to all orders in terms of an anomalous dimension. Independently, in the limit of high-energy forward scattering, large logarithms of the energy can be resummed using Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov theory. We use the latter to analyze the infrared-singular part of amplitudes to all orders in perturbation theory and to next-to-leading-logarithm accuracy in the high-energy limit, resumming the two-Reggeon contribution. Remarkably, we find a closed form for the infrared-singular part, predicting the Regge lim…
I discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge of long-distance singularities in multi-leg gauge-theory scattering amplitudes and report on an on-going calculation of the three-loop soft anomalous dimension through the renormalization of correlators of semi-infinite Wilson lines. I also discuss the non-Abelian exponentiation theorem that has been recently generalised to multiple Wilson lines and demonstrate its application in computing the soft anomalous dimension. Finally, I present recent results for multiple-gluon-exchange webs and discuss their analytic structure.
We calculate the collinear anomalous dimensions in massless four-loop QCD and $\mathcal{N} = 4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory from the infrared poles of vertex form factors. We give very precise numerical approximations and a conjecture for the complete analytic results in both models we consider.
The infrared divergences of massless n-parton scattering amplitudes can be derived from the anomalous dimension of n-jet operators in soft-collinear effective theory. Up to three-loop order, the latter has been shown to have a very simple structure: it contains pairwise color-dipole interactions among the external partons, governed by the cusp anomalous dimension and a logarithm of the kinematic invariants s_{ij}, plus a possible three-loop correlation involving four particles, which is described by a yet unknown function of conformal cross ratios of kinematic invariants. This function is cons…
In many strongly-coupled systems, the infrared dynamics is described by different degrees of freedom from the ultraviolet. It is then natural to ask how operators written in terms of the microscopic variables are mapped to operators composed of the macroscopic ones. Certain types of operators, like conserved currents, are simple to map, and in supersymmetric theories one can also follow the chiral ring. In this note, we consider supersymmetric theories and extend the mapping to anomalous currents (and gaugino bilinears). Our technique is completely independent of subtleties associated with the…
A closed formula is obtained for the infrared singularities of dimensionally regularized, massless gauge-theory scattering amplitudes with an arbitrary number of legs and loops. It follows from an all-order conjecture for the anomalous-dimension matrix of n-jet operators in soft-collinear effective theory. We show that the form of this anomalous dimension is severely constrained by soft-collinear factorization, non-abelian exponentiation, and the behavior of amplitudes in collinear limits. Using a diagrammatic analysis, we demonstrate that these constraints imply that to three-loop order the a…
I discuss collinear and infrared divergences in QCD cross sections with massless and massive final-state particles. I present the two-loop renormalization group evolution and resummation in terms of anomalous dimensions, and I show specific results for a variety of QCD hard-scattering processes.
We present the full analytic result for the three-loop angle-dependent cusp anomalous dimension in QCD. With this result, infrared divergences of planar scattering processes with massive particles can be predicted to that order. Moreover, we define a closely related quantity in terms of an effective coupling defined by the light-like cusp anomalous dimension. We find evidence that this quantity is universal for any gauge theory, and use this observation to predict the non-planar $n_{f}$-dependent terms of the four-loop cusp anomalous dimension.
We compute analytically the matter-dependent contributions to the quartic Casimir term of the four-loop light-like cusp anomalous dimension in QCD, with $n_f$ fermion and $n_s$ scalar flavours. The result is extracted from the double pole of a scalar form factor. We adopt a new strategy for the choice of master integrals with simple analytic and infrared properties, which significantly simplifies our calculation. To this end we first identify a set of integrals whose integrands have a dlog form, and are hence expected to have uniform transcendental weight. We then perform a systematic analysis…
We revisit the multi-loop structure of the anomalous-dimension matrix governing the infrared divergences of massless $n$-particle scattering amplitudes in non-abelian gauge theories. In particular, we derive its most general form at four-loop order, significantly simplifying corresponding expressions given previously. By carefully reevaluating the constraints imposed by two-particle collinear limits, we find that at four-loop order color structures involving $d_R^{abcd}$, the symmetrized trace of four group generators, appear along with cusp logarithms $\ln[μ^2/(-s_{ij})]$. As a consequence, n…
Anomalous symmetries induce currents which can be parallel rather than orthogonal to the hypermagnetic field. Building on the analogy with charged liquids at high magnetic Reynolds numbers, the persistence of anomalous currents is scrutinized for parametrically large conductivities when the plasma approximation is accurate. Different examples in globally neutral systems suggest that the magnetic configurations minimizing the energy density with the constraint that the helicity be conserved coincide, in the perfectly conducting limit, with the ones obtainable in ideal magnetohydrodynamics where…
We consider an asymptotically free vectorial gauge theory, with gauge group $G$ and $N_f$ fermions in a representation $R$ of $G$, having an infrared (IR) zero in the beta function at $α_{IR}$. We present general formulas for scheme-independent series expansions of quantities, evaluated at $α_{IR}$, as powers of an $N_f$-dependent expansion parameter, $Δ_f$. First, we apply these to calculate the derivative $dβ/dα$ evaluated at $α_{IR}$, denoted $β'_{IR}$, which is equivalent to the anomalous dimension of the ${\rm Tr}(F_{μν}F^{μν})$ operator, to order $Δ_f^4$ for general $G$ and $R$, and to o…
The soft anomalous dimension governs the infrared divergences of scattering amplitudes in general kinematics to all orders in perturbation theory. By comparing the recent Regge-limit results for $2\to2$ scattering (through Next-to-Next-to-Leading Logarithms) in full colour to a general form for the soft anomalous dimension at four loops we derive powerful constraints on its kinematic dependence, opening the way for a bootstrap-based determination.
In this work, we calculate leading-order anomalous dimension matrices for dimension-6 four-quark operators which appear in the operator product expansion of flavour non-diagonal and diagonal vector and axial-vector two-point correlation functions. The infrared renormalon structure corresponding to four-quark operators is reviewed and it is investigated how the eigenvalues of the anomalous dimension matrices influence the singular behaviour of the $u=3$ infrared renormalon pole. It is found that compared to the large-$β_0$ approximation where at most quadratic poles are present, in full QCD at …
We show that when the dynamical dimension of the $\barψψ$ operator is reduced from three to two in a fermion electrodynamics with scaling, a $g(\barψψ)^2+g(\barψiγ^5ψ)^2$ four-fermion interaction which is dressed by this electrodynamics becomes renormalizable. In the fermion-antifermion scattering amplitude every term in an expansion to arbitrary order in $g$ is found to diverge as just a single ultraviolet logarithm (i.e. no log squared or higher), and is thus made finite by a single subtraction. While not necessary for renormalizability per se, the reduction in the dimension of $\barψψ$ to t…
Using the Zumino identities it is shown that in a class of non-local gauges, massless QED_3 has an infrared behaviour of a conformal field theory with a continuously varying anomalous dimension of the fermion. In the usual Lorentz gauge, the fermion propagator falls off exponentially for a large separation, but this apparent fermion mass is a gauge artifact.
We reconsider the case of light vectors coupled to anomalous fermionic currents, focussing on the interplay between UV and IR dynamics. Taking as a general framework the gauging of the Standard Model accidental symmetries, we show that it is possible to devise an anomaly-free UV completion with mostly-chiral heavy fermions such that anomalous Wess-Zumino terms are suppressed in the IR, thus relaxing would-be strong bounds from the longitudinal emission of light vectors coupled to non-conserved currents. We classify such scenarios and show that they will be extensively probed at the high-lumino…
Soft theorems in gauge theory and gravity encode the universal properties of scattering amplitudes as the zero frequency limit of one or more external states is approached. When the participating particles are treated in the massless limit, the soft theorems are known to depend only on the directions of the states on null infinity. Leveraging this fact, we develop dual two-dimensional descriptions of soft theorems, recasting them as Ward identities of such dual models on the celestial sphere. This is done by first postulating putative holographic representations of the hard scattering amplitud…
I will review some of the recent intense activity concerning infrared and collinear divergences in gauge theory amplitudes. The central quantity in these studies is the multi-particle soft anomalous dimension matrix, which is completely known at two loops for both massless and massive particles, and whose properties are currently being studied at three-loops and beyond. I will describe how, in the massless case, the simple dipole-like structure of the anomalous dimension up to two loops can be exploited in the high-energy limit to study effects that go beyond the standard form of Regge factori…
Infrared divergences of QCD scattering amplitudes can be derived from an anomalous dimension matrix, which is also an essential ingredient for the resummation of large logarithms due to soft gluon emissions. We report a recent analytical calculation of the anomalous dimension matrix with both massless and massive partons at two-loop level, which describes the two-loop infrared singularities of any scattering amplitudes with an arbitrary number of massless and massive partons, and also enables soft gluon resummation at next-to-next-to-leading-logarithmic order. As an application, we calculate t…
SU(2) gauge theory with one Dirac flavour in the adjoint representation is investigated on a lattice. Initial results for the gluonic and mesonic spectrum, static potential from Wilson and Polyakov loops, and the anomalous dimension of the fermionic condensate from the Dirac mode number are presented. The results found are not consistent with conventional confining behaviour, instead tentatively pointing towards a theory lying within or very near the onset of the conformal window, with the anomalous dimension of the fermionic condensate in the range $0.9 \lesssim γ_* \lesssim 0.95$. The implic…
We analyze the behavior of several renormalization group functions at infrared fixed points for $SU(N)$ gauge theories with fermions in the fundamental and two-indexed representations. This includes the beta function of the gauge coupling, the anomalous dimension of the gauge parameter and the anomalous dimension of the mass. The scheme in which the analysis is performed is the minimal momentum subtraction scheme through third loop order. Due to the fact that scheme dependence is inevitable once the perturbation theory is truncated we compare to previous identical studies done in the minimal s…
We calculate anomaly induced conductivities from a holographic gauge theory model using Kubo formulas, making a clear conceptual distinction between thermodynamic state variables such as chemical potentials and external background fields. This allows us to pinpoint ambiguities in previous holographic calculations of the chiral magnetic conductivity. We also calculate the corresponding anomalous current three-point functions in special kinematic regimes. We compare the holographic results to weak coupling calculations using both dimensional regularization and cutoff regularization. In order to …
Spontaneously broken Abelian gauge symmetries can explain the fermion mass hierarchies of the minimal supersymmetric standard model. In most cases it is assumed that the $U(1)_H$ symmetry is anomalous. However, non-anomalous models are also viable and yield an interesting phenomenology. Cancellation of the gauge anomalies implies the following results: unification of leptons and down-type quarks Yukawa couplings is allowed at most for two generations. The $μ$ term is necessarily somewhat below the supersymmetry breaking scale. The superpotential has accidental $B$ and $L$ symmetries, and R-par…
We develop and discuss an infrared-finite factorization and optimized renormalization scheme for calculating exclusive processes which enables the inclusion of transverse degrees of freedom without entailing suppression of calculated observables, like form factors. This is achieved by employing an analytic, i.e., infrared stable, effective coupling $α_{s}(Q^{2})$ which removes the Landau singularity at $Q^{2}=Λ_{\rm QCD}^{2}$ by a power-behaved correction. The ensuing contributions to the cusp anomalous dimension, related to the Sudakov form factor, and to the quark anomalous dimension, which …
Motivated by speculations about infrared deviations from the standard behavior of local quantum field theories, we explore the possibility that such effects might show up as an anomalous running of coupling constants. The most sensitive probes are presently given by the anomalous magnetic moments of the electron and the muon, that suggest that alpha_{em} runs 1.00047 +- 0.00018 times faster than predicted by the Standard Model. The running of alpha_{em} and alpha_s up to the weak scale is confirmed with a precision at the % level.
We review recent results concerning the all-order structure of infrared and collinear divergences in massless gauge theory amplitudes. While the exponentiation of these divergences for nonabelian gauge theories has been understood for a long time, in the past couple of years we have begun to unravel the all-order structure of the anomalous dimensions that build up the perturbative exponent. In the large-Nc limit, all infrared and collinear divergences are determined by just three functions; one of them, the cusp anomalous dimension, plays a key role also for non-planar contributions. Indeed, a…
We derive an algorithm for automatic calculation of perturbative $β$-functions and anomalous dimensions in any local quantum field theory with canonical kinetic terms. The infrared rearrangement is performed by introducing a common mass parameter in all the propagator denominators. We provide a set of explicit formulae for all the necessary scalar integrals up to three loops.
We demonstrate that it is possible to determine the coefficients of an all-order beta function linear in the anomalous dimensions using as data the two-loop coefficients together with the first one of the anomalous dimensions which are universal. The beta function allows to determine the anomalous dimension of the fermion masses at the infrared fixed point, and the resulting values compare well with the lattice determinations.
Instability in the scalar channel of the fermion-antifermion scattering amplitude in massless QED_3 for number of flavours less than the critical value 128/3π^2 is demonstrated. The anomalous dimensions of gauge-invariant composite operators are determined to O(1/N). Exponentiation of the O(1/N) infrared logarithm is explicitly demonstrated by evaluating the contribution of the ladder diagrams.
We study the kinetics of the distribution function for charged particles of hard momentum in scalar QED. The goal is to understand the effects of infrared divergences associated with the exchange of quasistatic magnetic photons in the relaxation of the distribution function. We begin by obtaining a kinetic transport equation for the distribution function for hard charged scalars in a perturbative expansion that includes hard thermal loop resummation. Solving this transport equation, the infrared divergences arising from absorption and emission of soft quasi-static magnetic photons are manifest…
dS/CFT gives a perturbatively gauge invariant definition of particle masses in de Sitter (dS) space. We show, in a toy model in which the graviton is replaced with a minimally coupled massless scalar field, that loop corrections to these masses are infrared (IR) divergent. We argue that this implies anomalous dependence of masses on the cosmological constant, in a true theory of quantum gravity. This is in accord with the hypothesis of Cosmological SUSY Breaking (CSB).
The infrared structure of (multi-loop) scattering amplitudes is determined entirely by the identities of the external particles participating in the scattering. The two-loop infrared structure of pure \qcd\ amplitudes has been known for some time. By computing the two-loop amplitudes for $\bar{f}\,f\longrightarrow X$ and $\bar{f}\,f\longrightarrow V_1\,V_2$ scattering in an $SU(N)\times SU(M)\times U(1)$ gauge theory, I determine the anomalous dimensions which govern the infrared structure for any massless two-loop amplitude.
In this paper we present the complete two-loop vertex corrections to scalar and pseudo-scalar Higgs boson production for general colour factors for the gauge group ${\rm SU(N)}$ in the limit where the top quark mass gets infinite. We derive a general formula for the vertex correction which holds for conserved and non conserved operators. For the conserved operator we take the electromagnetic vertex correction as an example whereas for the non conserved operators we take the two vertex corrections above. Our observations for the structure of the pole terms $1/ε^4$, $1/ε^3$ and $1/ε^2$ in two lo…
We compute the running of the coupling in SU(2) gauge theory with six fermions in fundamental representation of the gauge group. We establish an infrared stable fixed point at strong coupling and measure also the anomalous dimension of the fermion mass operator at the fixed point. This theory therefore likely lies close to the boundary of the conformal window and will display novel infrared dynamics if coupled with the electroweak sector of the Standard Model.
We establish new scaling properties for the universality class of Model C, which describes relaxational critical dynamics of a nonconserved order parameter coupled to a conserved scalar density. We find an anomalous diffusion phase, which satisfies weak dynamic scaling while the conserved density diffuses only asymptotically. The properties of the phase diagram for the dynamic critical behavior include a significantly extended weak scaling region, together with a strong and a decoupled scaling regime. These calculations are done directly in 2 < d < 4 space dimensions within the framework of th…
