The study of 3D magnetic nanostructures has uncovered a range of rich phenomena including the stabilization and control of topological spin textures using nanoscale curvature, dynamic effects allowing controlled spin-wave emission, and novel ground states enabled by collective 3D frustrated interactions. From a technological perspective, 3D nanostructures offer routes to ultrahigh density data storage, massive interconnectivity within neuromorphic devices, as well as applications within health technologies, such as mechanical induction of stem cell differentiation. However, the fabrication of 3D nanomagnetic systems with feature sizes down to 10 nm poses a significant challenge. In this work we present a means of fabricating sub-100 nm 3D ferromagnetic nanowires, with both cross-sectional and longitudinal curvature, using two-photon lithography at a wavelength of 405 nm, combined with conventional deposition. Physical characterization illustrates that nanostructures with lateral features as low as 70 nm can be rapidly and reproducibly fabricated. A range of novel domain walls, with anti-vortex textures, coupled transverse textures, and hybrid vortex/anti-vortex textures are found to be enabled by the cross-sectional curvature of the system, as demonstrated by finite-element micromagnetic simulations. Magnetic force microscopy experiments in an externally applied magnetic field are used to image the injection and pinning of domain walls in the 3D magnetic nanowire. At specific field values, domain walls are observed to hop from trap to trap, providing a direct means to probe the local energy landscape. A simple model is presented demonstrating that thickness gradients and local roughness dictate the variation of pinning probability across the wire.
Speed and reliability of magnetic domain wall (DW) motion are key parameters that must be controlled to realize the full potential of DW-based magnetic devices for logic and memory applications. A major hindrance to this is extrinsic DW pinning at specific sites related to shape and material defects, which may be present even if the sample synthesis is well controlled. Understanding the origin of DW pinning and reducing it is especially desirable in electrochemically-deposited cylindrical magnetic nanowires (NWs), for which measurements of the fascinating physics predicted by theoretical compu…
Recent tunneling conductance measurements on semiconductor-superconductor nanowires find zero-bias peaks to be ubiquitous across wide ranges of chemical potential and Zeeman energy. Motivated by this, we demonstrate that topologically-trivial Andreev abound states (ABSs) pinned near zero energy are produced rather generically in inhomogeneous systems with multi-band occupancy in the presence of inter-band coupling. We first investigate the inter-band coupling mechanism responsible for the pinning within a multi-band 1D toy model, then we confirm the findings using a 3D Schrödinger-Poisson appr…
Synthesis, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Ba$_2$Ni$_3$F$_{10}$ Nanowires
采用低温水热法,在优化的工艺条件下成功制备了纯相Ba $_2$ Ni $_3$ F $_{10}$纳米线。在325 nm激发下,Ba $_2$ Ni $_3$ F $_{10}$纳米线呈现出三个发射带,峰值分别位于360 nm、530 nm和700 nm。结合第一性原理计算,可以用电子在t2 g和eg轨道之间的跃迁来解释其光致发光性质。在低于60 K的温度下观察到的清晰的磁滞回线表明Ba $_2$ Ni $_3$ F $_{10}$纳米线具有弱的铁磁性,这归因于纳米线的表面应变。观察到阻挡温度为55 K的交换偏置,这是由于Ba 2Ni 3F 10纳米线的反铁磁核/弱铁磁壳结构在冷场下的磁化钉扎所致。
Free-standing, interconnected metallic nanowire networks with density as low as 40 mg/cm^{3} have been achieved over cm-scale areas, using electrodeposition into polycarbonate membranes that have been ion-tracked at multiple angles. Networks of interconnected magnetic nanowires further provide an exciting platform to explore 3-dimensional nanomagnetism, where their structure, topology and frustration may be used as additional degrees of freedom to tailor the materials properties. New magnetization reversal mechanisms in cobalt networks are captured by the first-order reversal curve method, whi…
Richardson model with complex level structure and spin-orbit coupling for hybrid superconducting islands: stepwise suppression of pairing and magnetic pinning
Magnetic cylindrical nanowires are very fascinating objects where the curved geometry allows many novel magnetic effects and a variety of non-trivial magnetic structures. Micromagnetic modelling plays an important role in revealing the magnetization distribution in magnetic nanowires, often not accessible by imaging methods with sufficient details. Here we review the magnetic properties of the shape anisotropy-dominated nanowires and the nanowires with competing shape and magnetocrystalline anisotropies, as revealed by micromagnetic modelling. We discuss the variety of magnetic walls and magne…
Domain wall propagation in cylindrical nanowires with modulations of diameter is a key phenomenon to design physics-oriented devices, or a disruptive three-dimensional magnetic memory. This chapter presents a combination of analytical modelling and micromagnetic simulations, with the aim to present a comprehensive panorama of the physics of pinning of domain walls at modulations, when moved under the stimulus of a magnetic field or a spin-polarized current. For the sake of considering simple physics, we consider diameters of a few tens of nanometers at most, and accordingly domain walls of tra…
Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in Ta\Co20Fe60B20\MgO nanowires
本文报道了Ta \Co 20 Fe 60 B 20 \MgO纳米线中的电流诱导畴壁运动(CIDWM)。当没有磁场施加时,畴壁被观察到逆着电子流移动,而沿着纳米线的场强烈地影响畴壁的运动方向和速度。观察到的对称效应为上下和上下畴壁。这表明存在右手畴壁,这是由于Dzyaloshinskiii-Moriya相互作用(Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya相互作用),Dzyaloshinski-Moriya相互作用系数D=+0.06 mJ/m2。正的极化系数被解释为退火过程中硼扩散到钽缓冲层的结果。在Pt \Co 68 Fe 22 B10 \MgO纳米线中,观察到沿着电子流的CIDWM,证实了这种解释。实验结果进行了比较,包括钉扎效应的一维模型模拟。这种先进的建模使我们能够重现实验结果,并可靠地提取纳米线中Ta的自旋霍尔角θSH=-0.11,显示了分析的重要性,超越了目前使用的完美纳米线模型。
Understanding the domain wall (DW) dynamics in magnetic nanowires (NW) is crucial for spintronic-based applications demanding the use of DWs as information carriers. This work focuses on the dynamics of a DW displacing along a bent NW with an elliptical shape under the action of spin-polarized electric currents and external magnetic fields. Our results evidence that a curvature gradient induces an exchange-driven effective tangential field responsible for pinning a DW near the maximum curvature point in a NW. The DW equilibrium position depends on the competition between the torques produced b…
We use a scanning nanometer-scale superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) to image individual vortices in amorphous superconducting MoSi thin films. Spatially resolved measurements of the magnetic field generated by both vortices and Meissner screening satisfy the Pearl model for vortices in thin films and yield values for the Pearl length and bulk penetration depth at 4.2 K. Flux pinning is observed and quantified through measurements of vortex motion driven by both applied currents and thermal activation. The effects of pinning are also observed in metastable vortex configuration…
Negative longitudinal magnetoresistance in the density wave phase of Y$_2$Ir$_2$O$_7$
单晶烧绿石Y $_2$ Ir $_2$ O $_7$纳米线的基态是密度波。施加{ \it横向}磁场增加了低温下密度波态集体脱钉扎的阈值电场,导致脱钉扎阈值附近电压的巨磁阻。这与即使极小的{ \it纵向}磁场也会急剧降低导致{ \it负}磁阻的脱钉扎阈值电压的情况形成鲜明对比。排除了其他几种可能性,我们认为,这种现象很可能是一个后果的手征异常的缺口外尔半金属相在Y $_2$ $_2$ O $_7$。
On the Bandstructure Velocity and Ballistic Current of Ultra Narrow Silicon Nanowire Transistors as a Function of Cross Section Size, Orientation and Bias
Spin-orbit torques for current parallel and perpendicular to a domain wall
我们报告了场和电流诱导的磁畴壁(DW)的脱钉实验在Ta/Co20 Fe 60 B20/MgO纳米线通过霍尔交叉几何。虽然纯场诱导的脱钉没有显示出对面内场的角度依赖性,但电流的影响主要取决于内部DW结构,我们通过外部磁面内场来操纵该结构。我们首次展示了平行于DW发送的电流的脱钉测量,并将其脱钉效率与垂直于DW流动的电流的常规情况进行比较。我们发现,最大效率是类似的两个电流方向内的误差条,这是符合一个占主导地位的阻尼类自旋轨道扭矩(SOT),并表明没有大的额外的扭矩出现平行于DW的电流。最后,我们发现了不同的依赖性的最大脱钉效率角为不同的DW和钉扎水平。这强调了我们的全角度扫描的重要性相比,以前使用的测量只有两个场方向(平行和垂直的DW),并显示了精确的DW结构和钉扎位点的自旋轨道扭矩的灵敏度。
We study the dynamics of domain walls (DWs) in a metallic, ferromagnetic nanowire. We develop a Keldysh collective coordinate technique to describe the effect of conduction electrons on rigid magnetic structures. The effective Lagrangian and Langevin equations of motion for a DW are derived. The DW dynamics is described by two collective degrees of freedom: position and tilt-angle. The coupled Langevin equations therefore involve two correlated noise sources, leading to a generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT). The DW response kernel due to electrons contains two parts: one related …
Magnetic field induced helical mode and topological transitions in a quasi-ballistic topological insulator nanoribbon with circumferentially quantized surface state sub-bands