Given an affine Coxeter group $W$, the corresponding Shi arrangement is a refinement of the corresponding Coxeter hyperplane arrangements that was introduced by Shi to study Kazhdan-Lusztig cells for $W$. In particular, Shi showed that each region of the Shi arrangement contains exactly one element of minimal length in $W$. Low elements in $W$ were introduced to study the word problem of the corresponding Artin-Tits (braid) group and turns out to produce automata to study the combinatorics of reduced words in $W$.
In this article, we show in the case of an affine Coxeter group that the set of minimal length elements of the regions in the Shi arrangement is precisely the set of low elements, settling a conjecture of Dyer and the second author in this case. As a byproduct of our proof, we show that the descent-walls -- the walls that separate a region from the fundamental alcove -- of any region in the Shi arrangement are precisely the descent walls of the alcove of its corresponding low element.
Solomon showed that the Poincaré polynomial of a Coxeter group $W$ satisfies a product decomposition depending on the exponents of $W$. This polynomial coincides with the rank-generating function of the poset of regions of the underlying Coxeter arrangement. In this note we determine all instances when the analogous factorization property of the rank-generating function of the poset of regions holds for a restriction of a Coxeter arrangement. It turns out that this is always the case with the exception of some instances in type $E_8$.
We refine Brieskorn's study of the cohomology of the complement of the reflection arrangement of a finite Coxeter group $W$. As a result we complete the verification of a conjecture by Felder and Veselov that gives an explicit basis of the space of $W$-invariants in this cohomology ring.
We investigate several hyperplane arrangements that can be viewed as deformations of Coxeter arrangements. In particular, we prove a conjecture of Linial and Stanley that the number of regions of the arrangement x_i - x_j = 1, 1 \leq i<j \leq n, is equal to the number of alternating trees on n+1 vertices. Remarkably, these numbers have several additional combinatorial interpretations in terms of binary trees, partially ordered sets, and tournaments. More generally, we give formulae for the number of regions and the Poincar'e polynomial of certain finite subarrangements of the affine Coxeter ar…
Let $\A$ be an irreducible Coxeter arrangement and $\bfk$ be a multiplicity of $\A$. We study the derivation module $D(\A, \bfk)$. Any two-dimensional irreducible Coxeter arrangement with even number of lines is decomposed into two orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. In this paper, we will {explicitly} construct a basis for $D(\A, \bfk)$ assuming $\bfk$ is constant on each orbit. Consequently we will determine the exponents of $(\A, \bfk)$ under this assumption. For this purpose we develop a theory of universal derivations and introduce a map to deal with our exceptional cases.
The Varchenko determinant is the determinant of a matrix defined from an arrangement of hyperplanes. Varchenko proved that this determinant has a beautiful factorization. It is, however, not possible to use this factorization to compute a Varchenko determinant from a certain level of complexity. Precisely at this point, we provide an explicit formula of this determinant for the hyperplane arrangements associated to the finite Coxeter groups. The intersections of hyperplanes with the chambers of such arrangements have nice properties which play a central role for the calculation of their relati…
Using the classification of finite Weyl groupoids we prove that crystallographic arrangements, a large subclass of the class of simplicial arrangements which was recently defined, are hereditarily inductively free. In particular, all crystallographic reflection arrangements are hereditarily inductively free, among them the arrangement of type $E_8$. With little extra work we prove that also all Coxeter arrangements are inductively free.
In a recent paper we claimed that both the group algebra of a finite Coxeter group $W$ as well as the Orlik-Solomon algebra of $W$ can be decomposed into a sum of induced one-dimensional representations of centralizers, one for each conjugacy class of elements of $W$, and gave a uniform proof of this claim for symmetric groups. In this note we outline an inductive approach to our conjecture. As an application of this method, we prove the inductive version of the conjecture for finite Coxeter groups of rank up to 2.
We define {\bf primitive derivations} for Coxeter arrangements which may not be irreducible. Using those derivations, we introduce the {\bf primitive filtrations} of the module of invariant logarithmic differential forms for an arbitrary Coxeter arrangement with an arbitrary multiplicity. In particular, when the Coxeter arrangement is irreducible with a constant multiplicity, the primitive filtration has already been studied, which generalizes the Hodge filtration introduced by K. Saito.
We will prove the freeness of multi-Coxeter arrangements by constructing a basis of the module of vector fields which contact to each reflecting hyperplanes with some multiplicities using K. Saito's theory of primitive derivation.
We prove that the modules of differential operators of order 2 on the classical Coxeter arrangements are free by exhibiting bases. For this purpose, we use Cauchy-Sylvester's theorem on compound determinants and Saito-Holm's criterion. In the case type $A$, we apply Cauchy-Sylvester's theorem on compound determinants to Vandermond determinant. By using the Schur polynomials, we define operators which form a part of a basis of modules of differential operators on the classical Coxeter arrangements of type $A$. In the cases of type $B$ and type $D$, the proofs go similarly to the case of type $A…
Mirror graphs were introduced by Brešar et al. in 2004 as an intriguing class of graphs: vertex-transitive, isometrically embeddable into hypercubes, having a strong connection with regular maps and polytope structure. In this article we settle the structure of mirror graphs by characterizing them as precisely the Cayley graphs of the finite Coxeter groups or equivalently the tope graphs of reflection arrangements - well understood and classified structures. We provide a polynomial algorithm for their recognition.
Let $W$ be a finite irreducible real reflection group, which is a Coxeter group. We explicitly construct a basis for the module of differential 1-forms with logarithmic poles along the Coxeter arrangement by using a primitive derivation. As a consequence, we extend the Hodge filtration, indexed by nonnegative integers, into a filtration indexed by all integers. This filtration coincides with the filtration by the order of poles. The results are translated into the derivation case.
In recent papers we have refined a conjecture of Lehrer and Solomon expressing the character of a finite Coxeter group $W$ acting on the $p$th graded component of its Orlik-Solomon algebra as a sum of characters induced from linear characters of centralizers of elements of $W$. Our refined conjecture relates the character above to a component of a decomposition of the regular character of $W$ related to Solomon's descent algebra of $W$. The refined conjecture has been proved for symmetric and dihedral groups, as well as finite Coxeter groups of rank three and four. In this paper, the second in…
We refine a conjecture by Lehrer and Solomon on the structure of the Orlik-Solomon algebra of a finite Coxeter group $W$ and relate it to the descent algebra of $W$. As a result, we claim that both the group algebra of $W$, as well as the Orlik-Solomon algebra of $W$ can be decomposed into a sum of induced one-dimensional representations of element centralizers, one for each conjugacy class of elements of $W$. We give a uniform proof of the claim for symmetric groups. In addition, we prove that a relative version of the conjecture holds for every pair $(W, W_L)$, where $W$ is arbitrary and $W_…
In [5] (=Terao, H.: Multiderivations of Coxeter arrangements. Inventiones math., 148 (2002) 659--674), we constructed a basis for the contact-order filtration of the module of derivations on the orbit space of a finite real reflection group acting on an $\ell$-dimensional Euclidean space. Recently M. Yoshinaga constructed another basis for the contact-order filtration in [7] (=Yoshinaga, M.: The primitive derivation and freeness of multi-Coxeter arrangements. preprint 2002). In this note we give an explicit formula relating Yoshinaga's basis to the basis given in [5]. The two bases turn out to…
Let $\A$ be an irreducible Coxeter arrangement and $W$ be its Coxeter group. Then $W$ naturally acts on $\A$. A multiplicity $\bfm : \A\rightarrow \Z$ is said to be equivariant when $\bfm$ is constant on each $W$-orbit of $\A$. In this article, we prove that the multi-derivation module $D(\A, \bfm)$ is a free module whenever $\bfm$ is equivariant by explicitly constructing a basis, which generalizes the main theorem of \cite{T02}. The main tool is a primitive derivation and its covariant derivative. Moreover, we show that the $W$-invariant part $D(\A, \bfm)^{W}$ for any multiplicity $\bfm$ is …
Tropical varieties play an important role in algebraic geometry. The Bergman complex B(M) and the positive Bergman complex B+(M) of an oriented matroid M generalize to matroids the notions of the tropical variety and positive tropical variety associated to a linear ideal. Our main result is that if A is a Coxeter arrangement of type Phi with corresponding oriented matroid M_Phi, then B+(M_Phi) is dual to the graph associahedron of type Phi, and B(M_Phi) equals the nested set complex of A. In addition, we prove that for any orientable matroid M, one can find |mu(M)| different reorientations of …
We study the exactness of certain combinatorially defined complexes which generalize the Orlik-Solomon algebra of a geometric lattice. The main results pertain to complex reflection arrangements and their restrictions. In particular, we consider the corresponding relation complexes and give a simple proof of the $n$-formality of these hyperplane arrangements. As an application, we are able to bound the Castelnouvo-Mumford regularity of certain modules over polynomial rings associated to Coxeter arrangements (real reflection arrangements) and their restrictions. The modules in question are defi…
In recent papers we have refined a conjecture of Lehrer and Solomon expressing the characters of a finite Coxeter group $W$ afforded by the homogeneous components of its Orlik-Solomon algebra as sums of characters induced from linear characters of centralizers of elements of $W$. Our refined conjecture also relates the Orlik-Solomon characters above to the terms of a decomposition of the regular character of $W$ related to the descent algebra of $W$. A consequence of our conjecture is that both the regular character of $W$ and the character of the Orlik-Solomon algebra have parallel, graded de…
Let B be a real hyperplane arrangement which is stable under the action of a Coxeter group W. Then B acts naturally on the set of chambers of B. We assume that B is disjoint from the Coxeter arrangement A=A(W) of W. In this paper, we show that the W-orbits of the set of chambers of B are in one-to-one correspondence with the chambers of C=A\cup B which are contained in an arbitrarily fixed chamber of A. From this fact, we find that the number of W-orbits of the set of chambers of B is given by the number of chambers of C divided by the order of W. We will also study the set of chambers of C wh…
The reflection arrangement of a Coxeter group is a well known instance of a free hyperplane arrangement. In 2002, Terao showed that equipped with a constant multiplicity each such reflection arrangement gives rise to a free multiarrangement. In this note we show that this multiarrangment satisfies the stronger property of inductive freeness in case the Coxeter group is of type $A$.
Suppose that W is a finite, unitary reflection group acting on the complex vector space V. Let A = A(W) be the associated hyperplane arrangement of W. Terao has shown that each such reflection arrangement A is free. There is the stronger notion of an inductively free arrangement. In 1992, Orlik and Terao conjectured that each reflection arrangement is inductively free. It has been known for quite some time that the braid arrangement as well as the Coxeter arrangements of type B and type D are inductively free. Barakat and Cuntz completed this list only recently by showing that every Coxeter ar…
The Hodge filtration of the module of derivations on the orbit space of a finite real reflection group acting on an $\ell$-dimensional Euclidean space was introduced and studied by K. Saito. The filtration is equivalent data to the flat structure or the Frobenius manifold structure. We will show that the Hodge filtration coincides with the filtration by the order of contacts to the reflecting hyperplanes. Moreover, a standard basis for the Hodge filtration is explicitly given.
In this paper, we study $k$-parabolic arrangements, a generalization of $k$-equal arrangements for finite real reflection groups. When $k=2$, these arrangements correspond to the well-studied Coxeter arrangements. Brieskorn (1971) showed that the fundamental group of the complement, over $\mathbb{C}$, of the type $W$ Coxeter arrangement is isomorphic to the pure Artin group of type $W$. Khovanov (1996) gave an algebraic description for the fundamental group of the complement, over $\mathbb{R}$, of the 3-equal arrangement. We generalize Khovanov's result to obtain an algebraic description of th…
Two notions of riffle shuffling on finite Coxeter groups are given: one using Solomon's descent algebra and another using random walk on chambers of hyperplane arrangements. These coincide for types $A$,$B$,$C$, $H_3$, and rank two groups. Both notions have the same, simple eigenvalues. The hyperplane definition is especially natural and satisfies a positivity property when $W$ is crystallographic and the relevant parameter is a good prime. The hyperplane viewpoint suggests interesting connections with Lie theory and leads to a notion of riffle shuffling for arbitrary real hyperplane arrangeme…
In this article we introduce the notion of a \textit{regular partition} of a Coxeter group. We develop the theory of these partitions, and show that the class of regular partitions is essentially equivalent to the class of automata (not necessarily finite state) recognising the language of reduced words in the Coxeter group. As an application of this theory we prove that each cone type in a Coxeter group has a unique minimal length representative. This result can be seen as an analogue of Shi's classical result that each component of the Shi arrangement of an affine Coxeter group has a unique …
We introduce and prove the $n$-dimensional Pizza Theorem: Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a hyperplane arrangement in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$. If $K$ is a measurable set of finite volume, the {pizza quantity} of $K$ is the alternating sum of the volumes of the regions obtained by intersecting $K$ with the arrangement $\mathcal{H}$. We prove that if $\mathcal{H}$ is a Coxeter arrangement different from $A_{1}^{n}$ such that the group of isometries $W$ generated by the reflections in the hyperplanes of $\mathcal{H}$ contains the map $-\mathrm{id}$, and if $K$ is a translate of a convex body that is stable under $…
Random walk on the chambers of hyperplanes arrangements is used to define a family of card shuffling measures $H_{W,x}$ for a finite Coxeter group W and real $x \neq 0$. By algebraic group theory, there is a map from the semisimple orbits of the adjoint action of a finite group of Lie type on its Lie algebra to the conjugacy classes of the Weyl group. Choosing such a semisimple orbit uniformly at random thereby induces a probability measure on the conjugacy classes of the Weyl group. For types A, B, and the identity conjugacy class of W for all types, it is proved that for q very good, this me…
Let $V$ be an $\ell$-dimensional Euclidean space. Let $G \subset O(V)$ be a finite irreducible orthogonal reflection group. Let ${\cal A}$ be the corresponding Coxeter arrangement. Let $S$ be the algebra of polynomial functions on $V.$ For $H \in {\cal A}$ choose $α_H \in V^*$ such that $H = {\rm ker}(α_H).$ For each nonnegative integer $m$, define the derivation module $\sD^{(m)}({\cal A}) = \{θ\in {\rm Der}_S | θ(α_H) \in S α^m_H\}$. The module is known to be a free $S$-module of rank $\ell$ by K. Saito (1975) for $m=1$ and L. Solomon-H. Terao (1998) for $m=2$. The main result of this paper …
Every Coxeter group admits a geometric representation as a group generated by reflections in a real vector space. In the projective representation space, limit directions are limits of injective sequences in the orbit of some base point. Limit roots are limit directions that can be obtained starting from simple roots. In this article, we study the limit directions arising from any point when the representation space is a Lorentz space. In particular, we characterize the light-like limit directions using eigenvectors of infinite-order elements. This provides a spectral perspective on limit root…
We extend properties of the weak order on finite Coxeter groups to Weyl groupoids admitting a finite root system. In particular, we determine the topological structure of intervals with respect to weak order, and show that the set of morphisms with fixed target object forms an ortho-complemented meet semilattice. We define the Coxeter complex of a Weyl groupoid with finite root system and show that it coincides with the triangulation of a sphere cut out by a simplicial hyperplane arrangement. As a consequence, one obtains an algebraic interpretation of many hyperplane arrangements that are not…
The braid arrangement is the Coxeter arrangement of the type $A_\ell$. The Shi arrangement is an affine arrangement of hyperplanes consisting of the hyperplanes of the braid arrangement and their parallel translations. In this paper, we give an explicit basis construction for the derivation module of the cone over the Shi arrangement. The essential ingredient of our recipe is the Bernoulli polynomials.
In [9], Terao proved the freeness of multi-Coxeter arrangements with constant multiplicities by giving an explicit construction of bases. Combining it with algebro-geometric method, Yoshinaga proved the freeness of the extended Catalan and Shi arrangements in [11]. However, there have been no explicit constructions of the bases for the logarithmic derivation modules of the extended Catalan and Shi arrangements. In this paper, we give the first explicit construction of them when the root system is of the type $A_2$.
In this paper, we study $k$-parabolic arrangements, a generalization of the $k$-equal arrangement for any finite real reflection group. When $k=2$, these arrangements correspond to the well-studied Coxeter arrangements. We construct a cell complex $Perm_k(W)$ that is homotopy equivalent to the complement. We then apply discrete Morse theory to obtain a minimal cell complex for the complement. As a result, we give combinatorial interpretations for the Betti numbers, and show that the homology groups are torsion free. We also study a generalization of the Independence Complex of a graph, and sho…
An element of a Coxeter group W is fully commutative if any two of its reduced decompositions are related by a series of transpositions of adjacent commuting generators. An element of a Coxeter group W is cyclically fully commutative if any of its cyclic shifts remains fully commutative. These elements were studied in Boothby et al.. In particular the authors enumerated cyclically fully commutative elements in all Coxeter groups having a finite number of them. In this work we characterize and enumerate cyclically fully commutative elements according to their Coxeter length in all finite or aff…
In his affirmative answer to the Edelman-Reiner conjecture, Yoshinaga proved that the logarithmic derivation modules of the cones of the extended Shi arrangements are free modules. However, all we know about the bases is their existence and degrees. In this article, we introduce two distinguished bases for the modules. More specifically, we will define and study the simple-root basis plus (SRB+) and the simple-root basis minus (SRB-) when a primitive derivation is fixed. They have remarkable properties relevant to the simple roots and those properties characterize the bases.
Associated to each irreducible crystallographic root system $Φ$, there is a certain cell complex structure on the torus obtained as the quotient of the ambient space by the coroot lattice of $Φ$. This is the Steinberg torus. A main goal of this paper is to exhibit a module structure on (the set of faces of) this complex over the (set of faces of the) Coxeter complex of $Φ$. The latter is a monoid under the Tits product of faces. The module structure is obtained from geometric considerations involving affine hyperplane arrangements. As a consequence, a module structure is obtained on the space …
The Shi arrangement is an affine arrangement of hyperplanes consisting of the hyperplanes of the Weyl arrangement and their parallel translations. It was introduced by J.-Y. Shi in the study of the Kazhdan-Lusztig representation of the affine Weyl groups. M. Yoshinaga showed that the cone over every Shi arrangement is free. In this paper, we construct an explicit basis for the derivation module of the cone over the Shi arrangements of the type $B_{\ell}$ or $C_{\ell}$.
In this article we prove that the ideal-Shi arrangements are free central arrangements of hyperplanes satisfying the dual-partition formula. Then it immediately follows that there exists a saturated free filtration of the cone of any affine Weyl arrangement such that each filter is a free subarrangement satisfying the dual-partition formula. This generalizes the main result in \cite{ABCHT} which affirmatively settled a conjecture by Sommers and Tymoczko \cite{SomTym}.
This paper is about two arrangements of hyperplanes. The first --- the Shi arrangement --- was introduced by Jian-Yi Shi to describe the Kazhdan-Lusztig cells in the affine Weyl group of type $A$. The second --- the Ish arrangement --- was recently defined by the first author who used the two arrangements together to give a new interpretation of the $q,t$-Catalan numbers of Garsia and Haiman. In the present paper we will define a mysterious "combinatorial symmetry" between the two arrangements and show that this symmetry preserves a great deal of information. For example, the Shi and Ish arran…
We show that an element $w$ of a finite Weyl group $W$ is rationally smooth if and only if the hyperplane arrangement $I$ associated to the inversion set of $w$ is inductively free, and the product $(d_1+1) \cdots (d_l+1)$ of the coexponents $d_1,\ldots,d_l$ is equal to the size of the Bruhat interval $[e,w]$, where $e$ is the identity in $W$. As part of the proof, we describe exactly when a rationally smooth element in a finite Weyl group has a chain Billey-Postnikov decomposition. For finite Coxeter groups, we show that chain Billey-Postnikov decompositions are connected with certain modular…
