Let $V$ be an $\ell$-dimensional Euclidean space. Let $G \subset O(V)$ be a finite irreducible orthogonal reflection group. Let ${\cal A}$ be the corresponding Coxeter arrangement. Let $S$ be the algebra of polynomial functions on $V.$ For $H \in {\cal A}$ choose $α_H \in V^*$ such that $H = {\rm ker}(α_H).$ For each nonnegative integer $m$, define the derivation module $\sD^{(m)}({\cal A}) = \{θ\in {\rm Der}_S | θ(α_H) \in S α^m_H\}$. The module is known to be a free $S$-module of rank $\ell$ by K. Saito (1975) for $m=1$ and L. Solomon-H. Terao (1998) for $m=2$. The main result of this paper is that this is the case for all $m$. Moreover we explicitly construct a basis for $\sD^{(m)} (\cal A)$. Their degrees are all equal to $mh/2$ (when $m$ is even) or are equal to $((m-1)h/2) + m_i (1 \leq i \leq \ell)$ (when $m$ is odd). Here $m_1 \leq ... \leq m_{\ell}$ are the exponents of $G$ and $h= m_{\ell} + 1$ is the Coxeter number. The construction heavily uses the primitive derivation $D$ which plays a central role in the theory of flat generators by K. Saito (or equivalently the Frobenius manifold structure for the orbit space of $G$.) Some new results concerning the primitive derivation $D$ are obtained in the course of proof of the main result.
The reflection arrangement of a Coxeter group is a well known instance of a free hyperplane arrangement. In 2002, Terao showed that equipped with a constant multiplicity each such reflection arrangement gives rise to a free multiarrangement. In this note we show that this multiarrangment satisfies the stronger property of inductive freeness in case the Coxeter group is of type $A$.
Let $A$ be a free hyperplane arrangement. In 1989, Ziegler showed that the restriction $A''$ of $A$ to any hyperplane endowed with the natural multiplicity is then a free multiarrangement. We initiate a study of the stronger freeness property of inductive freeness for these canonical free multiarrangements and investigate them for the underlying class of reflection arrangements. More precisely, let $A = A(W)$ be the reflection arrangement of a complex reflection group $W$. By work of Terao, each such reflection arrangement is free. Thus so is Ziegler's canonical multiplicity on the restriction…
In [5] (=Terao, H.: Multiderivations of Coxeter arrangements. Inventiones math., 148 (2002) 659--674), we constructed a basis for the contact-order filtration of the module of derivations on the orbit space of a finite real reflection group acting on an $\ell$-dimensional Euclidean space. Recently M. Yoshinaga constructed another basis for the contact-order filtration in [7] (=Yoshinaga, M.: The primitive derivation and freeness of multi-Coxeter arrangements. preprint 2002). In this note we give an explicit formula relating Yoshinaga's basis to the basis given in [5]. The two bases turn out to…
We will prove the freeness of multi-Coxeter arrangements by constructing a basis of the module of vector fields which contact to each reflecting hyperplanes with some multiplicities using K. Saito's theory of primitive derivation.
Let $W$ be a finite irreducible real reflection group, which is a Coxeter group. We explicitly construct a basis for the module of differential 1-forms with logarithmic poles along the Coxeter arrangement by using a primitive derivation. As a consequence, we extend the Hodge filtration, indexed by nonnegative integers, into a filtration indexed by all integers. This filtration coincides with the filtration by the order of poles. The results are translated into the derivation case.
The Hodge filtration of the module of derivations on the orbit space of a finite real reflection group acting on an $\ell$-dimensional Euclidean space was introduced and studied by K. Saito. The filtration is equivalent data to the flat structure or the Frobenius manifold structure. We will show that the Hodge filtration coincides with the filtration by the order of contacts to the reflecting hyperplanes. Moreover, a standard basis for the Hodge filtration is explicitly given.
We define {\bf primitive derivations} for Coxeter arrangements which may not be irreducible. Using those derivations, we introduce the {\bf primitive filtrations} of the module of invariant logarithmic differential forms for an arbitrary Coxeter arrangement with an arbitrary multiplicity. In particular, when the Coxeter arrangement is irreducible with a constant multiplicity, the primitive filtration has already been studied, which generalizes the Hodge filtration introduced by K. Saito.
Let $\A$ be an irreducible Coxeter arrangement and $W$ be its Coxeter group. Then $W$ naturally acts on $\A$. A multiplicity $\bfm : \A\rightarrow \Z$ is said to be equivariant when $\bfm$ is constant on each $W$-orbit of $\A$. In this article, we prove that the multi-derivation module $D(\A, \bfm)$ is a free module whenever $\bfm$ is equivariant by explicitly constructing a basis, which generalizes the main theorem of \cite{T02}. The main tool is a primitive derivation and its covariant derivative. Moreover, we show that the $W$-invariant part $D(\A, \bfm)^{W}$ for any multiplicity $\bfm$ is …
We refine Brieskorn's study of the cohomology of the complement of the reflection arrangement of a finite Coxeter group $W$. As a result we complete the verification of a conjecture by Felder and Veselov that gives an explicit basis of the space of $W$-invariants in this cohomology ring.
We investigate several hyperplane arrangements that can be viewed as deformations of Coxeter arrangements. In particular, we prove a conjecture of Linial and Stanley that the number of regions of the arrangement x_i - x_j = 1, 1 \leq i<j \leq n, is equal to the number of alternating trees on n+1 vertices. Remarkably, these numbers have several additional combinatorial interpretations in terms of binary trees, partially ordered sets, and tournaments. More generally, we give formulae for the number of regions and the Poincar'e polynomial of certain finite subarrangements of the affine Coxeter ar…
Using the classification of finite Weyl groupoids we prove that crystallographic arrangements, a large subclass of the class of simplicial arrangements which was recently defined, are hereditarily inductively free. In particular, all crystallographic reflection arrangements are hereditarily inductively free, among them the arrangement of type $E_8$. With little extra work we prove that also all Coxeter arrangements are inductively free.
In a recent paper we claimed that both the group algebra of a finite Coxeter group $W$ as well as the Orlik-Solomon algebra of $W$ can be decomposed into a sum of induced one-dimensional representations of centralizers, one for each conjugacy class of elements of $W$, and gave a uniform proof of this claim for symmetric groups. In this note we outline an inductive approach to our conjecture. As an application of this method, we prove the inductive version of the conjecture for finite Coxeter groups of rank up to 2.
Let $\A$ be an irreducible Coxeter arrangement and $\bfk$ be a multiplicity of $\A$. We study the derivation module $D(\A, \bfk)$. Any two-dimensional irreducible Coxeter arrangement with even number of lines is decomposed into two orbits under the action of the Coxeter group. In this paper, we will {explicitly} construct a basis for $D(\A, \bfk)$ assuming $\bfk$ is constant on each orbit. Consequently we will determine the exponents of $(\A, \bfk)$ under this assumption. For this purpose we develop a theory of universal derivations and introduce a map to deal with our exceptional cases.
The Varchenko determinant is the determinant of a matrix defined from an arrangement of hyperplanes. Varchenko proved that this determinant has a beautiful factorization. It is, however, not possible to use this factorization to compute a Varchenko determinant from a certain level of complexity. Precisely at this point, we provide an explicit formula of this determinant for the hyperplane arrangements associated to the finite Coxeter groups. The intersections of hyperplanes with the chambers of such arrangements have nice properties which play a central role for the calculation of their relati…
Solomon showed that the Poincaré polynomial of a Coxeter group $W$ satisfies a product decomposition depending on the exponents of $W$. This polynomial coincides with the rank-generating function of the poset of regions of the underlying Coxeter arrangement. In this note we determine all instances when the analogous factorization property of the rank-generating function of the poset of regions holds for a restriction of a Coxeter arrangement. It turns out that this is always the case with the exception of some instances in type $E_8$.
We prove that the modules of differential operators of order 2 on the classical Coxeter arrangements are free by exhibiting bases. For this purpose, we use Cauchy-Sylvester's theorem on compound determinants and Saito-Holm's criterion. In the case type $A$, we apply Cauchy-Sylvester's theorem on compound determinants to Vandermond determinant. By using the Schur polynomials, we define operators which form a part of a basis of modules of differential operators on the classical Coxeter arrangements of type $A$. In the cases of type $B$ and type $D$, the proofs go similarly to the case of type $A…
Mirror graphs were introduced by Brešar et al. in 2004 as an intriguing class of graphs: vertex-transitive, isometrically embeddable into hypercubes, having a strong connection with regular maps and polytope structure. In this article we settle the structure of mirror graphs by characterizing them as precisely the Cayley graphs of the finite Coxeter groups or equivalently the tope graphs of reflection arrangements - well understood and classified structures. We provide a polynomial algorithm for their recognition.
In recent papers we have refined a conjecture of Lehrer and Solomon expressing the character of a finite Coxeter group $W$ acting on the $p$th graded component of its Orlik-Solomon algebra as a sum of characters induced from linear characters of centralizers of elements of $W$. Our refined conjecture relates the character above to a component of a decomposition of the regular character of $W$ related to Solomon's descent algebra of $W$. The refined conjecture has been proved for symmetric and dihedral groups, as well as finite Coxeter groups of rank three and four. In this paper, the second in…
We refine a conjecture by Lehrer and Solomon on the structure of the Orlik-Solomon algebra of a finite Coxeter group $W$ and relate it to the descent algebra of $W$. As a result, we claim that both the group algebra of $W$, as well as the Orlik-Solomon algebra of $W$ can be decomposed into a sum of induced one-dimensional representations of element centralizers, one for each conjugacy class of elements of $W$. We give a uniform proof of the claim for symmetric groups. In addition, we prove that a relative version of the conjecture holds for every pair $(W, W_L)$, where $W$ is arbitrary and $W_…
Tropical varieties play an important role in algebraic geometry. The Bergman complex B(M) and the positive Bergman complex B+(M) of an oriented matroid M generalize to matroids the notions of the tropical variety and positive tropical variety associated to a linear ideal. Our main result is that if A is a Coxeter arrangement of type Phi with corresponding oriented matroid M_Phi, then B+(M_Phi) is dual to the graph associahedron of type Phi, and B(M_Phi) equals the nested set complex of A. In addition, we prove that for any orientable matroid M, one can find |mu(M)| different reorientations of …
In recent papers we have refined a conjecture of Lehrer and Solomon expressing the characters of a finite Coxeter group $W$ afforded by the homogeneous components of its Orlik-Solomon algebra as sums of characters induced from linear characters of centralizers of elements of $W$. Our refined conjecture also relates the Orlik-Solomon characters above to the terms of a decomposition of the regular character of $W$ related to the descent algebra of $W$. A consequence of our conjecture is that both the regular character of $W$ and the character of the Orlik-Solomon algebra have parallel, graded de…
We study the exactness of certain combinatorially defined complexes which generalize the Orlik-Solomon algebra of a geometric lattice. The main results pertain to complex reflection arrangements and their restrictions. In particular, we consider the corresponding relation complexes and give a simple proof of the $n$-formality of these hyperplane arrangements. As an application, we are able to bound the Castelnouvo-Mumford regularity of certain modules over polynomial rings associated to Coxeter arrangements (real reflection arrangements) and their restrictions. The modules in question are defi…
Let B be a real hyperplane arrangement which is stable under the action of a Coxeter group W. Then B acts naturally on the set of chambers of B. We assume that B is disjoint from the Coxeter arrangement A=A(W) of W. In this paper, we show that the W-orbits of the set of chambers of B are in one-to-one correspondence with the chambers of C=A\cup B which are contained in an arbitrarily fixed chamber of A. From this fact, we find that the number of W-orbits of the set of chambers of B is given by the number of chambers of C divided by the order of W. We will also study the set of chambers of C wh…
The braid arrangement is the Coxeter arrangement of the type $A_\ell$. The Shi arrangement is an affine arrangement of hyperplanes consisting of the hyperplanes of the braid arrangement and their parallel translations. In this paper, we give an explicit basis construction for the derivation module of the cone over the Shi arrangement. The essential ingredient of our recipe is the Bernoulli polynomials.
We introduce and prove the $n$-dimensional Pizza Theorem: Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a hyperplane arrangement in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$. If $K$ is a measurable set of finite volume, the {pizza quantity} of $K$ is the alternating sum of the volumes of the regions obtained by intersecting $K$ with the arrangement $\mathcal{H}$. We prove that if $\mathcal{H}$ is a Coxeter arrangement different from $A_{1}^{n}$ such that the group of isometries $W$ generated by the reflections in the hyperplanes of $\mathcal{H}$ contains the map $-\mathrm{id}$, and if $K$ is a translate of a convex body that is stable under $…
We extend properties of the weak order on finite Coxeter groups to Weyl groupoids admitting a finite root system. In particular, we determine the topological structure of intervals with respect to weak order, and show that the set of morphisms with fixed target object forms an ortho-complemented meet semilattice. We define the Coxeter complex of a Weyl groupoid with finite root system and show that it coincides with the triangulation of a sphere cut out by a simplicial hyperplane arrangement. As a consequence, one obtains an algebraic interpretation of many hyperplane arrangements that are not…
We define a type B analogue of the category of finite sets with surjections, and we study the representation theory of this category. We show that the opposite category is quasi-Grobner, which implies that submodules of finitely generated modules are again finitely generated. We prove that the generating functions of finitely generated modules have certain prescribed poles, and we obtain restrictions on the representations of type B Coxeter groups that can appear in such modules. Our main example is a module that categorifies the degree i Kazhdan-Lusztig coefficients of type B Coxeter arrangem…
We give a recursive algorithm for computing the Orlik-Terao algebra of the Coxeter arrangement of type A_{n-1} as a graded representation of S_n, and we give a conjectural description of this representation in terms of the cohomology of the configuration space of n points in SU(2) modulo translation. We also give a version of this conjecture for more general graphical arrangements.
Every Coxeter group admits a geometric representation as a group generated by reflections in a real vector space. In the projective representation space, limit directions are limits of injective sequences in the orbit of some base point. Limit roots are limit directions that can be obtained starting from simple roots. In this article, we study the limit directions arising from any point when the representation space is a Lorentz space. In particular, we characterize the light-like limit directions using eigenvectors of infinite-order elements. This provides a spectral perspective on limit root…
We study the quiver of the descent algebra of a finite Coxeter group W. The results include a derivation of the quiver of the descent algebra of types A and B. Our approach is to study the descent algebra as an algebra constructed from the reflection arrangement associated to W.
Associated to each irreducible crystallographic root system $Φ$, there is a certain cell complex structure on the torus obtained as the quotient of the ambient space by the coroot lattice of $Φ$. This is the Steinberg torus. A main goal of this paper is to exhibit a module structure on (the set of faces of) this complex over the (set of faces of the) Coxeter complex of $Φ$. The latter is a monoid under the Tits product of faces. The module structure is obtained from geometric considerations involving affine hyperplane arrangements. As a consequence, a module structure is obtained on the space …
We prove the $K(π,1)$ conjecture for affine Artin groups: the complexified complement of an affine reflection arrangement is a classifying space. This is a long-standing problem, due to Arnol'd, Pham, and Thom. Our proof is based on recent advancements in the theory of dual Coxeter and Artin groups, as well as on several new results and constructions. In particular: we show that all affine noncrossing partition posets are EL-shellable; we use these posets to construct finite classifying spaces for dual affine Artin groups; we introduce new CW models for the orbit configuration spaces associate…
Consider an affine Coxeter group $W$ acting by isometries on the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$, and the arrangement of its reflection hyperplanes. The fundamental group of the complement $Y_W$ of the complexification of this arrangement in $\mathbb{C}^n$ mod out by $W$ is the affine Artin group $G_W$ associated with $W$. The $K(π,1)$ conjecture states that $Y_W$ is a classifying space for $G_W$. It has been recently proved by Paolini and Salvetti building on the works of McCammond and Sulway. We will present some ingredients of the proof that rests on the study of dual Garside structures for …
