In this paper we discuss the use of linked thermal and electrical network models to predict the behaviour of a complex silicon detector system. We use the silicon strip detector for the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade to demonstrate the application of such a model and its performance. With this example, a thermo-electrical model is used to test design choices, validate specifications, predict key operational parameters such as cooling system requirements, and optimize operational aspects like the temperature profile over the lifetime of the experiment. The model can reveal insights into the interplay of conditions and components in the silicon module, and it is a valuable tool for estimating the headroom to thermal runaway, all with very moderate computational effort.
Particle physics detectors increasingly make use of custom FPGA firmware and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for data readout and triggering. As these designs become more complex, it is important to ensure that they are simulated under realistic operating conditions before beginning fabrication. One tool to assist with the development of such designs is cocotb, an open source digital logic verification framework. Using cocotb, verification can be done at high level using the Python programming language, allowing sophisticated data flow simulations to be conducted and issues to…
Impact of Cold Noise on the tracking performance of ATLAS ITk short strip barrel modules using a charged particle beam
Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校圣克鲁兹粒子物理研究所）；Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY（德国电子同步加速器中心）；Lunds universitet（隆德大学）；University of Birmingham（伯明翰大学）；Charles University（查理大学）；Rutherford Appleton Laboratory（卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室）；University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）；TRIUMF（特里姆夫实验室）
EUTelescope is arguably the most used software to reconstruct tracks from telescope data. This guide explains how to install a version adapted for the reconstruction of ITk Strip test beam data. In this version, an example of such reconstruction with 2016 data is provided. In addition, this example will be explained step-by-step and a general overview of how to operate EUTelescope is given. It is also briefly explained how the post-reconstruction analysis has been performed. The aim of this guide is to be used a starting point for EUTelescope beginners in future test beam reconstruction and an…
Single Event Effects (SEEs) - predominately bit-flips in electronics caused by particle interactions - are a major concern for ASICs operated in high radiation environments such as ABCStar ASICs, which are designed to be used in the future ATLAS ITk strip tracker. The chip design is therefore optimised to protect it from SEEs by implementing triplication techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR). In order to verify the radiation protection mechanisms of the chip design, the cross-section for Single Event Upsets (SEUs), a particular class of SEEs, is measured by exposing the chip to hi…
This study is focused on an investigation of the performance of the Short Strip module developed by the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) strip collaboration using electron beams of energy 5.4 GeV and 5.8 GeV at the DESY-II Testbeam Facility. The noise at +30 C and -30 C was measured. The ratio of the two measurements is compared with a circuit-model calculation. The measured noise at -30 C is compared with the maximum noise that would correspond to an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio after the expected radiation damage from operation at HL-LHC. The measured charge distributions at +30 C and -30 C are…
Gamma irradiation of ATLAS18 ITk strip sensors affected by static charge
Institute of Physics, CAS（捷克科学院物理研究所）；Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校粒子物理圣克鲁兹研究所）；Department of Physics, SFU（西蒙菲莎大学物理系）；TRIUMF（特里厄姆夫实验室）；UJP PRAHA a.s.（布拉格UJP有限公司）；Physics Department, Carleton University（卡尔顿大学物理系）；IMB-CNM, CSIC（西班牙国家科学研究委员会巴塞罗那微观物质物理研究所）；Institute of Particle and Nuclear Study, KEK（高能加速器研究机构粒子核研究部）
Summary of quality control (QC) of ATLAS18 production ITk strip sensors
Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences（捷克科学院物理研究所）；Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics (SCIPP), University of California（加州大学圣克鲁兹粒子物理研究所）；Particle Physics Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London（伦敦大学玛丽女王学院粒子物理研究中心）；Physics Department, Carleton University（卡尔顿大学物理系）；Department of Physics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学物理系）；Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba（筑波大学理学院）
A significant aspect of the Phase-II Upgrade of the ATLAS detector is the replacement of the current Inner Detector with the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk). The ATLAS ITk is an all-silicon detector consisting of a pixel tracker and a strip tracker. Sensors for the ITk strip tracker have been developed to withstand the high radiation environment in the ATLAS detector after the High Luminosity Upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, which will significantly increase the rate of particle collisions and resulting particle tracks. During their operation in the ATLAS detector, sensors for the ITk s…
Low dose gamma irradiation study of ATLAS ITk MD8 diodes
Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences（捷克科学院物理研究所）；Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics (SCIPP), University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校粒子物理圣克鲁兹研究所）；Institute of Particle and Nuclear Study, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)（高能加速器研究机构粒子核研究）
Single event effects in the HCCStar ASICs for ITk strip upgrade
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；Carleton University（卡尔顿大学）；STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory（英国科学与技术设施委员会鲁瑟福阿普尔顿实验室）；Spallation Neutron Source Science Center（散裂中子源科学中心）；CERN（欧洲核子研究中心）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics（粒子探测与电子学国家重点实验室）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）
In next ten years, the Large Hadron Collider will be upgraded to the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), resulting in ten time more integrated luminosity. To withstand the much harsher radiation and occupancy conditions of the HL-LHC, the inner tracker of the ATLAS detector must be redesigned and rebuilt completely. The design of the ATLAS Upgrade inner tracker (ITk) has already been defined. It consists of several layers of silicon particle detectors. The innermost layers will be composed of silicon pixel sensors, and the outer layers will consist of silicon microstrip sensors. This paper will focu…
The planned HL-LHC (High Luminosity LHC) in 2025 is being designed to maximise the physics potential through a sizable increase in the luminosity up to 6*10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. A consequence of this increased luminosity is the expected radiation damage at 3000 fb^-1 after ten years of operation, requiring the tracking detectors to withstand fluences to over 1*10^16 1 MeV n_eq/cm^2 . In order to cope with the consequent increased readout rates, a complete re-design of the current ATLAS Inner Detector (ID) is being developed as the Inner Tracker (ITk). Two proposed detectors for the ATLAS strip track…
Identification and mitigation of memory block timing issue in ITk ABCStar during ASIC production
Carleton University（卡尔顿大学）；CERN（欧洲核子研究组织）；Rutherford Appleton Laboratories（卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；University of Victoria（维多利亚大学）
In the high luminosity era of the Large Hadron Collider, the HL-LHC, the instantaneous luminosity is expected to reach unprecedented values, resulting in about 200 proton-proton interactions in a typical bunch crossing. To cope with the resultant increase in occupancy, bandwidth and radiation damage, the ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced by an all-silicon system, the Inner Tracker (ITk). The ITk consists of a silicon pixel and a strip detector and exploits the concept of modularity. Prototyping and testing of various strip detector components has been carried out. This paper presents the d…
Radiation effects on surface and bulk properties of ATLAS18 silicon sensors under low- and high-dose gamma irradiation and annealing
Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic（捷克科学院物理研究所）；Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics (SCIPP)（圣克鲁斯粒子物理研究所）；UJP Praha a.s.（UJP布拉格有限公司）；Experimental Particle Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute（约瑟夫斯特凡研究所实验粒子物理部）；Instituto de Microelectronica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC（西班牙国家科学研究委员会巴塞罗那微电子研究所）；Institute of Particle and Nuclear Study, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)（高能加速器研究机构粒子核研究部）；Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg（弗赖堡大学物理研究所）
The High Luminosity Upgrade of the LHC will require the replacement of the Inner Detector of ATLAS with the Inner Tracker (ITk) in order to cope with higher radiation levels and higher track densities. Prototype silicon strip detector modules are currently developed and their performance is studied in both particle test beams and X-ray beams. In previous test beam studies of prototype modules, silicon sensor strips were found to respond in regions varying from the strip pitch of 74.5 {\upmu}m. The variations have been linked to local features of the sensor architecture. This paper presents res…
Characterisation of the Thermoflow due to the Dry Nitrogen Flushing Scheme in the ATLAS Inner Tracker using Computational Fluid Dynamics
University of Pretoria（比勒陀利亚大学）；University of Johannesburg（约翰内斯堡大学）；University of KwaZulu-Natal（夸祖鲁-纳塔尔大学）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（斯坦福直线加速器中心）；Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics（荷兰亚原子物理国家研究所）
For the Phase-II Upgrade of the ATLAS detector at CERN, the current ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced with the ATLAS Inner Tracker. The ATLAS Inner Tracker will be an all-silicon detector, consisting of a pixel tracker and a strip tracker. Sensors for the ITk strip tracker are required to have a low leakage current up to bias voltages of -700 V to maintain a low noise and power dissipation. In order to minimise sensor leakage currents, particularly in the high-radiation environment inside the ATLAS detector, sensors are foreseen to be operated at low temperatures and to be manufactured fro…
The ATLAS collaboration will replace its tracking detector with new all silicon pixel and strip systems. This will allow to cope with the higher radiation and occupancy levels expected after the 5-fold increase in the luminosity of the LHC accelerator complex (HL-LHC). In the new tracking detector (ITk) pixel modules with increased granularity will implement to maintain the occupancy with a higher track density. In addition, both sensors and read-out chips composing the hybrid modules will be produced employing more radiation hard technologies with respect to the present pixel detector. Due to…
A quality assurance and performance qualification laboratory was built at McGill University for the Canadian-made small-strip Thin Gap Chamber (sTGC) muon detectors produced for the 2019-2020 ATLAS experiment muon spectrometer upgrade. The facility uses cosmic rays as a muon source to ionise the quenching gas mixture of pentane and carbon dioxide flowing through the sTGC detector. A gas system was developed and characterised for this purpose, with a simple and efficient gas condenser design utilizing a Peltier thermoelectric cooler (TEC). The gas system was tested to provide the desired 45 vol…
