We study quasimodular forms of depth $\leq4$ and determine under which conditions they occur as solutions of modular differential equations. Furthermore, we study which modular differential equations have quasimodular solutions. We use these results to investigate extremal quasimodular forms as introduced by M. Kaneko and M. Koike further. Especially, we prove a conjecture stated by these authors concerning the divisors of the denominators occurring in their Fourier expansion.
We establish a correspondence between vector-valued modular forms with respect to a symmetric tensor representation and quasimodular forms. This is carried out by first obtaining an explicit isomorphism between the space of vector-valued modular forms with respect to a symmetric tensor representation and the space of finite sequences of modular forms of certain type. This isomorphism uses Rankin-Cohen brackets and extends a result of Kuga and Shimura, who considered the case of vector-valued modular forms of weight two. We also obtain a correspondence between such vector-valued modular forms a…
We give the algebra of quasimodular forms a collection of Rankin-Cohen operators. These operators extend those defined by Cohen on modular forms and, as for modular forms, the first of them provide a Lie structure on quasimodular forms. They also satisfy a ``Leibniz rule'' for the usual derivation. Rankin-Cohen operators are useful for proving arithmetic identities. In particular we give an interpretation of the Chazy equation and explain why such an equation has to exist.
Solutions which are quasimodular forms to a second order differential equation attached to a triangular group are explicitly described in terms of certain orthogonal polynomials.
We introduce and study iterated primitives of meromorphic quasimodular forms for $\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)$, generalizing work of Manin and Brown for holomorphic modular forms. We prove that the algebra of iterated primitives of meromorphic quasimodular forms is naturally isomorphic to a certain explicit shuffle algebra. We deduce from this an Ax--Lindemann--Weierstrass type algebraic independence criterion for primitives of meromorphic quasimodular forms which includes a recent result of Paşol--Zudilin as a special case. We also study spaces of meromorphic modular forms with restricted …
In this paper, we explore a two-way connection between quasimodular forms of depth $1$ and a class of second-order modular differential equations with regular singularities on the upper half-plane and the cusps. Here we consider the cases $Γ=Γ_0^+(N)$ generated by $Γ_0(N)$ and the Atkin-Lehner involutions for $N=1,2,3$ ($Γ_0^+(1)=\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb Z)$). Firstly, we note that a quasimodular form of depth $1$, after divided by some modular form with the same weight, is a solution of a modular differential equation. Our main results are the converse of the above statement for the groups $Γ_0^…
We provide a systematic method to compute arithmetic sums including some previously computed by Alaca, Alaca, Besge, Cheng, Glaisher, Huard, Lahiri, Lemire, Melfi, Ou, Ramanujan, Spearman and Williams. Our method is based on quasimodular forms. This extension of modular forms has been constructed by Kaneko andZagier.
We show that, based on Grabner's recent results on modular differential equations satisfied by quasimodular forms, there exist only finitely many normalized extremal quasimodular forms of depth $r$ that have all Fourier coefficients integral for each of $r=1,2,3,4$, and partly classifies them, where the classification is complete for $r=2,3,4$; in fact, we show that there exists no normalized extremal quasimodular forms of depth $4$ with all Fourier coefficients integral. Our result disproves a conjecture by Pellarin.
We study the algebra $\mathcal{I}^{QM}$ of iterated integrals of quasimodular forms for $\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$, which is the smallest extension of the algebra $QM_{\ast}$ of quasimodular forms, which is closed under integration. We prove that $\mathcal{I}^{QM}$ is a polynomial algebra in infinitely many variables, given by Lyndon words on certain monomials in Eisenstein series. We also prove an analogous result for the $M_{\ast}$-subalgebra $\mathcal{I}^{M}$ of $\mathcal{I}^{QM}$ of iterated integrals of modular forms.
We describe the additive structure of the graded ring $\widetilde{M}_*$ of quasimodular forms over any discrete and cocompact group $Γ\subset \rm{PSL}(2, \RM).$ We show that this ring is never finitely generated. We calculate the exact number of new generators in each weight $k$. This number is constant for $k$ sufficiently large and equals $\dim_{\CM}(I / I \cap \widetilde{I}^2),$ where $I$ and $\widetilde{I}$ are the ideals of modular forms and quasimodular forms, respectively, of positive weight. We show that $\widetilde{M}_*$ is contained in some finitely generated ring $\widetilde{R}_*$ o…
We construct and classify all Poisson structures on quasimodular forms that extend the one coming from the first Rankin-Cohen bracket on the modular forms. We use them to build formal deformations on the algebra of quasimodular forms.
Bloch-Okounkov studied certain functions on partitions $f$ called shifted symmetric polynomials. They showed that certain $q$-series arising from these functions (the so-called \emph{$q$-brackets} $\left<f\right>_q$) are quasimodular forms. We revisit a family of such functions, denoted $Q_k$, and study the $p$-adic properties of their $q$-brackets. To do this, we define regularized versions $Q_k^{(p)}$ for primes $p.$ We also use Jacobi forms to show that the $\left<Q_k^{(p)}\right>_q$ are quasimodular and find explicit expressions for them in terms of the $\left<Q_k\right>_q$.
We wish to use graded structures [KrVu87], [Vu01] on dffierential operators and quasimodular forms on classical groups and show that these structures provide a tool to construct p-adic measures and p-adic L-functions on the corresponding non-archimedean weight spaces. An approach to constructions of automorphic L-functions on uni-tary groups and their p-adic avatars is presented. For an algebraic group G over a number eld K these L functions are certain Euler products L(s, $π$, r, $χ$). In particular, our constructions cover the L-functions in [Shi00] via the doubling method of Piatetski-Shapi…
Modular and quasimodular solutions of specific second order differential equation in the upper-half plane which originates from a study of supersingular j-invariants are given explicitly. A characterization of the differential equation is also discussed.
The aim in this paper is to give expressions for modular linear differential operators of any order. In particular, we show that they can all be described in terms of Rankin-Cohen brackets and a modified Rankin-Cohen bracket found by Kaneko and Koike. We also give more uniform descriptions of MLDOs in terms of canonically defined higher Serre derivatives and an extension of Rankin-Cohen brackets, as well as in terms of quasimodular forms and almost holomorphic modular forms. The last of these descriptions involves the holomorphic projection map. The paper also includes some general results on …
In this paper, we study third-order modular ordinary differential equations (MODE for short) of the following form $y'''+Q_2(z)y'+Q_3(z)y=0$, $z\in\mathbb{H}=\{z\in\mathbb{C} \,|\,\operatorname{Im}z>0 \}$, where $Q_2(z)$ and $Q_3(z)-\frac12 Q_2'(z)$ are meromorphic modular forms on ${\rm SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$ of weight $4$ and $6$, respectively. We show that any quasimodular form of depth $2$ on ${\rm SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$ leads to such a MODE. Conversely, we introduce the so-called Bol representation $\hatρ\colon {\rm SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})\to{\rm SL}(3,\mathbb{C})$ for this MODE and give the necessary …
Kaneko and Koike introduced the notion of extremal quasi-modular form and proposed conjectures on their arithmetic properties. The aim of this note is to prove a rather sharp multiplicity estimate for these quasi-modular forms. The note ends with discussions and partial answers around these conjectures and an appendix by G. Nebe containing the proof of the integrality of the Fourier coefficients of the normalised extremal quasimodular form of weight 14 and depth 1.
We define two-parameter generalizations of Andrews' $(k+1)$-marked odd Durfee symbols and $2k$th symmetrized odd rank moments, and study the automorphic properties of some of their generating functions. When $k=0$ we obtain families of modular forms and mock modular forms. When $k \geq 1$, we find quasimodular forms and quasimock modular forms.
There are many families of functions on partitions, such as the shifted symmetric functions, for which the corresponding q-brackets are quasimodular forms. We extend these families so that the corresponding q-brackets are quasimodular for a congruence subgroup. Moreover, we find subspaces of these families for which the q-bracket is a modular form. These results follow from the properties of Taylor coefficients of strictly meromorphic quasi-Jacobi forms around rational lattice points.
Viazovska proved that the $E_8$ lattice sphere packing is the densest sphere packing in 8 dimensions. Her proof relies on two inequalities between functions defined in terms of modular and quasimodular forms. We give a direct proof of these inequalities that does not rely on computer calculations.
Given modular forms $f$ and $g$ of weights $k$ and $\ell$, respectively, their Rankin-Cohen bracket $[f,g]^{(k, \ell)}_n$ corresponding to a nonnegative integer $n$ is a modular form of weight $k +\ell +2n$, and it is given as a linear combination of the products of the form $f^{(r)} g^{(n-r)}$ for $0 \leq r \leq n$. We use a correspondence between quasimodular forms and sequences of modular forms to express the Dirichlet series of a product of derivatives of modular forms as a linear combination of the Dirichlet series of Rankin-Cohen brackets.
A formal definition of the graded algebra $\mathcal{R}$ of modular linear differential operators is given and its properties are studied. An algebraic structure of the solutions to modular linear differential equations (MLDEs) is shown. It is also proved that any quasimodular form of weight $k$ and depth $s$ becomes a solution to a monic MLDE of weight $k-s$. By using the algebraic properties of $\mathcal{R}$, linear differential operators which map the solution space of a monic MLDE to that of another are determined for sufficiently low weights and orders. Furthermore, a lower bound of the or…
Hoffstein and Hulse recently introduced the notion of shifted convolution Dirichlet series for pairs of modular forms $f_1$ and $f_2$. The second two authors investigated certain special values of symmetrized sums of such functions, numbers which are generally expected to be mysterious transcendental numbers. They proved that the generating functions of these values in $h$-aspect are linear combinations of mixed mock modular forms and quasimodular forms. Here we examine the special cases when $f_1=f_2$ where, in addition, there is a prime $p$ for which $p^2$ divides the level. We prove that th…
We obtain a condition describing when the quasimodular forms given by the Bloch-Okounkov theorem as $q$-brackets of certain functions on partitions are actually modular. This condition involves the kernel of an operator Δ. We describe an explicit basis for this kernel, which is very similar to the space of classical harmonic polynomials.
We use Rankin-Cohen brackets for modular forms and quasimodular forms to give a different proof of the results obtained by D. Lanphier and D. Niebur on the van der Pol type identities for the Ramanujan's tau function. As consequences we obtain convolution sums and congruence relations involving the divisor functions.
For any number $m \equiv 0,1 \, (4)$ we correct the generating function of Hurwitz class number sums $\sum_r H(4n - mr^2)$ to a modular form (or quasimodular form if $m$ is a square) of weight two for the Weil representation attached to a binary quadratic form of discriminant $m$ and determine its behavior in the Petersson scalar product. This modular form arises through holomorphic projection of the zero-value of a nonholomorphic Jacobi Eisenstein series of index $1/m$. When $m$ is prime, we recover the classical Hirzebruch-Zagier series whose coefficients are intersection numbers of curves o…
In 2007, G.E. Andrews introduced the $(n+1)$-variable combinatorial generating function $R_n(x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_n;q)$ for ranks of $n$-marked Durfee symbols, an $(n+1)$-dimensional multisum, as a vast generalization to the ordinary two-variable partition rank generating function. Since then, it has been a problem of interest to understand the automorphic properties of this function; in special cases and under suitable specializations of parameters, $R_n$ has been shown to possess modular, quasimodular, and mock modular properties when viewed as a function on the upper half complex plane $\mathbb…
By the theory of Eisenstein series, generating functions of various divisor functions arise as modular forms. It is natural to ask whether further divisor functions arise systematically in the theory of mock modular forms. We establish, using the method of Zagier and Zwegers on holomorphic projection, that this is indeed the case for certain (twisted) "small divisors" summatory functions $σ_ψ^{\mathrm{sm}}(n)$. More precisely, in terms of the weight 2 quasimodular Eisenstein series $E_2(τ)$ and a generic Shimura theta function $θ_ψ(τ)$, we show that there is a constant $α_ψ$ for which $$ \math…
For functions $f: \mathcal{P}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ on partitions, Bloch and Okounkov defined a power series $\langle f\rangle_q$ that is the "weighted average" of $f$. As Fourier series in $q=e^{2πi z}$, such $q$-brackets generate the ring of quasimodular forms, and the modular forms that are powers of Dedekind's eta-function. Using work of Berndt and Han, we build modular objects from $$ f_t(λ):= t\sum_{h\in \mathcal{H}_t(λ)}\frac{1}{h^2}, $$ weighted sums over partition hook numbers that are multiples of $t$. We find that $\langle f_t \rangle_q$ is the Eichler integral of $(1-E_2(tz))/24,$…
The modularity of the partition generating function has many important consequences, for example asymptotics and congruences for $p(n)$. In a series of papers the author and Ono \cite{BO1,BO2} connected the rank, a partition statistic introduced by Dyson, to weak Maass forms, a new class of functions which are related to modular forms and which were first considered in \cite{BF}. Here we do a further step towards understanding how weak Maass forms arise from interesting partition statistics by placing certain 2-marked Durfee symbols introduced by Andrews \cite{An1} into the framework of weak M…
We survey the theory of vector-valued modular forms and their connections with modular differential equations and Fuchsian equations over the three-punctured sphere. We present a number of numerical examples showing how the theory in dimensions 2 and 3 leads naturally to close connections between modular forms and hypergeometric series.
Let $Γ$ be the Fuchsian group of the first kind. For an even integer $m\ge 4$, we study $m/2$-holomorphic differentials in terms of space of (holomorphic) cuspidal modular forms $S_m(Γ)$. We also give in depth study of Wronskians of cuspidal modular forms and their divisors.
A description is given of all primitive differential series mod p of order 1 which are eigenvectors of all the Hecke operators and which are differential Fourier expansions of differential modular forms of arbitrary order and given weight; this set of differential series is shown to be in a natural one-to-one correspondence with the set of series mod p (of order 0) which are eigenvectors of all the Hecke operators and which are Fourier expansions of (classical) modular forms of appropriate weight.
In this article, we construct differential modular forms for compact Shimura curves over totally real fields bigger than rational of non-zero integral weights that is not classical (of order zero) generalizing the construction of Buium [8].
Motivated by the relationship of classical modular functions and Picard--Fuchs linear differential equations of order 2 and 3, we present an analogous concept for equations of order 4 and 5.
We give a survey of recent work on the construction of differential operators on various types of modular forms (mod p). We also discuss a framework for determining the effect of such operators on the mod p Galois representations attached to Hecke eigenforms.
The purpose of this paper is to provide answers to some questions raised in a paper by Kaneko and Koike about the modularity of the solutions of a differential equations of hypergeometric type. In particular, we provide a number-theoretic explanation of why the modularity of the solutions occurs in some cases and does not occur in other cases. This also proves their conjecture on the completeness of the list of modular solutions after adding some missing cases.
The genus $4$ modular curve $X_{ns}(11)$ attached to a non-split Cartan group of level $11$ admits a model defined over $\mathbb{Q}$. We compute generators for its function field in terms of Siegel modular functions. We also show that its Jacobian is isomorphic over $\mathbb{Q}$ to the new part of the Jacobian of the classical modular curve $X_0(121)$.
In a previous paper we attached to classical complex newforms $f$ of weight $2$ certain $δ_p$-modular forms $f^{\sharp}$ of order $2$ and weight $0$; the forms $f^{\sharp}$ can be viewed as "dual" to $f$ and played a key role in some of the applications of the theory. The aim of this paper is to provide a higher weight version of this "$\sharp$-duality," by attaching to classical newforms mod $p$, $\overline{f}$, of weight $κ$ between $3$ and $p$, $δ_π$-modular forms $f^{\sharp}$ of order $2$ and weight $-κ'$, with $κ'$ between $1$ and $p-2$.
A formalism of arithmetic partial differential equations (PDEs) is being developed in which one considers several arithmetic differentiations at one fixed prime. In this theory solutions can be defined in algebraically closed p-adic fields. As an application we show that for at least two arithmetic directions every elliptic curve possesses a non-zero arithmetic PDE Manin map of order 1; such maps do not exist in the arithmetic ODE case. Similarly we construct and study "genuinely PDE" differential modular forms. As further applications we derive a Theorem of the Kernel and a Reciprocity Theore…
Kaneko and Sakai recently observed that certain elliptic curves whose associated newforms (by the modularity theorem) are given by the eta-quotients can be characterized by a particular differential equation involving modular forms and Ramanujan-Serre differential operator. In this paper, we study certain properties of modular parametrizations associated to the elliptic curves over Q, and as a consequence we generalize and explain some of their findings.
The aim of this paper is to show how differential characters of Abelian varieties can be used to construct differential modular forms of weight 0 and order 2 which are eigenvectors of Hecke operators. These differential modular forms have "essentially the same" eigenvalues as certain classical complex eigenforms of weight 2.
The Shimura correspondence connects modular forms of integral weights and half-integral weights. One of the directions is realized by the Shintani lift, where the inputs are holomorphic differentials and the outputs are holomorphic modular forms of half-integral weight. In this article, we generalize this lift to differentials of the third kind. As an application we obtain a modularity result concerning the generating series of winding numbers of closed geodesics on the modular curve.
