Dubrovin has shown that the spectrum of the quantization (with respect to the first Poisson structure) of the dispersionless Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) hierarchy is given by shifted symmetric functions; the latter are related by the Bloch-Okounkov Theorem to quasimodular forms on the full modular group. We extend the relation to quasimodular forms to the full quantum KdV hierarchy (and to the more general quantum Intermediate Long Wave hierarchy). These quantum integrable hierarchies have been defined by Buryak and Rossi in terms of the Double Ramification cycle in the moduli space of curves. The main tool and conceptual contribution of the paper is a general effective criterion for quasimodularity.
We derive an explicit generating function of correlations functions of an arbitrary tau-function of the KdV hierarchy. In particular applications, our formulation gives closed formulæ of a new type for the generating series of intersection numbers of $ψ$-classes as well as of mixed $ψ$- and $κ$-classes in full genera.
Recently R. Pandharipande, J. Solomon and R. Tessler initiated a study of the intersection theory on the moduli space of Riemann surfaces with boundary. They conjectured that the generating series of the intersection numbers is a specific solution of a system of PDEs, that they called the open KdV equations. In this paper we show that the open KdV equations are closely related to the equations for the wave function of the KdV hierarchy. This allows us to give an explicit formula for the specific solution in terms of Witten's generating series of the intersection numbers on the moduli space of …
We show that the minimal gravity of Lee-Yang series on disk is a solution to the open KdV hierarchy proposed for the intersection theory on the moduli space of Riemann surfaces with boundary.
We study the singular iso-level manifold $M_g(0)$ of the genus $g$ Mumford system associated to the spectral curve $y^2=x^{2g+1}$. We show that $M_g(0)$ is stratified by $g+1$ open subvarieties of additive algebraic groups of dimension $0,1,...,g$ and we give an explicit description of $M_g(0)$ in terms of the compactification of the generalized Jacobian. As a consequence, we obtain an effective algorithm to compute rational solutions to the genus $g$ Mumford system, which is closely related to rational solutions of the KdV hierarchy.
The spectral problem for the quantum dispersionless Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) hierarchy, aka the quantum Hopf hierarchy, is solved by Dubrovin. In this article, following Dubrovin, we study Buryak-Rossi's quantum KdV hierarchy. In particular, we prove a symmetry property and a non-degeneracy property for the quantum KdV Hamiltonians. On the basis of this we construct a complete set of common eigenvectors. The analysis underlying this spectral problem implies certain vanishing identities for combinations of characters of the symmetric group. We also comment on the geometry of the spectral curves …
We produce a hierarchiy of integrable equations by systematically adding terms to the Lax pair for the lattice modified KdV equation. The equations in the hierarchy are related to one aonother by recursion relations. These recursion relations are solved explicitly so that every equation in the hierarchy along with its Lax pair is known.
We present the open KdV hierarchy of 2d minimal gravity of Lee-Yang series which uses the boundary cosmological constant as a flow parameter. The boundary cosmological constant is a conjugate variable to the boundary flow parameter used in the open KdV hierarchy of the intersection numbers on the moduli space of Riemann surfaces with boundaries. The two generating functions are related through the Laplace transform.
It is shown that equations of the Korteweg-de Vries hierarchy and their conservation laws can be expressed via the whole powers of an integro-differential operator and functions provided by them.
In this paper, we formulate and present ample evidence towards the conjecture that the partition function (i.e. the exponential of the generating series of intersection numbers with monomials in psi classes) of the Pixton class on the moduli space of stable curves is the topological tau function of the noncommutative KdV hierarchy, which we introduced in a previous work. The specialization of this conjecture to the top degree part of Pixton's class states that the partition function of the double ramification cycle is the tau function of the dispersionless limit of this hierarchy. In fact, we …
In this paper we compute the intersection number of two double ramification cycles (with different ramification profiles) and the top Chern class of the Hodge bundle on the moduli space of stable curves of any genus. These quadratic double ramification integrals are the main ingredient for the computation of the double ramification hierarchy associated to the infinite dimensional partial cohomological field theory given by $\exp(μ^2 Θ)$ where $μ$ is a parameter and $Θ$ is Hain's theta class, appearing in Hain's formula for the double ramification cycle on the moduli space of curves of compact …
We establish precise spectral criteria for potential functions $V$ of reflectionless Schrödinger operators $L_V = -\partial_x^2 + V$ to admit solutions to the Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) hierarchy with $V$ as an initial value. More generally, our methods extend the classical study of algebro-geometric solutions for the KdV hierarchy to noncompact Riemann surfaces by defining generalized Abelian integrals and analogues of the Baker-Akhiezer function on infinitely connected domains with a uniformly thick boundary satisfying a fractional moment condition.
We propose a hierarchy of nonlinearly dispersive generalized Korteweg--de Vries (KdV) evolution equations based on a modification of the Lagrangian density whose induced action functional the KdV equation extremizes. It is shown that two recent nonlinear evolution equations describing wave propagation in certain generalized continua with an inherent material length scale are members of the proposed hierarchy. Like KdV, the equations from the proposed hierarchy possess Hamiltonian structure. Unlike KdV, however, the solutions to these equations can be compact (i.e., they vanish outside of some …
The N=2 supersymmetric α=1 KdV hierarchy in N=2 superspace is considered and its rich symmetry structure is uncovered. New nonpolynomial and nonlocal, bosonic and fermionic symmetries and Hamiltonians, bi-Hamiltonian structure as well as a recursion operator connecting all symmetries and Hamiltonian structures of the N=2 α=1 KdV hierarchy are constructed in explicit form. It is observed that the algebra of symmetries of the N=2 supersymmetric α=1 KdV hierarchy possesses two different subalgebras of N=2 supersymmetry.
It is well-known that the finite-gap solutions of the KdV equation can be generated by its recursion operator.We generalize the result to a special form of Lax pair, from which a method to constrain the integrable system to a lower-dimensional or fewer variable integrable system is proposed. A direct result is that the $n$-soliton solutions of the KdV hierarchy can be completely depicted by a series of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which may be gotten by a simple but unfamiliar Lax pair. Furthermore the AKNS hierarchy is constrained to a series of univariate integrable hierarchies. T…
It is well known that algebro-geometric solutions of the KdV hierarchy are constructed from the Riemann theta functions associated with hyperelliptic curves, and that soliton solutions can be obtained by rational (singular) limits of the corresponding curves. In this paper, we discuss a class of KP solitons in connections with space curves, which are labeled by certain types of numerical semigroups. In particular, we show that some class of the (singular and complex) KP solitons of the $l$-th generalized KdV hierarchy with $l\ge 2$ is related to the rational space curves associated with the nu…
The generating series of the intersection numbers of the stable cohomology classes on moduli spaces of curves satisfies the string equation and a KdV hierarchy. Kontsevich's original proof of this result uses a matrix model and the matrix Airy equation. Witten then recasted Kontsevich's results in terms of Virasoro algebras, by means of an ingenious mixture of Feynman diagrams techniques and integrations by parts with some "rather formidable choice" of the integrands. In this note we show how Witten's formidable choices can be bartered for standard Feynman diagram manipulations, as soon as one…
We present in this paper a differential version of Mirzakhani's recursion relation for the Weil-Petersson volumes of the moduli spaces of bordered Riemann surfaces. We discover that the differential relation, which is equivalent to the original integral formula of Mirzakhani, is a Virasoro constraint condition on a generating function for these volumes. We also show that the generating function for psi and kappa_1 intersections on the moduli space of stable algebraic curves is a 1-parameter solution to the KdV hierarchy. It recovers the Witten-Kontsevich generating function when the parameter …
We study the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) hierarchy in the small dispersion limit where $\e\to 0$. For negative analytic initial data with a single negative hump, we prove that for small times, the solution is approximated by the solution to the hyperbolic transport equation which corresponds to $\e=0$. Near the time of gradient catastrophe for the transport equation, we show that the solution to the KdV hierarchy is approximated by a particular Painlevé transcendent. This supports Dubrovins universality conjecture concerning the critical behavior of Hamiltonian perturbations…
Using the fact that Miura transformation can be expressed in the form of gauge transformation connecting the KdV and mKdV equations, we discuss the derivation of the Bäcklund transformation and its Miura-gauge transformation connecting both hierarchies.
In this paper we construct a family of cohomology classes on the moduli space of stable curves generalizing Witten's $r$-spin classes. They are parameterized by a phase space which has one extra dimension and in genus $0$ they correspond to the extended $r$-spin classes appearing in the computation of intersection numbers on the moduli space of open Riemann surfaces, while when restricted to the usual smaller phase space, they give in all genera the product of the top Hodge class by the $r$-spin class. They do not form a cohomological field theory, but a more general object which we call F-Coh…
We construct the hierarchy of a multi-component generalisation of modified KdV equation and find exact solutions to its associated members. The construction of the hierarchy and its conservation laws is based on the Drinfel'd-Sokolov scheme, however, in our case the Lax operator contains a constant non-regular element of the underlying Lie algebra. We also derive the associated recursion operator of the hierarchy using the symmetry structure of the Lax operators. Finally, using the rational dressing method, we obtain the one soliton solution, and we find the one breather solution of general ra…
Based on the matrix-resolvent approach, for an arbitrary solution to the discrete KdV hierarchy, we define the tau-function of the solution, and compare it with another tau-function of the solution defined via reduction of the Toda lattice hierarchy. Explicit formulae for generating series of logarithmic derivatives of the tau-functions are then obtained, and applications to enumeration of ribbon graphs with even valencies and to the special cubic Hodge integrals are considered.
We establish the existence of real pole-free solutions to all even members of the Painlevé I hierarchy. We also obtain asymptotics for those solutions and describe their relevance in the description of critical asymptotic behavior of solutions to the KdV equation in the small dispersion limit. This was understood in the case of a generic critical point, and we generalize it here to the case of non-generic critical points.
A complete algorithm is developed to deduce quasi-periodic solutions for the negative-order KdV (nKdV) hierarchy by using the backward Neumann systems. From the nonlinearization of Lax pair, the nKdV hierarchy is reduced to a family of backward Neumann systems via separating temporal and spatial variables. The backward Neumann systems are shown to be integrable in the Liouville sense, whose involutive solutions yield the finite parametric solutions of nKdV hierarchy. The negative-order Novikov equation is given, which specifies a finite-dimensional invariant subspace of nKdV flows. By the Abel…
Non-holonomic deformations of integrable equations of the KdV hierarchy are studied by using the expansions over the so-called "squared solutions" (squared eigenfunctions). Such deformations are equivalent to perturbed models with external (self-consistent) sources. In this regard, the KdV6 equation is viewed as a special perturbation of KdV equation. Applying expansions over the symplectic basis of squared eigenfunctions, the integrability properties of the KdV hierarchy with generic self-consistent sources are analyzed. This allows one to formulate a set of conditions on the perturbation ter…
For an arbitrary solution to the KdV hierarchy, the generating series of logarithmic derivatives of the tau-function of the solution can be expressed by the basic matrix resolvent via algebraic manipulations. Based on this we develop in this paper two new formulae for the generating series by introducing a pair of wave functions of the solution. Applications to the Witten--Kontsevich tau-function, to the generalized Brézin--Gross--Witten (BGW) tau-function, as well as to a modular deformation of the generalized BGW tau-function which we call the Lamé tau-function are also given.
The algebraic structures related with integrable structure of superconformal field theory (SCFT) are introduced. The SCFT counterparts of Baxter's Q-operator are constructed. The fusion-like relations for the transfer-matrices in different representations and their truncations are obtained.
Lax pair and Hamiltonian formulations of the N=4 supersymmetric Toda chain (KdV) hierarchy in N=4 superspace are proposed. The general formulae for the infinite tower of its bosonic flows in terms of the Lax operator in N=4 superspace are derived. A new N=4 superfield basis in which the flows are local is constructed and its embedding in the N=4 O(4) superconformal supercurrent is established. A proof that the flows possess five complex conjugations and aninfinite-dimensional group of discrete symmetries in N=4 superspace is presented. A relation between the two descriptions of the hierarchy i…
We continue the study of the quantization of supersymmetric integrable KdV hierarchies. We consider the N=2 KdV model based on the $sl^{(1)}(2|1)$ affine algebra but with a new algebraic construction for the L-operator, different from the standard Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction. We construct the quantum monodromy matrix satisfying a special version of the reflection equation and show that in the classical limit, this object gives the monodromy matrix of N=2 supersymmetric KdV system. We also show that at both the classical and the quantum levels, the trace of the monodromy matrix (transfer matrix)…
We present the hierarchy and soliton solutions associated to a multi-component generalisation of the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation. A recursive formula for obtaining the Lax operators associated to the higher flows of the hierarchy is provided. Using the method of rational dressing and the symmetries of the Lax operators we obtain the one-soliton solution. We also derive the general rank one-breather solution and express it in terms of determinants. We present the simplest case of the one-breather solution, which is parametrised by two constant unit vectors normal to each other. Finally,…
This is the third in a series of papers attempting to describe a uniform geometric framework in which many integrable systems can be placed. A soliton hierarchy can be constructed from a splitting of an infinite dimensional group $L$ as positive and negative subgroups L_+, L_- and a commuting sequence in the Lie algebra of L_+. Given f in L_-, there is a formal inverse scattering solution u_f of the hierarchy. When there is a 2 co-cycle that vanishes on both subalgebras of L_+ and L_-, Wilson constructed for each f in L_- a tau function tau_f for the hierarchy. In this third paper, we prove th…
We give 4 formulations of the Modified KP hierarchy and show that they are equivalent. We also discuss the reductions of the MKP hierarchy to the modified $n$-KdV hierarchies. As a byproduct, we find an astonishingly simple explicit description of all polynomial tau-functions of the KP, the MKP and the $n$-KdV hierarchies, and (implicitly) also for the modified $n$-KdV hierarchy.
The family F of all potentials V(x) for which the Hamiltonian H in one space dimension possesses a high order Lie symmetry is determined. A sub-family F', which contains a class of potentials allowing a realization of so(2,1) as spectrum generating algebra of H through differential operators of finite order, is identified. Furthermore and surprisingly, the families F and F' are shown to be related to the stationary KdV hierarchy. Hence, the "harmless" Hamiltonian H connects different mathematical objects, high order Lie symmetry, realization of so(2,1)-spectrum generating algebra and families …
In this work we present a scheme for construction of solutions for evolutionary PDEs of some polynomial types q'_t = P(q,q'_x,...), where P is a polynomial in a finite number of variables. This scheme is a generalization of the existing technique for solution of completely integrable PDEs using Inverse Scattering of the Sturm-Liouville differential equation. The KdV equation q'_t = - 3/2 q q'_x + 1/4 q"'_{xxx} is a special case, corresponding to type 1 evolutionary equations. We present a complete solution of type 0, and present a KdV hierarchy corresponding to infinite number of polynomial ev…
We consider the Cauchy problem for the KdV hierarchy -- a family of integrable PDEs with a Lax pair representation involving one-dimensional Schrödinger operators -- under a local in time boundedness assumption on the solution. For reflectionless initial data, we prove that the solution stays reflectionless. For almost periodic initial data with absolutely continuous spectrum, we prove that under Craig-type conditions on the spectrum, Dirichlet data evolve according to a Lipschitz Dubrovin-type flow, so the solution is uniquely recovered by a trace formula. This applies to algebro-geometric (f…
In this paper we prove that the generating series of the Hodge integrals over the moduli space of stable curves is a solution of a certain deformation of the KdV hierarchy. This hierarchy is constructed in the framework of the Dubrovin-Zhang theory of the hierarchies of the topological type. It occurs that our deformation of the KdV hierarchy is closely related to the hierarchy of the Intermediate Long Wave equation.
According to a conjecture of E. Witten proved by M. Kontsevich, a certain generating function for intersection indices on the Deligne -- Mumford moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces coincides with a certain tau-function of the KdV hierarchy. The generating function is naturally generalized under the name the {\em total descendent potential} in the theory of Gromov -- Witten invariants of symplectic manifolds. The papers arXiv: math.AG/0108100 and arXive: math.DG/0108160 contain two equivalent constructions, motivated by some results in Gromov -- Witten theory, which associate a total descendent p…
It is shown that General Relativity with negative cosmological constant in three spacetime dimensions admits a new family of boundary conditions being labeled by a nonnegative integer $k$. Gravitational excitations are then described by "boundary gravitons" that fulfill the equations of the $k$-th element of the KdV hierarchy. In particular, $k=0$ corresponds to the Brown-Henneaux boundary conditions so that excitations are described by chiral movers. In the case of $k=1$, the boundary gravitons fulfill the KdV equation and the asymptotic symmetry algebra turns out to be infinite-dimensional, …
We will describe the appearance of specific algebraic KdV potentials as a consequence of a requirement on a integro-differential expression. This expression belongs to a class generated by means of Virasoro vector fields acting on the KdV field. The ``almost'' rational KdV fields are described in terms of a geometrical locus of complex points. A class of solutions of this locus has recently appeared as a description of any conformal Verma module without degeneration.
The construction of Miura and Bäcklund transformations for $A_n$ mKdV and KdV hierarchies are presented in terms of gauge transformations acting upon the zero curvature representation. As in the well known $sl(2)$ case, we derive and relate the equations of motion for the two hierarchies. Moreover, the Miura-gauge transformation is not unique, instead, it is shown to be connected to a set of generators labeled by the exponents of $A_n$ The construction of generalized gauge-Bäcklund transformation for the $A_n$-KdV hierarchy is obtained as a composition of Miura and Bäcklund-gauge transformatio…
It is shown that the one-dimensional generalized N=4 supersymmetric Toda lattice (TL) hierarchy (nlin.Si/0311030) contains the N=4 super-KdV hierarchy with the first flow time in the role of space coordinate. Two different N=2 superfield forms of the generalized N=4 supersymmetric TL equation, which are useful when solving the N=4 super-KdV and (1,1)-GNLS hierarchies, are discussed.
We give explicit formulas for Hadamard's coefficients in terms of the tau-function of the KdV hierarchy. We show that some of the basic properties of these coefficients can be easily derived from these formulas. The first immediate corollary is the symmetry of Hadamard's coefficients about the diagonal. Another well known fact, which follows from this approach, is that on the diagonal Hadamard's coefficients determine the right-hand sides of the equations of the KdV hierarchy. The proof of the main result uses Sato theory and simple properties of Gegenbauer polynomials.
In this paper, we construct the quantum Torus symmetry of the KP hierarchy and further derive the quantum torus constraint on the tau function of the KP hierarchy. That means we give a nice representation of the quantum Torus Lie algebra in the KP system by acting on its tau function. Comparing to the $W_{\infty}$ symmetry, this quantum Torus symmetry has a nice algebraic structure with double indices. Further by reduction, we also construct the quantum Torus symmetries of the KdV and BKP hierarchies and further derive the quantum Torus constraints on their tau functions. These quantum Torus c…
It is shown that all $τ$-functions of BKP hierarchy can be written as Pfaffians of skew-symmetric matrices. $τ$-functions of BKP hierarchy are parameterized by points in the universal orthogonal Grassmannian manifold (UOGM). The UOGM is a disjoint union of Schubert cells, we classify and give explicit parameterization for points in each Schubert cell by constructing a frame for UOGM in the sense of Sato. $τ$-functions are then expressed in terms of these frames and Schur-Q functions. For concreteness we give a comprehensive study for the $τ$-functions of $B$-Toda which can be viewed as a finit…
The quantum SUSY N=1 hierarchy based on $sl(2|1)^{(2)}$ twisted affine superalgebra is considered. The construction of the corresponding Baxter's Q-operators and fusion relations is outlined. The relation with the superconformal field theory is discussed.
