The total graph is built by joining the graph to its line graph by means of the incidences. We introduce a similar construction for signed graphs. Under two similar definitions of the line signed graph, we define the corresponding total signed graph and we show that it is stable under switching. We consider balance, the frustration index and frustration number, and the largest eigenvalue. In the regular case we compute the spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the total graph and the spectra of certain compositions, and we determine some with exactly two main eigenvalues.
A signed graph is a graph whose edges are signed. In a vertex-signed graph the vertices are signed. The latter is called consistent if the product of signs in every circle is positive. The line graph of a signed graph is naturally vertex-signed. Based on a characterization by Acharya, Acharya, and Sinha in 2009, we give constructions for the signed simple graphs whose naturally vertex-signed line graph is consistent.
A signed graph is a graph whose edges are labeled either positive or negative. Corresponding to the two signed distance matrices defined for signed graphs, we define two signed distance laplacian matrices. We characterize balance in signed graphs using these matrices and find signed distance laplacian spectra of some classes of unbalanced signed graphs.
The set D of distinct signed degrees of the vertices in a signed graph G is called its signed degree set. In this paper, we prove that every non-empty set of positive (negative) integers is the signed degree set of some connected signed graph and determine the smallest possible order for such a signed graph. We also prove that every non-empty set of integers is the signed degree set of some connected signed graph.
Signed graphs have their edges labeled either as positive or negative. Here we introduce two types of signed distance matrix for signed graphs. We characterize balance in signed graphs using these matrices and we obtain explicit formulae for the distance spectrum of some unbalanced signed graphs. We also introduce the notion of distance-compatible signed graphs and partially characterize it.
In 2015, Matthias Beck and his team developed a computer program in SAGE which efficiently determines the number of signed proper $k$-colorings for a given signed graph. In this article, we determine the number of different signatures on Book graph up to switching isomorphisms. We also find a recursive formula of the signed chromatic polynomials of signed Book graphs.
A signed circuit cover of a signed graph is a natural analog of a circuit cover of a graph, and is equivalent to a covering of its corresponding signed-graphic matroid with circuits. It was conjectured that a signed graph whose signed-graphic matroid has no coloops has a 6-cover. In this paper, we prove that the conjecture holds for signed Eulerian graphs.
A signed graph is a graph in which each edge has a positive or negative sign. In this article, first we characterize the distance compatibility in the case of a connected signed graph and discussed the distance compatibility criterion for the cartesian product, lexicographic product and tensor product of signed graphs. We also deal with the distance matrix of the cartesian product, lexicographic product and tensor product of signed graphs in terms of the distance matrix of the factor graphs.
We construct infinitely many signed graphs having symmetric spectrum, by using the NEPS and rooted product of signed graphs. We also present a method for constructing large cospectral signed graphs. Although the obtained family contains only a minority of signed graphs, it strengthen the belief that the signed graphs with symmetric spectrum are deeper than bipartite graphs, i.e the unsigned graphs with symmetric spectrum.
A signed graph is an ordered pair $Σ=(G,σ),$ where $G=(V,E)$ is the underlying graph of $Σ$ with a signature function $σ:E\rightarrow \{1,-1\}$. In this article, we define $n^{th}$ power of a signed graph and discuss some properties of these powers of signed graphs. As we can define two types of signed graphs as the power of a signed graph, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for an $n^{th}$ power of a signed graph to be unique. Also, we characterize balanced power signed graphs.
Let $Γ=(G,σ)$ be a signed graph, where $σ$ is the sign function on the edges of $G$. In this paper, we use the operation of partial transpose to obtain non-isomorphic Laplacian cospectral signed graphs. We will introduce two new operations on signed graphs. These operations will establish a relationship between the adjacency spectrum of one signed graph with the Laplacian spectrum of another signed graph. As an application, these new operations will be utilized to construct several pairs of cospectral non-isomorphic signed graphs. Finally, we construct integral signed graphs.
A signed bipartite graph G(U, V) is a bipartite graph in which each edge is assigned a positive or a negative sign. The signed degree of a vertex x in G(U, V) is the number of positive edges incident with x less the number of negative edges incident with x. The set S of distinct signed degrees of the vertices of G(U, V) is called its signed degree set. In this paper, we prove that every set of integers is the signed degree set of some connected signed bipartite graph. \medskip \medskip
We describe parity labelings of signed graphs; equivalently, cuts of the underlying graph that have nearly equal sides. We characterize the balanced signed graphs which are parity signed graphs. We give structural characterizations of all parity signed stars, bistars, cycles, paths and complete bipartite graphs. The rna number of a graph is the smallest cut size that has nearly equal sides; we find it for a few classes of parity signed graphs.
We extend the work of Hanlon on the chromatic polynomial of an unlabeled graph to define the unlabeled chromatic polynomial of an unlabeled signed graph. Explicit formulas are presented for labeled and unlabeled signed chromatic polynomials as summations over distinguished order-ideals of the signed partition lattice. We also define the quotient of a signed graph by a signed permutation, and show that its signed graphic arrangement is closely related to an induced arrangement on a distinguished subspace. Lastly, a formula for the number of unlabeled acyclic orientations of a signed graph is pr…
In this paper, we study the Cartesian product of signed graphs as defined by Germina, Hameed and Zaslavsky (2011). Here we focus on its algebraic properties and look at the chromatic number of some Cartesian products. One of our main results is the unicity of the prime factor decomposition of signed graphs. This leads us to present an algorithm to compute this decomposition in linear time based on a decomposition algorithm for oriented graphs by Imrich and Peterin (2018). We also study the chromatic number of a signed graph, that is the minimum order of a signed graph to which the input signed…
A signed graph is said to be sign-symmetric if it is switching isomorphic to its negation. Bipartite signed graphs are trivially sign-symmetric. We give new constructions of non-bipartite sign-symmetric signed graphs. Sign-symmetric signed graphs have a symmetric spectrum but not the other way around. We present constructions of signed graphs with symmetric spectra which are not sign-symmetric. This, in particular answers a problem posed by Belardo, Cioabă, Koolen, and Wang (2018).
This paper studies the choosability of signed planar graphs. We prove that every signed planar graph is 5-choosable and that there is a signed planar graph which is not 4-choosable while the unsigned graph is 4-choosable. For each $k \in \{3,4,5,6\}$, every signed planar graph without circuits of length $k$ is 4-choosable. Furthermore, every signed planar graph without circuits of length 3 and of length 4 is 3-choosable. We construct a signed planar graph with girth 4 which is not 3-choosable but the unsigned graph is 3-choosable.
A signed circuit is a minimal signed graph (with respect to inclusion) that admits a nowhere-zero flow. We show that each flow-admissible signed graph on $m$ edges can be covered by signed circuits of total length at most $(3+2/3)\cdot m$, improving a recent result of Cheng et al. [manuscript, 2015]. To obtain this improvement we prove several results on signed circuit covers of trees of Eulerian graphs, which are connected signed graphs such that removing all bridges results in a collection of Eulerian graphs.
In 1983, Bouchet proposed a conjecture that every flow-admissible signed graph admits a nowhere-zero $6$-flow. Bouchet himself proved that such signed graphs admit nowhere-zero $216$-flows and Zyka further proved that such signed graphs admit nowhere-zero $30$-flows. In this paper we show that every flow-admissible signed graph admits a nowhere-zero 11-flow.
The nullity of a graph is the multiplicity of the eigenvalues zero in its spectrum. A signed graph is a graph with a sign attached to each of its edges. In this paper, we obtain the coefficient theorem of the characteristic polynomial of a signed graph, give two formulae on the nullity of signed graphs with cut-points. As applications of the above results, we investigate the nullity of the bicyclic signed graph $Γ(\infty(p,q,l))$, obtain the nullity set of unbalanced bicyclic signed graphs, and thus determine the nullity set of bicyclic signed graphs.
Two signed graphs are called switching isomorphic if one of them is isomorphic to a switching equivalent of the other. To determine the number of switching non-isomorphic signed graphs on a specific graph, we will establish a method based on the action of its automorphism group. As an application and computational results, we classify all the switching non-isomorphic signed graphs arising from the complete graph K5 and the generalized Petersen graph GP(7; 2). Moreover, some results on the automorphism groups of the target signed graphs are obtained.
The paper designs five graph operations, and proves that every signed graph with chromatic number $q$ can be obtained from all-positive complete graphs $(K_q,+)$ by repeatedly applying these operations. This result gives a signed version of the Hajós theorem, emphasizing the role of all-positive complete graphs played in the class of signed graphs, as played in the class of unsigned graphs.
The line graph of a graph with signed edges carries vertex signs. A vertex-signed graph is consistent if every circle (cycle, circuit) has positive vertex-sign product. Acharya, Acharya, and Sinha recently characterized line-consistent signed graphs, i.e., edge-signed graphs whose line graphs, with the naturally induced vertex signature, are consistent. Their proof applies Hoede's relatively difficult characterization of consistent vertex-signed graphs. We give a simple proof that does not depend on Hoede's theorem as well as a structural description of line-consistent signed graphs.
Stanley introduced the chromatic symmetric function of a simple graph, which is a generalization of a chromatic polynomial. This is expressed in terms of the integer points of the complements of the corresponding graphic arrangement. Stanley proved a combinatorial reciprocity theorem for chromatic functions. This is considered as an Ehrhart-type reciprocity theorem for the graphic arrangement. We introduce the chromatic signed-symmetric function of a signed graph, an analogue of the chromatic symmetric function, by the integer points of the complements of the corresponding signed-graphic arran…
We consider signed graphs, i.e, graphs with positive or negative signs on their edges. We determine the admissible parameters for the $\{5,6,\ldots,10\}$-regular signed graphs which have only two distinct eigenvalues. For each obtained parameter we provide some examples of signed graphs having two distinct eigenvalues. It turns out to construction of infinitely many signed graphs of each mentioned valency with only two distinct eigenvalues. We prove that for any $k\geq 5$ there are infinitely many connected signed $k$-regular graphs having maximum eigenvalue $\sqrt{k}$. Moreover for each $m\ge…
In this paper we introduce the nullity of signed graphs, and give some results on the nullity of signed graphs with pendant trees. We characterize the unicyclic signed graphs of order n with nullity n-2; n-3; n-4; n-5 respectively.
In a signed graph each edge has a sign, $+1$ or $-1$. We introduce in the present paper a new definition of connection in a signed graph by the existence of both positive and negative chains between vertices. We prove some results and properties of this definition, such as sign components, sign articulation vertices, and sign isthmi, and we compare them to corresponding graph and signed-graphic matroid properties. We apply our results to signed graphs without positive cycles. For signed graphs in which every edge is negative our properties become parity properties.
In this paper, an upper bound on the nullity of signed graphs in terms of the cyclomatic number and the number of pendant vertices is proved, and the corresponding extremal signed graphs are completely characterized.
Bouchet conjectured in 1983 that every flow-admissible signed graph admits a nowhere-zero 6-flow which is equivalent to the restriction to cubic signed graphs. In this paper, we proved that every flow-admissible $3$-edge-colorable cubic signed graph admits a nowhere-zero $10$-flow. This together with the 4-color theorem implies that every flow-admissible bridgeless planar signed graph admits a nowhere-zero $10$-flow. As a byproduct, we also show that every flow-admissible hamiltonian signed graph admits a nowhere-zero $8$-flow.
We introduce the concept of deficiency in signed graphs. The deficiency of a coloration is the number of unused colors. We classify the deficiency of 2-chromatic graphs. There are four decision problems about the minimum and maximum deficiency of a 3-chromatic signed graph. We answer two of them with a polynomial-time algorithm for deciding the maximum deficiency of a 3-chromatic signed graph.
The chromatic number of signed graphs is defined recently. The coloring and clique problem of interval graphs has been studied and polynomial time algorithms are established. Here we consider these problems for signed interval graphs and prove that the coloring problem of signed interval graphs is NP-complete whereas their ordinary clique problem is in P. We also study the complexity of further related problems.
There are several ways to generalize graph coloring to signed graphs. Máčajová, Raspaud and Škoviera introduced one of them and conjectured that in this setting, for signed planar graphs four colors are always enough, generalising thereby The Four Color Theorem. We disprove the conjecture.
We survey known results related to nowhere-zero flows and related topics, such as circuit covers and the structure of circuits of signed graphs. We include an overview of several different definitions of signed graph colouring.
Let $S=(G, σ)$ be a signed graph where $G=(V, E)$ is a graph called the underlying graph of $S$ and $σ:E(G) \rightarrow \{+,~-\}$. Let $f:V(G) \rightarrow \{1,2,\dots,|V(G)|\}$ such that $σ(uv)=+$ if and only if $f(u)$ and $f(v)$ are of same parity and $σ(uv)=-$ if and only if $f(u)$ and $f(v)$ are of opposite parity. Under $f$ we get a signed graph $G_f$ denoted as $S$, which is a parity signed graph. In this paper, we initiate the study of parity labeling in signed graphs and we define and find `rna' number denoted as $σ^-(S)$ for some classes of signed graphs. We also characterize some sign…
A signed graph is a graph whose edges are labeled positive or negative. The sign of a cycle is the product of the signs of its edges. Zaslavsky proved in 2012 that, up to switching isomorphism, there are six different signed Petersen graphs. It is also known that, up to switching isomorphism, there are two signed $K_3$'s, three signed $K_4$'s, and seven signed $K_5$'s. In this paper, we prove that there are sixteen signed $K_6$'s upto switching ismomorphism.
We generalize three classical characterizations of line graphs to line graphs of signed and gain graphs: the Krausz's characterization, the van Rooij and Wilf's characterization and the Beineke's characterization. In particular, we present a list of forbidden gain subgraphs characterizing the class of gain-line graphs. In the case of a signed graph whose underlying graph is a line graph, this list consists of exactly four signed graphs. Under the same hypothesis, we prove that a signed graph is the line graph of a signed graph if and only if its eigenvalues are either greater than $-2$, or les…
In this paper, we study the inverse signed total domination number in graphs and present new lower and upper bounds on this parameter. For example by making use of the classic theorem of Turan (1941), we present a sharp upper bound for graphs with no induced complete subgraph of order greater than two. Also, we bound this parameter for a tree in terms of its order and the number of leaves and characterize all trees attaining this bound.
A signed graph $Σ$ is a pair $(G,σ)$, where $G=(V,E)$ is the underlying graph in which each edge is assigned $+1$ or $-1$ by the signature function $σ:E\rightarrow\{-1,+1\}$. In this paper, we extend the extensively applied concepts of metric dimension and resolving sets for unsigned graphs to signed graphs. We analyze the metric dimension of some well known classes of signed graphs including a special case of signed trees. Among other things, we establish that the metric dimension of a signed graph is invariant under negation.
Let Γbe a signed graph and let A(Γ) be the adjacency matrix of Γ. The nullity of Γis the multiplicity of eigenvalue zero in the spectrum of A(Γ). In this paper we characterize the signed graphs of order n with nullity n-2 or n-3, and introduce a graph transformation which preserves the nullity. As an application we determine the unbalanced bicyclic signed graphs of order n with nullity n-3 or n-4, and signed bicyclic signed graphs (including simple bicyclic graphs) of order n with nullity n-5.
A signed graph $(G,Σ)$ is a graph $G$ together with a set $Σ\subseteq E(G)$ of negative edges. A circuit is positive if the product of the signs of its edges is positive. A signed graph $(G,Σ)$ is balanced if all its circuits are positive. The frustration index $l(G,Σ)$ is the minimum cardinality of a set $E \subseteq E(G)$ such that $(G-E,Σ-E)$ is balanced, and $(G,Σ)$ is $k$-critical if $l(G,Σ) = k$ and $l(G-e, Σ- e)<k$, for every $e \in E(G)$. We study decomposition and subdivision of critical signed graphs and completely determine the set of $t$-critical signed graphs, for $t \leq 2$. Crit…
Turán-type extremal problems for unbalanced signed graphs
Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）；Xi’an-Budapest Joint Research Center for Combinatorics, Northwestern Polytechnical University（西安-布达佩斯组合学联合研究中心）；School of Mathematical Sciences & Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Captial Normal University（首都师范大学数学科学学院与跨学科研究院）
A signed graph is a graph whose edges are labelled positive or negative. The sign of a circle (cycle, circuit) is the product of the signs of its edges. Most of the essential properties of a signed graph depend on the signs of its circles. Here I describe several questions regarding negative circles and their cousins the positive circles. Topics include incidence between signed circles and edges or vertices, characterizing signed graphs with special circle properties, counting negative circles, signed-circle packing and covering, signed circles and eigenvalues, and directed cycles in signed di…
We examine the conditions under which a signed graph contains an edge or a vertex that is contained in a unique negative circle or a unique positive circle. For an edge in a unique signed circle, the positive and negative case require the same structure on the underlying graph, but the requirements on the signature are different. We characterize the structure of the underlying graph necessary to support such an edge in terms of bridges of a circle. We then use the results from the edge version of the problem to help solve the vertex version.
In this paper, we study the signed total domination number in graphs and present new sharp lower and upper bounds for this parameter. For example by making use of the classic theorem of Turan, we present a sharp lower bound on this parameter for graphs with no complete graph of order r+1 as a subgraph. Also, we prove that n-2(s-s') is an upper bound on the signed total domination number of any tree of order n with s support vertices and s' support vertives of degree two. Moreover, we characterize all trees attainig this bound.
In this paper, we focus on the index ( largest eigenvalue) of the adjacency matrix of connected signed graphs. We give some general results on the index when the corresponding signed graph is perturbed. As applications, we determine the first five largest index among all unbalanced bicyclic graphs on n >= 36 vertices together with the corresponding extremal signed graphs whose index attain these values.
Bouchet conjectured in 1983 that each signed graph that admits a nowhere-zero flow has a nowhere-zero 6-flow. We prove that the conjecture is true for all signed series-parallel graphs. Unlike the unsigned case, the restriction to series-parallel graphs is nontrivial; in fact, the result is tight for infinitely many graphs.
