With the recent increase in precision of our cosmological datasets, measurements of $Λ$CDM model parameter provided by high- and low-redshift observations started to be in tension, i.e., the obtained values of such parameters were shown to be significantly different in a statistical sense. In~this work we tackle the tension on the value of the Hubble parameter, $H_0$, and the weighted amplitude of matter fluctuations, $S_8$, obtained from local or low-redshift measurements and from cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations. We combine the main approaches previously used in the literature by extending the cosmological model and accounting for extra systematic uncertainties. With such analysis we aim at exploring non standard cosmological models, implying deviation from a cosmological constant driven acceleration of the Universe expansion, in the presence of additional uncertainties in measurements. In more detail, we reconstruct the Dark Energy equation of state as a function of redshift, while we study the impact of type-Ia supernovae (SNIa) redshift-dependent astrophysical systematic effects on these tensions. We consider a SNIa intrinsic luminosity dependence on redshift due to the star formation rate in its environment, or the metallicity of the progenitor. We find that the $H_0$ and $S_8$ tensions can be significantly alleviated, or~even removed, if we account for varying Dark Energy for SNIa and CMB data. However, the tensions remain when we add baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) data into the analysis, even after the addition of extra SNIa systematic uncertainties. This points towards the need of either new physics beyond late-time Dark Energy, or other unaccounted systematic effects (particulary in BAO measurements), to fully solve the present tensions.
Although both early and late-time modifications of the $Λ$CDM model have been proposed to address the Hubble tension, compelling arguments suggest that for a solution to be successful it needs to modify the expansion history of the universe prior to recombination. This greatly increases the importance of precise CMB observations, and in this letter we make the argument for CMB spectral distortions, highlighting their potential role in constraining models that introduce significant shifts in the standard $Λ$CDM parameters, such as the scalar spectral index, in attempt to solve the Hubble tensio…
Recent measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) by the Planck Collaboration have produced arguably the most powerful observational evidence in support of the standard model of cosmology, i.e. the spatially flat $Λ$CDM paradigm. In this work, we perform model selection tests to examine whether the base CMB temperature and large scale polarization anisotropy data from Planck 2015 (P15) prefer any of eight commonly used one-parameter model extensions with respect to flat $Λ$CDM. We find a clear preference for models with free curvature, $Ω_\mathrm{K}$, or free amplitude of the CMB le…
The observed discrepancy of the Hubble parameter measurements in the local universe with the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data may indicate a new physics. It is vital to test the alternative models that reconcile the Hubble tension with other cosmological observations in this direction. The CMB lensing is a crucial observation that relates the early universe perturbations to the matter's late-time distribution. In this work, we study the prediction of the ü$Λ$CDM as a solution for $H_0$ tension for CMB lensing and the low- and high-$\ell$'s temperature (TT) power spectrum internal inconsi…
We investigate the Minimal Theory of Massive Gravity (MTMG) in the light of different observational data sets which are in tension within the $Λ$CDM cosmology. In particular, we analyze MTMG model, for the first time, with the Planck-CMB data, and how these precise measurements affect the free parameters of the theory. The MTMG model can affect the CMB power spectrum at large angular scales and cause a suppression on the amplitude of the matter power spectrum. We find that on adding Planck-CMB data, the graviton has a small, positive, but non-zero mass at 68\% confidence level, and from this p…
Future precision measurements of CMB polarizations can shed new light on the problem so called Hubble tension. The Hubble tension comes from the difference of the evolutions of the Hubble parameter which are determined with two different distance ladders. The standard distance ladder with the observation of Cepheid variables and type Ia supernovae gives larger values of the Hubble constant, and the inverse distance ladder with the observation of the baryon acoustic oscillations both in the CMB and in the clustering of galaxies gives smaller values of the Hubble constant. These different evolut…
Recent studies have presented evidence for tension between the constraints on Omega_m and sigma_8 from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and measurements of large-scale structure (LSS). This tension can potentially be resolved by appealing to extensions of the standard model of cosmology and/or untreated systematic errors in the modelling of LSS, of which baryonic physics has been frequently suggested. We revisit this tension using, for the first time, carefully-calibrated cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, which thus capture the back reaction of the baryons on the total matter distr…
Despite the great observational success of the standard cosmological model some discrepancies in the inferred parameter constraints have manifested among a number of cosmological data sets. These include a tension between the expansion rate of our Cosmos as inferred from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and as found from local measurements, the preference for an enhanced amplitude of CMB lensing, a somewhat low quadrupole moment of the CMB fluctuations as well as a preference for a lower amplitude of matter fluctuations in large-scale structure surveys than inferred from the CMB. We analy…
The precise measurements of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy angular power spectra made by the Planck satellite show an anomalous value for the lensing amplitude, defined by the parameter $A_{lens}$, at more than $2$ standard deviations. In this paper, after discussing the current status of the anomaly, we quantify the potential of future CMB measurements in confirming/falsifying the $A_{lens}$ tension. We find that a space-based experiment as LiteBIRD could falsify the current $A_{lens}$ tension at the level of $5$ standard deviations. Similar constraints can be achieved by a Stage-III …
We study the global agreement between the most recent observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background temperature and polarization anisotropies angular power spectra released by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and the Planck satellite in various cosmological models that differ by the inclusion of different combinations of additional parameters. By using the Suspiciousness statistic, we show that the global "CMB tension" between the two experiments, quantified at the Gaussian equivalent level of $\sim 2.5\,σ$ within the baseline $Λ$CDM, is reduced at the level of $1.8σ$ when the effective numbe…
In this paper, the CMB/BAO measurements which cover the 13 redshift data in the regime $0.106 \leq z \leq 2.34$ are given out. The CMB/BAO samples are based on the BAO distance ratios $r_{s}(z_d)/D_{V}(z)$ and the CMB acoustic scales $l_{A}$. It could give out the accelerating behaviors of the $Λ$CDM, $w$CDM and o$Λ$CDM models. As the direction of the degeneracy of $Ω_{m0}-w$ and $Ω_{m0}-Ω_{k0}$ are different for the CMB/BAO and BAO data, the CMB/BAO data show ability of breaking parameter degeneracy. Our tightest constraining results is from the BAO+Planck/BAO+$Ω_{b}h^2$+$Ω_{m}h^2$ data which…
We apply a recently developed method to directly measure the gravitational lensing power spectrum from CMB power spectra to the Planck satellite data. This method allows us to analyze the tension between the temperature power spectrum and lens reconstruction in a model independent way. Even when allowing for arbitrary variations in the lensing power spectrum, the tension remains at the 2.4$σ$ level. By separating the lensing and unlensed high redshift information in the CMB power spectra, we also show that under $Λ$CDM the two are in tension at a similar level whereas the unlensed information …
We study if the discrepancy between the local and cosmological measurements of the Hubble constant $H_0$ can be reformulated as a tension in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) monopole temperature $T_0$. The latter is customarily fixed to the FIRAS best-fit value in CMB data analyses. Although this value was confirmed by several independent experiments, it is interesting to see how much parameter constraints depend on this prior. We first provide a detailed pedagogical description of the $T_0$ effects on cosmological observables. We show that the recombination history and transfer functions…
It is possible to explain the discrepancy (tension) between the local measurement of the cosmological parameter $H_0$ (the Hubble constant) and its value derived from the Planck-mission measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) by considering contamination of the CMB by emission from some medium surrounding distant extragalactic sources (a distant foreground), such as extremely cold coarse-grain (grey) dust. As any other foreground, it would alter the CMB power spectrum and contribute to the dispersion of CMB temperature fluctuations. By generating random samples of CMB with differ…
We investigate the $H_0$ tension in a range of extended model frameworks beyond the standard $Λ$CDM without the data from cosmic microwave background (CMB). Specifically, we adopt the data from baryon acoustic oscillation, big bang nucleosynthesis and type Ia supernovae as indirect measurements of $H_0$ to study the tension. We show that the estimated value of $H_0$ from indirect measurements is overall lower than that from direct local ones regardless of the data sets and a range of extended models to be analyzed, which indicates that, although the significance of the tension varies depending…
The well-known tensions on the cosmological parameters $H_0$ and $σ_8$ within the $Λ$CDM cosmology shown by the Planck-CMB and LSS data are possibly due to the systematics in the data or our ignorance of some new physics beyond the $Λ$CDM model. In this letter, we focus on the second possibility, and investigate a minimal extension of the $Λ$CDM model by allowing a coupling between its dark sector components (dark energy and dark matter). We analyze this scenario with Planck-CMB, KiDS and HST data, and find that the $H_0$ and $σ_8$ tensions disappear at 68\% CL. In the joint analyzes with Plan…
We analyze the claimed tension between redshift space distorsions measurements of $f(z)σ_8(z)$ and the predictions of standard $Λ$CDM (Planck 2015 and 2018) cosmology. We consider a dataset consisting of 17 data points extending up to redshift $z=1.52$ and corrected for the Alcock-Paczynski effect. Thus, calculating the evolution of the growth factor in a $w$CDM cosmology, we find that the tension for the best fit parameters $w$, $Ω_m$ and $σ_8$ with respect to the Planck 2018 $Λ$CDM parameters is below $2σ$ in all the marginalized confidence regions.
The existence of ultralight axion (ULA) with mass $\mathcal{O}( 10^{-26}\text{eV})$ is not favored by the CMB observations in the standard $Λ$CDM model. We show that the inclusion of early dark energy (EDE) will lift the CMB-lockdown on such ULA, and possibly other forms of dark matter beyond cold dark matter. By performing Monte Carlo Markov Chain analysis, it is found that, as opposed to $Λ$CDM, the AdS-EDE cosmology (with an Anti-de Sitter phase around recombination) now allows the existence of axion with mass $10^{-26}$ eV and predicts $6\%$ of the matter in our Universe to be such ULA, wh…
Since the publication of the results of the Planck satellite mission in 2013, the local and early universes have been considered to be in tension in respect of the determination of amplitude of the matter density spatial fluctuations ($σ_8$) and the amount of matter present in the universe ($Ω_m$). This tension can be seen as a lack of massive galaxy clusters in the local universe compared to the prediction inferred from Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) best-fitting cosmology. In the present analysis, we perform the first detection of the cross-correlation between X-rays and CMB weak-l…
Planck-2015 data seem to favour a large value of the lensing amplitude parameter, $A_{\rm L}=1.22\pm0.10$, in CMB spectra. This result is in $2σ$ tension with the lensing reconstruction result, $A_{\rm L}^{ϕϕ}=0.95\pm0.04$. In this paper, we simulate several CMB anisotropy and CMB lensing spectra based on Planck-2015 best-fit cosmological parameter values and Planck blue book beam and noise specifications. We analyse several modified gravity models within the effective field theory framework against these simulations and find that models whose effective Newton constant is enhanced can modulate…
By focusing on the simple $w\neq-1$ extension to $Λ$CDM, we assess which epoch(s) possibly source the $H_0$-tension. We consider Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data in three possible ways: $i)$ complete CMB data; $ii)$ excluding the $l<30$ temperature and polarization likelihoods; $iii)$ imposing early universe priors, that disentangle early and late time physics. Through a joint analysis with low-redshift supernovae type-Ia and gravitationally lensed time delay datasets, {and neglecting galaxy clustering Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) data}, we find that the inclusion of early univers…
The excellent measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) fluctuations by Planck allow us to tightly constrain the amplitude of matter fluctuations at redshift $\sim 1100$ in the $Λ$-cold dark matter ($Λ$CDM) model. This amplitude can be extrapolated to the present epoch, yielding constraints on the value of the $σ_8$ parameter. On the other hand, the abundance of Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) clusters detected by Planck, with masses inferred using a hydrostatic equilibrium assumption, leads to a significantly lower value of the same parameter. This discrepancy is often dubbed the $σ_8$ ten…
The Hubble tension that the standard $Λ$CDM model is suffering from can be resolved with pre-recombination early dark energy. We present the first constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ in corresponding Hubble-tension-free cosmologies using the most recent BICEP/Keck cosmic microwave background (CMB) B-mode polarization data. We find, combining BICEP/Keck with Planck18 CMB and baryon acoustic oscillation data, that the models with larger Hubble constant $H_0$ will have tighter upper bound on $r$, and resolution $H_0\sim73$ km/s/Mpc of the Hubble tension tightens the upper bound to $r<0.0…
The Hubble constant ($H_0$) estimated from the local Cepheid-supernova (SN) distance ladder is in 3-$σ$ tension with the value extrapolated from cosmic microwave background (CMB) data assuming the standard cosmological model. Whether this tension represents new physics or systematic effects is the subject of intense debate. Here, we investigate how new, independent $H_0$ estimates can arbitrate this tension, assessing whether the measurements are consistent with being derived from the same model using the posterior predictive distribution (PPD). We show that, with existing data, the inverse di…
It has been recently shown that the presence of a vector field over cosmological scales could explain the observed accelerated expansion of the universe without introducing neither new scales nor unnatural initial conditions in the early universe, thus avoiding the coincidence problem. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the constraints imposed by SNIa, CMB and BAO data on the vector dark energy model with general spatial curvature. We find that contrary to standard cosmology, CMB data excludes a flat universe for this model and, in fact, predicts a closed geometry for the spatial sections…
We determine the proper motion of the Solar system from the Pantheon sample of supernovae (SNe) of type Ia. The posterior distribution of the Solar system proper velocity, its direction and relevant cosmological parameters are obtained based on the observed distance moduli, heliocentric redshifts, and positions of SNe by means of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. We account for the unknown peculiar motion of SNe by including their expected covariance from linear theory. We find that the Solar system moves with $v_o = 249 \pm 51$ km/s towards $RA = 166 \pm 16$ deg, $Dec = 10 \pm 19$ deg (J2000…
The standard cosmological paradigm narrates a reassuring story of a universe currently dominated by an enigmatic dark energy component. Disquietingly, its universal explaining power has recently been challenged by, above all, the $\sim4σ$ tension in the values of the Hubble constant. Another, less studied anomaly is the repeated observation of integrated Sachs-Wolfe imprints $\sim5\times$ stronger than expected in the $Λ$CDM model from R>100 $Mpc/h$ super-structures. Here we show that the inhomogeneous AvERA model of emerging curvature is capable of telling a plausible albeit radically differe…
The discrepancy between the Hubble parameter inferred from local measurements and that from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) has motivated careful scrutiny of the assumptions that enter both analyses. Here we point out that the location of the recombination peak in the CMB B-mode power spectrum is determined by the light horizon at the surface of last scatter and thus provides an alternative early-Universe standard ruler. It can thus be used as a cross-check for the standard ruler inferred from the acoustic peaks in the CMB temperature power spectrum and to test various explanations for t…
The angular power spectra of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies reconstructed from Planck data seem to present too much gravitational lensing distortion. This is quantified by the control parameter $A_L$ that should be compatible with unity for a standard cosmology. With the Class Boltzmann solver and the profile-likelihood method, for this parameter we measure a 2.6$σ$ shift from 1 using the Planck public likelihoods. We show that, owing to strong correlations with the reionization optical depth $τ$ and the primordial perturbation amplitude $A_s$, a $\sim2σ$ tensio…
JWST high redshift galaxy observations predict a higher star formation efficiency than the standard cosmology does, which poses a new tension to $Λ$CDM. We find that the situation is worse than expected. The true situation is that the Planck CMB measurement has a strong tension with JWST high redshift galaxy observations. Specifically, we make a trial to alleviate this tension by considering alternative cosmological models including dark matter-baryon interaction, $f(R)$ gravity and dynamical dark energy. Within current cosmological constraints from Planck-2018 CMB data, we find that these mod…
We perform a Fisher matrix calculation of the predicted uncertainties on estimates of the cosmic string tension Gmu from upcoming observational data (namely, cosmic microwave background power spectra from the Planck satellite and an idealized future polarization experiment). We employ simulations that are more general than others commonly used in the literature, leaving the mean velocity of strings, correlation length of the string network, and "wiggliness" (which parametrizes smaller-scale structure along the strings) as free parameters that can be observationally measured. In a new code, Str…
Can cosmic rotation resolve the Hubble tension? Constraints from CMB and large-scale structure
Scuola Superiore Meridionale（南方高等学院）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sez. di Napoli（意大利国家核物理研究所那不勒斯分部）；Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia（巴伊亚联邦大学物理研究所）；Observatório Nacional（国家天文台）
We examine the internal consistency of the Planck 2015 cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropy power spectrum. We show that tension exists between cosmological constant cold dark matter (LCDM) model parameters inferred from multipoles l<1000 (roughly those accessible to Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe), and from l>=1000, particularly the CDM density, Omega_ch^2, which is discrepant at 2.5 sigma for a Planck-motivated prior on the optical depth, tau=0.07+/-0.02. We find some parameter tensions to be larger than previously reported because of inaccuracy in the code used by …
In the present work, we investigate the tension in the recent Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) datasets Constitution and Union. We show that they are in tension not only with the observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy and the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), but also with other SNIa datasets such as Davis and SNLS. Then, we find the main sources responsible for the tension. Further, we make this more robust by employing the method of random truncation. Based on the results of this work, we suggest two truncated versions of the Union and Constitution datasets, namely the U…
In a previous communication we showed that a joint analysis of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data and the current measurement of the local expansion rate favours a model with a scale invariant spectrum (HZ) over the minimal $Λ$CDM scenario provided that the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, $N_{eff}$, is taken as a free parameter. Such a result is basically obtained due to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) value of the Hubble constant, $H_0 = 73.24 \pm 1.74$ $\rm{km.s^{-1}.Mpc^{-1}}$ (68\% C.L.), as the CMB data alone discard the HZ+$N_{eff}$ model. Although such a model …
We apply a tension metric $Q_\textrm{UDM}$, the update difference in mean parameters, to understand the source of the difference in the measured Hubble constant $H_0$ inferred with cosmic microwave background lensing measurements from the Planck satellite ($H_0=67.9^{+1.1}_{-1.3}\, \mathrm{km/s/Mpc}$) and from the South Pole Telescope ($H_0=72.0^{+2.1}_{-2.5}\, \mathrm{km/s/Mpc}$) when both are combined with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements with priors on the baryon density (BBN). $Q_\textrm{UDM}$ isolates the relevant parameter directions for tension or concordance where the two…
The E-mode (EE) CMB power spectra measured by Planck, ACTPol, and SPTpol constrain the Hubble constant to be $70.0\pm2.7$, $72.4^{+3.9}_{-4.8}$, and $73.1^{+3.3}_{-3.9}$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ within the standard $Λ$CDM model (posterior mean and central 68% interval bounds). These values are higher than the constraints from the Planck temperature (TT) power spectrum, and consistent with the Cepheid-supernova distance ladder measurement $H_0=73.2\pm1.3$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$. If this preference for a higher value was strengthened in a joint analysis it could provide an intriguing hint at the r…
The primordial CMB at small angular scales is sensitive to the ionization and expansion history of the universe around the time of recombination. This dependence has been exploited to constrain the helium abundance and the effective number of relativistic species. Here we focus on allowed ionization fraction trajectories, $\Xe (z)$, by constraining low-order principal components of perturbations to the standard recombination scenario ($\Xe$-eigenmodes) in the circa 2011 SPT, ACT and WMAP7 data. Although the trajectories are statistically consistent with the standard recombination, we find that…
We propose a dark energy model based on the physics of critical phenomena which is consistent with both the Planck's CMB and the Riess et al.'s local Hubble measurements. In this model the dark energy density behaves like the magnetization of the Ising model. This means the dark energy is an emergent phenomenon and we named it critically emergent dark energy model, CEDE. In CEDE, dark energy emerges at a transition redshift, $z_c$, corresponding to the critical temperature in critical phenomena. Combining the Planck CMB data and local measurement of the Hubble constant from Riess et al. (2019)…
We cross-correlate cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing and galaxy weak lensing maps using the Planck 2013 and 2015 data and the 154 deg^2 Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey (CFHTLenS). This measurement probes large-scale structure at intermediate redshifts ~0.9, between the high- and low-redshift peaks of the CMB and CFHTLenS lensing kernels, respectively. Using the noise properties of these data sets and standard Planck 2015 LCDM cosmological parameters, we forecast a signal-to-noise ratio ~4.6 for the cross-correlation. We find that the noise level of our actual measurement …
