R. de Leon Ardon, N. Ohta, R. Percacci
We compute the one-loop effective action in unimodular gravity, starting from two different classical formulations of the theory. We find that the effective action is the same in both cases, and agrees with the one of General Relativity.
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In this short note we study unimodular gravity in Weyl-De Donder formalism. We find corresponding Hamiltonian and study consequence of the unimodular constraint on the conjugate covariant momenta. We also find covariant Hamiltonian for Henneaux-Teitelboim unimodular action and study corresponding equations of motion.
The symmetries of Unimodular Gravity are clarified somewhat.
Unimodular gravity can be formulated so that transverse diffeomorphisms and Weyl transformations are symmetries of the theory. For this formulation of unimodular gravity, we work out the two-point and three-point $h_{μν}$ contributions to the on-shell classical gravity action in the leading approximation and for an Euclidean AdS background. We conclude that these contributions do not agree with those obtained by using General Relativity due to IR divergent contact terms. The subtraction of these IR divergent terms yields the same IR finite result for both unimodular gravity and General Relativ…
We study the quantization of two versions of unimodular gravity, namely, fully diffeomorphism-invariant unimodular gravity and unimodular gravity with fixed metric determinant utilizing standard path integral approach. We derive the BRST symmetry of effective actions corresponding to several relevant gauge conditions. We observe that for some gauge conditions, the restricted gauge structure may complicate the formulation and effective actions, in particular, if the chosen gauge conditions involve the canonical momentum conjugate to the induced metric on the spatial hypersurface. The BRST symme…
On unimodular quantum gravity
单模引力在经典上等价于标准爱因斯坦引力，但在量子理论上不同：共形因子是非动力学的，规范对称性仅由横量子态构成。此外，宇宙学常数没有重整化。因此，量子理论不同于标准爱因斯坦引力的量子化。在这里，我们表明，在一个截断的完整的重整化群流的单模量子引力，有一个非平凡的紫外线吸引不动点，产生一个UV完成单模引力。我们讨论了重力的标准渐近安全情景的重要差异，并通过调查一种新形式的规范固定和鬼部门提供进一步的证据。
Geometrical Trinity of Unimodular Gravity
本文通过Weyl补偿子形式构造Weyl横向微分同胚不变的远平行引力，证明其非线性等价于单模引力，并结合对称远平行引力实现单模引力的三种几何表示。
We illustrate the recently proposed generalized unimodular gravity using simple examples of the Friedmann, Kantowski-Sachs and Schwarzschild geometries and show that it can be further generalized and reveal some unexpected and interesting effects.
In this review we discuss emergence of unimodular gravity (or, more precisely, Weyl transverse gravity) from thermodynamics of spacetime. By analyzing three different ways to obtain gravitational equations of motion by thermodynamic arguments, we show that the results point to unimodular rather than fully diffeomorphism invariant theories and that this is true even for modified gravity. The unimodular character of dynamics is especially evident from the status of cosmological constant and energy-momentum conservation.
A ghost free massive deformation of unimodular gravity (UG), in the spirit of {\em mimetic massive gravity}, is shown to exist. This construction avoids the no-go theorem for a Fierz-Pauli type of mass term in UG by giving up on Lorentz invariance. In our framework, the mimetic degree of freedom vanishes on-shell.
This chapter provides an introduction to Unimodular Gravity both at the classical and quantum level, discussing the rôle it might play in the partial solution of the Cosmological Constant problem. The main objective of this work is to serve as a conceptual introduction to Unimodular gravity without disregarding computational detail. In that sense, techniques used at the research level are presented and applied in detail.
It is well known that the problem of the cosmological constant appears in a new light in Unimodular Gravity. In particular, the zero momentum piece of the potential does not automatically produce a corresponding cosmological constant. Here we show that quantum corrections do not renormalize the classical value of this observable.
We point out that in unimodular gravity Newton's constant is an essential coupling, i.e. it is independent of field redefinitions. We illustrate the consequences of this fact by a calculation in a standard simple approximation, showing that in this case the renormalization group flow of Newton's constant is gauge and parametrization independent.
We compute the lowest order gravitational UV divergent radiative corrections to the S matrix element of the $fermion + fermion\rightarrow fermion + fermion$ scattering process in the massive Yukawa theory, coupled either to Unimodular Gravity or to General Relativity. We show that both Unimodular Gravity and General Relativity give rise to the same UV divergent contribution in Dimensional Regularization. This is a nontrivial result, since in the classical action of Unimodular Gravity coupled to the Yukawa theory, the graviton field does not couple neither to the mass operator nor to the Yukawa…
Unimodular gravity is classically equivalent to General Relativity. This equivalence extends to actions which are functions of the curvature scalar. At the quantum level, the dynamics could differ. Most importantly, the cosmological constant is not a coupling in the unimodular action, providing a new vantage point from which to address the cosmological constant fine-tuning problem. Here, a quantum theory based on the asymptotic safety scenario is studied, and evidence for an interacting fixed point in unimodular f(R) gravity is found. We study the fixed point and its properties, and also discu…
Unimodular gravity (UG) is an important theory which may explain the smallness of the cosmological constant. To get insight into the covariant quantization of UG, we discuss the BRST quantization of General Relativity (GR) with a cosmological constant in the unimodular gauge. We develop a novel way to gauge fix the transverse diffeomorphism (TDiff) and then further to fulfill the unimodular gauge. This process requires the introduction of an additional pair of BRST doublets which decouple from the physical sector together with the other three pairs of BRST doublets for the TDiff. We show that …
The so-called unimodular version of General Relativity is revisited. Unimodular gravity is constructed by fixing the determinant of the metric, what leads to the trace-free part of the equations instead of the usual Einstein field equations. Then, a cosmological constant naturally arises as an integration constant. While unimodular gravity turns out equivalent to General Relativity (GR) at the classical level, it provides important differences at the quantum level. Here we extend the unimodular constraint to some extensions of General Relativity that have drawn a lot of attention over the last…
The problem of the cosmological constant appears in a new light in Unimodular Gravity. In particular, the zero momentum piece of the potential (that is, the constant piece independent of the matter fields) does not automatically produce a cosmological constant proportional to it. The aim of this paper is to give some details on a calculation showing that quantum corrections do not renormalize the classical value of this observable.
Henneaux-Teitelboim Form of the Generalized Unimodular Gravity Action
本研究将Henneaux-Teitelboim方法推广到广义幺模引力，纳入时间重参数化以增强规范结构、揭示隐藏的空间非定域性，分析了其动力学与约束结构，指出其引力规范对称性扩展方式类似幺模引力，但作用量不具备完全微分同胚不变性。
Physical charges versus conformal invariance in unimodular gravity
本文研究幺模引力的一种表述，通过无约束度规模构造幺模度规以诱导额外外尔对称性，分析该对称性对守恒流的物理影响，并以史瓦西时空的Painlevé-Gullstrand延拓为例验证结果。
It is a well known result that any formulation of unimodular gravity is classically equivalent to General Relativity (GR), however a debate exists in the literature about this equivalence at the quantum level. In this work, we investigate the UV quantum structure of a diffeomorphism invariant formulation of unimodular gravity using functional renormalisation group methods in a Wilsonian context. We show that the effective action of the unimodular theory acquires essentially the same form with that of GR in the UV, as well as that both theories share similar UV completions within the framework …
We study Weyl symmetry (local conformal symmetry) in unimodular gravity. It is shown that the Noether currents for both Weyl symmetry and global scale symmetry, identically vanish as in the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity. We clearly explain why in the class of conformally invariant gravitational theories, the Noether currents vanish by starting with the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity. Moreover, we comment on both classical and quantum-mechanical equivalences among Einstein's general relativity, the conformally invariant scalar-tensor gravity and the Weyl-transverse (W…
We investigate path integral quantization of two versions of unimodular gravity. First a fully diffeomorphism-invariant theory is analyzed, which does not include a unimodular condition on the metric, while still being equivalent to other unimodular gravity theories at the classical level. The path integral has the same form as in general relativity (GR), except that the cosmological constant is an unspecified value of a variable, and it thus is unrelated to any coupling constant. When the state of the universe is a superposition of vacuum states, the path integral is extended to include an in…
Unimodular gravity with external sources
在幺模理论中，唯一允许的引力场的源，在保面积（横）同态和外尔变换下不变，只是能量-动量张量的无迹部分。尽管如此，由任意源（不仅是静态源）产生的自由能与广义相对论所预言的自由能是相同的。这包括所有弱场引力试验。
Unimodular Gravity is normally assumed to be equivalent to General Relativity for all matters but the character of the Cosmological Constant. Here we discuss this equivalence in the presence of a non-minimally coupled scalar field. We show that when we consider gravitation to be dynamical in a QFT sense, quantum corrections can distinguish both theories if the non-minimal coupling is non-vanishing. In order to show this, we construct a path integral formulation of Unimodular Gravity, fixing the complicated gauge invariance of the theory and computing all one-loop divergences. We find a combina…
We formally prove the existence of a quantization procedure that makes the path integral of a general diffeomorphism-invariant theory of gravity, with fixed total spacetime volume, equivalent to that of its unimodular version. This is achieved by means of a partial gauge fixing of diffeomorphisms together with a careful definition of the unimodular measure. The statement holds also in the presence of matter. As an explicit example, we consider scalar-tensor theories and compute the corresponding logarithmic divergences in both settings. In spite of significant differences in the coupling of th…
Witten diagrams in momentum space and one graviton exchange between scalars in Weyl invariant unimodular gravity
本文正面计算了动量空间中Weyl不变单模引力标量间交换引力子的s道Witten图，证明其值与广义相对论相同，并用Mandelstam变量给出了紧凑表达式。
We extend the formalism of the Einstein-Hilbert unimodular gravity in the context of modified $F(R)$ gravity. After appropriately modifying the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric in a way that it becomes compatible to the unimodular condition of having a constant metric determinant, we derive the equations of motion of the unimodular $F(R)$ gravity by using the metric formalism of modified gravity with Lagrange multiplier constraint. The resulting equations are studied in frames of reconstruction method, which enables us to realize various cosmological scenarios, which was impossible to realize…
We work out the one-loop contribution to the lepton anomalous magnetic moment coming from Unimodular Gravity. We use Dimensional Regularization and Dimensional Reduction to carry out the computations. In either case, we find that Unimodular Gravity gives rise to the same one-loop correction as that of General Relativity.
Recently, a new choice of variables was identified to understand how the quantum group structure appeared in three-dimensional gravity [1]. These variables are introduced via a canonical transformation generated by a boundary term. We show that this boundary term can actually be taken to be the volume of the boundary and that the new variables can be defined in any dimension greater than three. In addition, we study the associated metric and teleparallel formalisms. The former is a variant of the Henneaux--Teitelboim model for unimodular gravity. The latter provides a non-Abelian generalizatio…
We revisit the problem of constraining the weak field limit of the gravitational lagrangian from S-matrix properties. From unitarity and Lorentz invariance of the S-matrix of massless gravitons, we derive on-shell gauge invariance to consist on the transverse part of the linearised diffeomorphisms group. Moreover, by looking to the interaction between sources, we conclude that there exist only two possible lagrangians that lead to a well-defined covariant interaction, corresponding to the weak field limits of General Relativity and Unimodular Gravity. Additionally, this result confirms the equ…
Unimodular JT gravity and de Sitter quantum cosmology
本文通过JT引力等距群的中心扩张构造HT单模引力，在二维迷你超空间中导出类薛定谔的Wheeler-DeWitt方程，给出幺正量子宇宙学，并利用Page-Wootters表述研究单模时间与引力的量子关联。
Black hole singularity resolution in unimodular gravity from unitarity
本文通过要求幺模引力自然时间坐标下的幺正性，研究平面AdS黑洞内部的量子动力学，发现经典奇点与视界被高度量子区域取代，并论证幺模时间幺正性普遍导致黑洞奇点消解。
We propose a covariant ghost-free unimodular $F(R)$ gravity theory, which contains a three-form field and study its structure using the analogy of the proposed theory with a quantum system which describes a charged particle in uniform magnetic field. Newton's law in non-covariant unimodular $F(R)$ gravity as well as in unimodular Einstein gravity is derived and it is shown to be just the same as in General Relativity. The derivation of Newton's law in covariant unimodular $F(R)$ gravity shows that it is modified precisely in the same way as in the ordinary $F(R)$ theory. We also demonstrate th…
Unimodular gravity is an interesting approach to address the cosmological constant problem, since the vacuum energy density of quantum fields does not gravitate in this framework, and the cosmological constant appears as an integration constant. These features arise as a consequence of considering a constrained volume element 4-form that breaks the diffeomorphisms invariance down to volume preserving diffeomorphisms. In this work, the first-order formulation of unimodular gravity is presented by considering the spin density of matter fields as a source of spacetime torsion. Even though the mos…
Hamiltonian formulation of unimodular gravity in the teleparallel geometry
在广义相对论的远程平行等价的背景下，我们建立了引力的单模理论的哈密顿公式。在这里，我们不进行通常的$3+1$分解的领域的数量方面的推移和移位功能，在ADM形式主义。相应的拉格朗日乘子是四元组场的类时分量。动力学由哈密顿约束${\cal H}'_0$和一组主要约束确定。约束是第一类的，满足一个类似于庞加莱群代数的代数。
Unimodular boundary time for Regge calculus
本文利用欧几里得 Regge 微积分离散化 Henneaux-Teitelboim 引力，在对称性约化的宇宙学模型中验证了连续极限可用单模时间定义，为量子引力的离散路径积分表述迈出第一步。
We carry out the canonical analysis of a covariant version of unimodular gravity in terms of the connection representation. We then proceed to quantize this theory by implementing the Dirac procedure. We confirm whether and how the Kodama state, which is a solution of quantum general relativity, can be extended into covariant unimodular gravity. Finally, we discuss the difference of quantum states between covariant unimodular gravity, the original unimodular gravity, and general relativity.
We work out the one-loop and order $κ^2 m_ϕ^2$ UV divergent contributions, coming from Unimodular Gravity and General Relativity, to the S matrix element of the scattering process $ϕ+ ϕ\rightarrow ϕ+ ϕ$ in a $λϕ^4$ theory with mass $m_ϕ$. We show that both Unimodular Gravity and General Relativity give rise to the same UV divergent contributions in Dimension Regularization. This seems to be at odds with the known result that in a multiplicative MS dimensional regularization scheme the General Relativity corrections, in the de Donder gauge, to the beta function $β_λ$ of the $λ$ coupling do not …
Resolution of the cosmological constant problem by unimodular gravity and signature reversal symmetry
本文通过单模引力和符号反转对称性解决宇宙学常数问题的第二部分，将四维时空视为高维bulk中的膜，从而解释宇宙学常数的微小值。
Canonical analysis of unimodular Plebański gravity
本文在 Plebański 形式体系下对固定体积形式与参数化两类幺模引力作正则分析，阐明约束结构、宇宙学常数的动力学性质及实性条件。
We study the modified Reissner Nordstrom metric in the unimodular gravity. So far the spherical symmetric Einstein field equation in unimodular gravity has been studied in the absence of any source. We consider static electric and magnetic charge as source. We solve for Maxwell equations in unimodular gravitational background. We show that in unimodular gravity the electromagnetic field strength tensor is modified. We also show that the solution in unimodular gravity differs from the usual R-N metric in Einstein gravity with some corrections. We further study the thermodynamical properties of …
We perform the Hamiltonian analysis of unimodular gravity in terms of the connection representation. The unimodular condition is imposed straightforwardly into the action with a Lagrange multiplier. After classifying constraints into first class and second class, the canonical quantization is carried out. We consider the difference of the corresponding physical states between unimodular gravity and general relativity.
We combine the unimodular gravity and mimetic gravity theories into a unified theoretical framework, which is proposed to provide a suggestive proposal for a framework that may assist in the discussion and solution search of the cosmological constant problem and of the dark matter issue. After providing the formulation of the unimodular mimetic gravity and investigating all the new features that the vacuum unimodular gravity implies, by using the underlying reconstruction method, we realize some well known cosmological evolutions, with some of these being exotic for the ordinary Einstein-Hilbe…
We present a novel derivation of Einstein equations from the balance between Clausius entropy crossing the boundary of a local causal diamond and entanglement entropy associated with its horizon. Comparing this derivation with the entanglement equilibrium approach developed by Jacobson, we are able to argue for the equivalence of matter entanglement and Clausius entropy in the semiclassical regime. We also provide a direct comparison of both entropies for conformal matter, showing their equivalence without appealing to gravitational dynamics. Furthermore, we determine that gravitational dynami…
We consider modifications of general relativity characterized by a special noncovariant constraint on metric coefficients, which effectively generates a perfect-fluid type of matter stress tensor in Einstein equations. Such class of modified gravity models includes recently suggested generalized unimodular gravity (GUMG) theory and its simplest version -- unimodular gravity (UMG). We make these gravity models covariant by introducing four Stueckelberg fields and show that in the case of generalized unimodular gravity three out of these fields dynamically decouple. This means that the covariant…
Unimodular Gravity is a theory displaying Weyl rescalings of the metric and transverse (volume-preserving) diffeomorphisms as gauge symmetries, as opposed to the full set of diffeomorphisms displayed by General Relativity. Recently, we presented a systematic comparison of both theories, concluding that both of them are equivalent in everything but the behaviour of the cosmological constant under radiative corrections. A careful study of how Unimodular Gravity can be embedded in the string theory framework has not been provided yet and was not analyzed there in detail. In this article, we provi…
Semiclassical Unimodular Gravity
在经典中，单模引力被认为等同于广义相对论（GR），除了有效宇宙学常数$Λ$具有积分常数的地位。在这里，我们探讨了超越经典极限的单模引力的各种公式。我们首先考虑非一般协变的行动制定的行列式的度量是固定的单位。我们认为，相应的量子理论也相当于广义相对论的局域微扰过程中发生的一般背景的无限体积（如渐近平坦的时空）。接下来，使用相同的作用量，我们计算半经典非微扰量，我们预计这些量将由欧几里得瞬子解主导。我们推导出宇宙学和黑洞视界的熵/面积比，发现协议与GR的解决方案的背景中的无限体积，但不同意的背景与有限体积。在推导上述结果时，路径积分是在具有固定4体积的历史上进行的。我们指出，如果我们允许不同历史的4-体积在连续范围内变化，结果是不同的。在这个“广义”的幺模引力中，我们恢复了经典极限下的爱因斯坦方程的全部，包括迹，所以$Λ$不再是积分常数。最后，我们考虑了Henneaux和Teitelboim的一般协变理论，它在经典上等价于单模引力。在这种情况下，标准的半经典GR结果恢复提供的边界项在欧几里德行动是适当的选择。
In our previous paper, we have presented a covariant BRST quantization of unimodular gravity which may account for the smallness of the cosmological constant, and have shown that the physical degrees of freedom in the theory are the same as general relativity. The formulation has been given by using rank-2 antisymmetric tensor fields for both ghosts and antighosts. Here we give an alternative formulation using a vector field for the antighost but keeping the same structure for the ghosts. This gives a significantly simpler covariant quantization with less ghosts and no tripole modes in the gho…
Unimodular Plebański Gravity
本文在基于复二形式和复 SO(3) 联络的手征 Plebański 表述中构造了幺模引力的新作用量原理，使宇宙学常数成为积分常数，并给出了向 Krasnov 型纯联络形式的约化。
Unimodular Quadratic Gravity and the Cosmological Constant
本文将幺模约束施加于非微扰、背景无关的量子二次引力，证明其会改变部分暴胀量子可观测量，并提出由单次大爆炸中不同时代构成的多重宇宙以人择解释暗能量尺度。
We revisit a mechanism proposed by Hawking to resolve the cosmological constant problem (and the controversy it generated) to identify possibly more palatable alternatives and explore new connections and interpretations. In particular, through the introduction of a new action coupling the four-form field strength $F = dA$ to the cosmological constant via a dynamical field $λ(x)$, a novel Baum-Hawking-Coleman type mechanism is presented. This mechanism can be seen as a generalisation of Unimodular Gravity. A theory with a similar coupling to "$F^2$" is also presented, with promising results. We…
An effective theory of gravity in the infrared is proposed, which involves the determinant of the metric relative to the determinant of a prior metric taken to be that of Minkowski spacetime. This effective theory can be interpreted as a generalization of unimodular gravity. In a cosmological context with ultrarelativistic or cold matter, the resulting field equations have only one solution, empty Minkowski spacetime (selected by the prior metric of the theory). The introduction of energy exchange between vacuum and matter gives rise to nonstatic cosmic solutions. It is found that Minkowski sp…
Unimodular gravity (UG) is an interesting theory that may explain why the cosmological constant is extremely small, in contrast to general relativity (GR). The theory has only the transverse diffeomorphism invariance and this causes lots of debate as to the equivalence of UG to GR in the covariant quantization. We study the covariant BRST quantization of UG by gauge fixing only the transverse diffeomorphism and show that the remaining physical degrees of freedom are two, the same number as GR. This is achieved by using antisymmetric tensor ghost fields which automatically satisfy the transvers…
Revisiting Wormhole Solutions in Unimodular Gravity: Energy Conditions and Exotic Matter Requirements
本文重新审视单模引力中的虫洞解，指出先前关于普通物质可维持虫洞的结论不准确，并证实奇异物质仍为必要，与广义相对论的理论约束一致。
We discuss unimodular gravity at a classical level, and in terms of its extension into the UV through an appropriate path integral representation. Classically, unimodular gravity is simply a gauge fixed version of General Relativity (GR), and as such it yields identical dynamics and physical predictions. We clarify this and explain why there is no sense in which it can "bring a new perspective" to the cosmological constant problem. The quantum equivalence between unimodular gravity and GR is more of a subtle question, but we present an argument that suggests one can always maintain the equival…
It is shown that the one-loop effective action of unimodular gravity is the same as that of ordinary gravity, restricted to unimodular metrics. The only difference is in the treatment of the global scale degree of freedom and of the cosmological term. A constant vacuum energy does not gravitate, addressing one aspect of the cosmological constant problem.
Cosmological Perturbations in Unimodular Gravity
本文在单模引力框架下研究了宇宙学扰动理论。我们表明，拉格朗日约束的行列式的度量所需的么模引力导致一个额外的约束规范自由度的度量扰动。虽然引力势的主要运动方程保持不变，但在广义相对论中作为规范伪影的位移变量在单模引力中不能被设置为零。这个非零的位移变量影响了整个宇宙演化过程中光子的传播，因此修改了相对论引力势和微波温度各向异性之间的萨克斯-沃尔夫关系。然而，对于绝热涨落，广义相对论和么模引力的结果之间的差异在大的角尺度上被抑制了。因此，不能推导出对理论的强约束。
In this paper we investigate how to realize various quite well known cosmological bouncing models in the context of the recently developed unimodular $F(R)$ gravity. Particularly, we shall study the matter bounce scenario, the singular bounce, the superbounce and a symmetric bounce scenario. We present the behavior of the Hubble radius for each of the bouncing models we shall take into account and we investigate which era of the bouncing model is responsible for the cosmological perturbations. As we shall demonstrate, the various bouncing models do not behave in the same way, so the cosmologic…
This paper explains the Unimodular gauge fixing of gravity and supergravity in the framework of a perturbative BRST construction. The unphysical sector contains additional BRST-exact quartets to suppress possible ambiguities and impose both the Unimodular gauge fixing condition on the metric and a gauge condition for the reparametrization symmetry of the unimodular part of the metric. The Unimodular gauge choice of the metric must be completed by a $γ$-Traceless gauge condition for the Rarita--Schwinger field in the case of supergravity. This gives an interesting new class of gauges for gravit…
Density-metric unimodular gravity: vacuum maximal symmetry
我们研究了最近提出的密度度量单模引力理论的真空极大对称解，结果与暴胀理论有很大的不同，在deSitter空间中对时间的指数依赖性被幂律所取代.该理论排除了具有非零宇宙学常数的开放时空
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