We develop the notion of $g$-angle between two subspaces of a normed space. In particular, we discuss the $g$-angle between a $1$-dimensional subspace and a $t$-dimensional subspace for $t\geq 1$ and the $g$-angle between a $2$-dimensional subspace and a $t$-dimensional subspace for $t\geq 2$. Moreover, we present an explicit formula for the $g$-angle between two subspaces of $\ell^{p}$ spaces.
We introduce a new $2$-norm on a normed space using a semi-inner product $g$ on the space. Using the $2$-norm, we propose a formula for the $g$-angle between $2$-dimensional subspaces in the space. Our formula serves as a revision of the one proposed by Nur {\it et al.} \cite{Nur1}.
Associated to Birkhoff orthogonality, we study Birkhoff angles in a normed space and present some of their basic properties. We also discuss how to decide whether an angle is more acute or more obtuse than another. In addition, given two vectors $x$ and $y$ in a normed space, we study the formula for Birkhoff `cosine' of the angle from $x$ to $y$ from which we can, in principal, compute the angle. Some examples will be presented.
In the first part of our note we prove that every Weakly Lindelöf Determined (WLD) (in particular, every reflexive) non-separable Banach $X$ space contains two dense linear subspaces $Y$ and $Z$ that are not densely isomorphic. This means that there are no further dense linear subspaces $Y_0$ and $Z_0$ of $Y$ and $Z$ which are linearly isomorphic. Our main result (Theorem B) concerns the existence of biorthogonal systems in normed spaces. In particular, we prove under the Continuum Hypothesis (CH) that there exists a dense linear subspace of $\ell_2(ω_1)$ (or more generally every WLD space of …
The quotient shape types of normed vectorial spaces(over the same field) with respect to Banach spaces reduce to those of Banach spaces. The finite quotient shape type of normed spaces is an invariant of the (algebraic) dimension, but not conversely. The converse holds for separable normed spaces as well as for the bidual-like spaces (isomorphic to their second dual spaces). As a consequence, the Hilbert space $l_2$, or even its (countably dimensional, unitary) direct sum subspace may represent the unique quotient shape type of all $2^\aleph_0$-dimensional normed spaces. An application yields …
Let $X$ be a finite-dimensional normed space and let $Y \subseteq X$ be its proper linear subspace. The set of all minimal projections from $X$ to $Y$ is a convex subset of the space all linear operators from $X$ to $X$ and we can consider its affine dimension. We establish several results on the possible values of this dimension. We prove optimal upper bounds in terms of the dimensions of $X$ and $Y$. Moreover, we improve these estimates in the polyhedral normed spaces for an open and dense subset of subspaces of the given dimension. As a consequence, in the polyhedral normed spaces a minimal…
We generalize the notion of $M$-ideals in order smooth $\infty$-normed spaces to "smooth $p$-order ideals" in order smooth $p$-normed spaces. We show that if $V$ is an order smooth $p$-normed space and $W$ is a closed subspace of $V$, then $W$ is a smooth $p$-order ideal in $V$ if and only if $W^{\perp}$ is a smooth $p'$-order ideal in order smooth $p'$-normed space if and only if $W^{\perp\perp}$ is a smooth $p$-order ideal in order smooth $p$-normed space $V^{**}$. We prove that every $L$-summand in order smooth $1$-normed space is a smooth $1$-order ideal. We find a condition under which ev…
In this paper a special group of bijective maps of a normed plane, called the group of general rotations, is introduced; it contains the isometry group as a subgroup. The concept of general rotations leads to the notion of flexible motions of the plane, and to the concept of Minkowskian roulettes. As a nice consequence of this new approach to motions the validity of a strong analogue to the Euler-Savary equations for Minkowskian roulettes is proved.
We characterize $M$-ideals in order smooth $\infty$-normed spaces by extending the notion of split faces of the state space to those of the quasi-state space. We also characterize approximate order unit spaces as those order smooth $\infty$-normed spaces $V$ that are $M$-ideals in $\tilde{V}.$ Here $\tilde{V}$ is the order unit space obtained by adjoining an order unit to $V.$ To prove these results, we develop an order theoretic version of the "Alfsen-Efffros' cone decomposition theorem" for order smooth $1$-normed spaces. (As a quick application of this result, we sharpen a result on the ext…
The concept of angle, angle functions, and the question how to measure angles present old and well-established mathematical topics referring to Euclidean space, and there exist also various extensions to non-Euclidean spaces of different types. In particular, it is very interesting to investigate or to combine (geometric) properties of possible concepts of angle functions and angle measures in finite-dimensional real Banach spaces (= Minkowski spaces). However, going into this direction one will observe that there is no monograph or survey reflecting the complete picture of the existing litera…
We use probabilistic, topological and combinatorial methods to establish the following deviation inequality: For any normed space $X=(\mathbb R^n ,\|\cdot\| )$ there exists an invertible linear map $T:\mathbb R^n \to \mathbb R^n$ with \[ \mathbb P\left( \big| \|TG\| -\mathbb E\|TG\| \big| > \varepsilon \mathbb E\|TG\| \right) \leq C\exp \left( -c\max\{ \varepsilon^2, \varepsilon \} \log n \right),\quad \varepsilon>0, \] where $G$ is the standard $n$-dimensional Gaussian vector and $C,c>0$ are universal constants. It follows that for every $\varepsilon\in (0,1)$ and for every normed space $X=(\…
On Completions and Dense Subspaces of Strongly Facially Symmetric Spaces
Institute for Advances Study in Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technologies（哈尔滨工业大学高等研究院）；Suzhou Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学苏州研究院）；Romanovskiy Institute of Mathematics, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences（乌兹别克斯坦科学院罗曼诺夫斯基数学研究所）；Karakalpak State University（卡拉卡尔帕克国立大学）
Let $Y$ be a subspace of a topological vector space $X$, and $A\subset X$ an open convex set that intersects $Y$. We say that the property $(QE)$ [property $(CE)$] holds if every continuous quasiconvex [continuous convex] function on $A\cap Y$ admits a continuous quasiconvex [continuous convex] extension defined on $A$. We study relations between $(QE)$ and $(CE)$ properties, proving that $(QE)$ always implies $(CE)$ and that, under suitable hypotheses (satisfied for example if $X$ is a normed space and $Y$ is a closed subspace of $X$), the two properties are equivalent. By combining the previ…
In the recent paper \cite{Hos}, surjective isometries, not necessarily linear, $T: {\rm AC}(X,E) \longrightarrow {\rm AC}(Y,F)$ between vector-valued absolutely continuous functions on compact subsets $X$ and $Y$ of the real line, has been described. The target spaces $E$ and $F$ are strictly convex normed spaces. In this paper, we assume that $X$ and $Y$ are compact Hausdorff spaces and $E$ and $F$ are normed spaces, which are not assumed to be strictly convex. We describe (with a short proof) surjective isometries $T: (A,\|\cdot\|_A) \longrightarrow (B,\|\cdot\|_B)$ between certain normed su…
In this paper, first we study surjective isometries (not necessarily linear) between completely regular subspaces $A$ and $B$ of $C_0(X,E)$ and $C_0(Y,F)$ where $X$ and $Y$ are locally compact Hausdorff spaces and $E$ and $F$ are normed spaces, not assumed to be neither strictly convex nor complete. We show that for a class of normed spaces $F$ satisfying a new defined property related to their $T$-sets, such an isometry is a (generalized) weighted composition operator up to a translation. Then we apply the result to study surjective isometries between $A$ and $B$ whenever $A$ and $B$ are equi…
Truncated Riesz spaces was first introduced by Fremlin in the context of real-valued functions. An appropriate axiomatization of the concept was given by Ball. Keeping only the first Ball's Axiom (among three) as a definition of truncated Riesz spaces, the first named author and El Adeb proved that if $E$ is truncated Riesz space then $E\oplus\mathbb{R}$ can be equipped with a non-standard structure of Riesz space such that $E$ becomes a Riesz subspace of $E\oplus\mathbb{R}$ and the truncation of $E$ is provided by meet with $1$. In the present paper, we assume that the truncated Riesz space $…
Let $E$ be a finite-dimensional normed space and $Ω$ a nonempty convex open set in $E$. We show that the Lipschitz-free space of $Ω$ is canonically isometric to the quotient of $L^1(Ω,E)$ by the subspace consisting of vector fields with zero divergence in the sense of distributions on $E$.
On complementation and $L$-embedding of Lipschitz-free spaces in their biduals
IMPA（巴西纯粹与应用数学研究所）；Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte（北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校数学与统计系）；Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, CNRS, Laboratoire de mathématiques de Besançon (UMR 6623)（玛丽和路易·巴斯德大学、法国国家科学研究中心、贝桑松数学实验室）；Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University（约克大学数学与统计系）；Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague（布拉格捷克理工大学信息技术学院）
Let $m,n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $p\in(0,\infty)$. For a finite dimensional quasi-normed space $X=(\mathbb{R}^m, \|\cdot\|_X)$, let $$B_p^n(X) = \Big\{ (x_1,\ldots,x_n)\in\big(\mathbb{R}^{m}\big)^n: \ \sum_{i=1}^n \|x_i\|_X^p \leq 1\Big\}.$$ We show that for every $p\in(0,2)$ and $X$ which admits an isometric embedding into $L_p$, the function $$S^{n-1} \ni θ= (θ_1,\ldots,θ_n) \longmapsto \Big| B_p^n(X) \cap\Big\{(x_1,\ldots,x_n)\in \big(\mathbb{R}^{m}\big)^n: \ \sum_{i=1}^n θ_i x_i=0 \Big\} \Big|$$ is a Schur convex function of $(θ_1^2,\ldots,θ_n^2)$, where $|\cdot|$ denotes Lebesgue measure. In pa…
Jagiellonian University（雅盖隆大学）；Pedagogical University of Cracow（克拉科夫师范大学）
We say that a smooth normed space $X$ has a property (SL), if every mapping $f:X \to X$ preserving the semi-inner product on $X$ is linear. It is well known that every Hilbert space has the property (SL) and the same is true for every finite-dimensional smooth normed space. In this paper, we establish several new results concerning the property (SL). We give a simple example of a smooth and strictly convex Banach space which is isomorphic to the space $\ell_p$, but without the property (SL). Moreover, we provide a characterization of the property (SL) in the class of reflexive smooth Banach sp…
We discuss a new pseudometric on the space of all norms on a finite-dimensional vector space (or free module) $\mathbb{F}^k$, with $\mathbb{F}$ the real, complex, or quaternion numbers. This metric arises from the Lipschitz-equivalence of all norms on $\mathbb{F}^k$, and seems to be unexplored in the literature. We initiate the study of the associated quotient metric space, and show that it is complete, connected, and non-compact. In particular, the new topology is strictly coarser than that of the Banach-Mazur compactum. For example, for each $k \geqslant 2$ the metric subspace $\{ \| \cdot \…
We investigate connections between the geometry of linear subspaces and the convergence of the alternating projection method for linear projections. The aim of this article is twofold: in the first part, we show that even in Euclidean spaces the convergence of the alternating method is not determined by the principal angles between the subspaces involved. In the second part, we investigate the properties of the Oppenheim angle between two linear projections. We discuss, in particular, the question of existence and uniqueness of "consistency projections" in this context.
