We prove several results of the following type: given finite dimensional normed space V possessing certain geometric property there exists another space X having the same property and such that (1) log (dim X) = O(log (dim V)) and (2) every subspace of X, whose dimension is not "too small," contains a further well-complemented subspace nearly isometric to V. This sheds new light on the structure of large subspaces or quotients of normed spaces (resp., large sections or linear images of convex bodies) and provides definitive solutions to several problems stated in the 1980s by V. Milman. The proofs are probabilistic and depend on careful analysis of images of convex sets under Gaussian linear maps.
We prove several results of the following type: given finite dimensional normed space V there exists another space X with log (dim X) = O(log (dim V)) and such that every subspace (or quotient) of X, whose dimension is not "too small," contains a further subspace isometric to V. This sheds new light on the structure of such large subspaces or quotients (resp., large sections or projections of convex bodies) and allows to solve several problems stated in the 1980s by V. Milman. The proofs are probabilistic and depend on careful analysis of images of convex sets under Gaussian linear maps.
We define new norms for symmetric tensors over ordered normed spaces; these norms are defined by considering linear combinations of tensor products or powers of positive elements only. Relations between the different norms are studied. The results are applied to the problem of representing a finitely exchangeable distribution as a mixture of powers, i.e, mixture of distributions of i.i.d. sequences, using a signed mixing measure.
In this paper, we apply the publication of Joung (2009) to derive a stability result for for the second order linear functional equation: $f(x) = pf(x-1)-qf(x-2)$ for all $x\in\mathbb R$, where $f$ is a mapping from $\mathbb R$ into the induced random space of any Banach space. By relaxing the lower bound assumption, we also generalize the result of Jung (2009) on arbitrary random normed spaces with the minimum $t$-norm. However, we need the monotonicity of the distribution in the lower bound assumption. By the properties of normal distributions, our main result can be applied.
Relying on Kolmogorov's classical characterization of normable Topological Vector spaces, we study the normability of those Probabilistic Normed Spaces that are also Topological Vector spaces and provide a characterization of normable Šerstnev spaces. We also study the normability of other two classes of Probabilistic Normed Spaces.
We prove that an asymmetric normed space is never a Baire space if the topology induced by the asymmetric norm is not equivalent to the topology of a norm. More precisely, we show that a biBanach asymmetric normed space is a Baire space if and only if it is isomorphic to its associated normed space.
In this paper, we study some topological characteristics of the n-normed spaces. We observe convergence sequences, closed sets, and bounded sets in the n-normed spaces using norms of quotient spaces that will be constructed. These norms will be a new viewpoint in observing the characteristics of the n-normed spaces. By using these norms, we also review the completeness of the n-normed spaces.
We give a detailed proof D. Handelman's theorem stating (in the context of an order unit normed space) that a monotone sigma-complete order unit normed space is a Banach space.
In this paper, we introduce the cone normed spaces and cone bounded linear mappings. Among other things, we prove the Baire category theorem and the Banach--Steinhaus theorem in cone normed spaces.
We generalize the notion of $M$-ideals in order smooth $\infty$-normed spaces to "smooth $p$-order ideals" in order smooth $p$-normed spaces. We show that if $V$ is an order smooth $p$-normed space and $W$ is a closed subspace of $V$, then $W$ is a smooth $p$-order ideal in $V$ if and only if $W^{\perp}$ is a smooth $p'$-order ideal in order smooth $p'$-normed space if and only if $W^{\perp\perp}$ is a smooth $p$-order ideal in order smooth $p$-normed space $V^{**}$. We prove that every $L$-summand in order smooth $1$-normed space is a smooth $1$-order ideal. We find a condition under which ev…
Let X, Y be asymmetric normed spaces and Lc(X, Y) the convex cone of all linear continuous operators from X to Y. It is known that in general, Lc(X, Y) is not a vector space. The aim of this note is to prove, using the Baire category theorem, that if Lc(X, Y) is a vector space for some asymmetric normed space Y , then X is isomorphic to its associated normed space (the converse is true for every asymmetric normed space Y and is easy to establish). For this, we introduce an index of symmetry of the space X denoted c(X) $\in$ [0, 1] and we give the link between the index c(X) and the fact that L…
The idea of convex sets and various related results in 2-Probabilistic normed spaces were established in [HR]. In this paper, We obtain the concepts of convex series closedness, convex series compactness, boundedness and their interrelationships in Menger's 2-probabilistic normed space. Finally, the idea of $ \mathcal{D}- $ Boundedness in Menger's 2-probabilistic normed spaces and Menger's Generalized 2-Probabilistic Normed spaces are discussed.
We consider linear narrow operators on lattice-normed spaces. We prove that, under mild assumptions, every finite rank linear operator is strictly narrow (before it was known that such operators are narrow). Then we show that every dominated, order continuous linear operator from a lattice-normed space over atomless vector lattice to an atomic lattice-normed space is order narrow.
The quotient shape types of normed vectorial spaces(over the same field) with respect to Banach spaces reduce to those of Banach spaces. The finite quotient shape type of normed spaces is an invariant of the (algebraic) dimension, but not conversely. The converse holds for separable normed spaces as well as for the bidual-like spaces (isomorphic to their second dual spaces). As a consequence, the Hilbert space $l_2$, or even its (countably dimensional, unitary) direct sum subspace may represent the unique quotient shape type of all $2^\aleph_0$-dimensional normed spaces. An application yields …
In this paper, we study some features of n-normed spaces with respect to norms of its quotient spaces. We define continuous functions with respect to the norms of its quotient spaces and show that all types of continuity are equivalent. We also study contractive mappings on n- normed spaces using the same approach. In particular, we prove a fixed point theorem for contractive mappings on a closed and bounded set in an n-normed space.
The Erberlein-Smulian Theorem asserts that for complete normed spaces, that is Banach spaces, a subset is weak compact if and only if it is weak sequentially compact. In this paper it is shown that the completeness of the normed space is not necessary for the above mentioned result.
In this paper, we study a part of approximation theory that presents the conditions under which a closed set in a normed linear space is proximinal or Chebyshev.
In this paper we continue the study of compact-like operators in lattice normed spaces started recently by Aydin, Emelyanov, Erkurşun Özcand and Marabeh. We show among others, that every p-compact operator between lattice normed spaces is p-bounded. The paper contains answers of almost all questions asked by these authors.
In this article, we study the notions of $n$-isometries in non-Archimedean $n$-normed spaces over linear ordered non-Archimedean fields, and prove the Mazur-Ulam theorem in the spaces. Furthermore, we obtain some properties for $n$-isometries in non-Archimedean $n$-normed spaces.
In this paper we discuss some properties of resolvents of an accretive operator in linear 2-normed spaces, focusing on the concept of contraction mapping and the unique fixed point of contraction mappings in linear 2- normed spaces. Also, we establish the existence of solution of strong accretive operator equation in linear 2-normed spaces.
Inspired in the theorem of Krein-Milamn, we investigate the existence of extreme points in compact convex subsets of asymmetric normed spaces. We focus our attention in the finite dimensional case, giving a geometric description of all compact convex subsets of a finite dimensional asymmetric normed space.
We study metrically projective and metrically free matricially normed spaces. We describe these spaces in terms of a special space $\widehat M_n$, the space of $n\times n$ matrices, endowed with a special matrix-norm. We show that metrically free matricially normed spaces are matricial $\ell_1$-sums of some distinguished families of matricially normed spaces $\widehat M_n$, whereas metrically projective matricially normed spaces are complete direct summands of matricial $\ell_1$-sums of arbitrary families of the spaces $\widehat M_n$. At the end we specify the underlying normed space of $\wide…
The concept of Soft set theory was introduced by Molodtsov in the study [8]. Soft real numbers and properties were introduced inthe study [6] and soft normed space was defined in [11]. In this study, firstly we obtain a soft normed space by defining a soft norm on (Real numbers) which is called soft normed real space. By using this normed space we define the soft linear functional and investigate some of its properties. Secondly, we introduce soft dual space and soft dual operator and investigate their properties. Finally, we state and prove the theorem about representation of soft linear func…
In this paper, we shall investigate and analyse a new study on the best simultaneous approximation in the context of linear 2-normed spaces inspired by Elumalai and his coworkers in Elumalai. The basis of this investigation is to extend and refinement the definition of the classical aproximation, best approximation and some related concepts to linear 2-normed spaces.
Based on ideas of R.W. Cross, a simplified proof is presented of the density invariance of certain operational quantities associated with bounded linear operators in normed vector spaces.
We suggest a concept of generalized `angles' in arbitrary real normed vector spaces. We give for each real number a definition of an `angle' by means of the shape of the unit ball. They all yield the well known Euclidean angle in the special case of real inner product spaces. With these different angles we achieve a classification of normed spaces, and we obtain a characterization of inner product spaces. Finally we consider this construction also for a generalization of normed spaces, i.e. for spaces which may have a non-convex unit ball.
Nonstandard hulls of a vector lattice were introduced and studied in \cite{E10,E9,E7,E5,E3}. In recent paper \cite{EG}, these notions were extended to ordered vector spaces. In the present paper, following the construction of associated Banach-Kantorovich space \cite{E8}, we describe and investigate nonstandard hull of a lattice-normed space, which is a generalization of nonstandard hull of a normed space.
Let $H$ be a reflexive, dense, separable, infinite dimensional complex Hilbert space and let $B(H)$ be the algebra of all bounded linear operators on $H$. In this paper, we carry out characterizations of norm-attainable operators in normed spaces. We give conditions for norm-attainability of linear functionals in Banach spaces, non-power operators on $H$ and elementary operators. Lastly, we characterize a new notion of norm-attainability for power operators in normed spaces.
Noting the important role the abstract $L^p$ space has played in the development of random normed modules, in this paper we introduce and study the Orlicz space generated from a random normed module. First, we give a basic dual space representation theorem which identify the dual of the Orlicz heart of a random normed module with the Orlicz space generated from the random conjugate space. Then, we establish the respective equivalence relations of the strict convexity and uniform convexity of this abstract Orlicz space to the random strict convexity and random uniform convexity of the underlyin…
We introduce the notion of approximate smoothness in a normed linear space. We characterize this property and show the connections between smoothness and approximate smoothness for some spaces. As an application, we consider in particular the Birkhoff-James orthogonality and its right-additivity under the assumption of approximate smoothness.
In this work we first give for PN spaces results parallel to those obtained by Egbert for the product of PM spaces, and generalize results by Alsina and Schweizer in order to study non-trivial products and the product of $m$-- transforms of several PN spaces. In addition we present a detailed study of $α$--simple product PN spaces and, finally, the product topologies in PN spaces which are products of countable families of PN spaces.
The concept of b-linear functional and its different types of continuity in linear n-normed space are presented and some of their properties are being established. We derive the Uniform Boundedness Principle and Hahn-Banach extension Theorem with the help of bounded b-linear functionals in the case of linear n-normed spaces and discuss some examples and applications. Finally, we present the concept of weak*convergence for the sequence of bounded b-linear functionals in linear n-normed space.
Let X be a normed linear space. We examine if every open, convex and unbounded subset of X is equal to the union of a family of open straight half lines. The answer is affirmative if and only if X is finite dimensional.
In this short note, we show by elementary computations that the notion of non-Archimedean fuzzy normed (and 2-normed) spaces is void. Namely, there are no strictly convex spaces at all --not even the zero-dimensional linear space. Before this, we also study the case of strictly convex non-Archimedean normed spaces; in this setting we see that the only nonzero linear space (defined over an arbitrary non-Archimedean field) that satisfies this property is the one-dimensional linear space over $\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z}$. Consequently, the results that have been proven for this class of spaces, like …
Let $X$ be a real separable normed space $X$ admitting a separating polynomial. We prove that each continuous function from a subset $A$ of $X$ to a real Banach space can be uniformly approximated by restrictions to $A$ of functions which are analytic on open subsets of $X$. Also we prove that each continuous function to a complex Banach space from a complex separable normed space admitting a separating $*$-polynomial can be uniformly approximated by $*$-analytic functions.
A function $f$ defined on a 2-normed space $ (X,||.,.||)$ is ward continuous if it preserves quasi-Cauchy sequences where a sequence $(x_n)$ of points in $X$ is called quasi-Cauchy if $lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}||Δx_{n},z||=0$ for every $z\in X$. Some other kinds of continuties are also introduced via quasi-Cauchy sequences in 2-normed spaces. It turns out that uniform limit of ward continuous functions is again ward continuous.
For a new class of topological vector spaces, namely $κ$-normed spaces, and associated quasisemilinear topological preordered space is defined and investigated. This structure arise naturally from the consideration of a $κ$-norm, that is a distance function between a point and a $G_δ$-subset. For it, analogs of the Hahn-Banach theorem are proved.
Associated to Birkhoff orthogonality, we study Birkhoff angles in a normed space and present some of their basic properties. We also discuss how to decide whether an angle is more acute or more obtuse than another. In addition, given two vectors $x$ and $y$ in a normed space, we study the formula for Birkhoff `cosine' of the angle from $x$ to $y$ from which we can, in principal, compute the angle. Some examples will be presented.
We introduce a new $2$-norm on a normed space using a semi-inner product $g$ on the space. Using the $2$-norm, we propose a formula for the $g$-angle between $2$-dimensional subspaces in the space. Our formula serves as a revision of the one proposed by Nur {\it et al.} \cite{Nur1}.
Some properties of the (normed) dual Hom-functor $D$ and its iterations $D^n$ are exhibited. For instance: $D$ turns every canonical embedding (in the second dual space) into a retraction (of the third dual onto the first one); $D$ rises the countably infinite (algebraic) dimension only; $D$ does not change the finite quotient shape type. By means of that, the finite quotient shape classification of normed vectorial spaces is completely solved. As a consequence, two extension type theorems are derived.
In this paper, we present the generalization of B-contraction and C-contraction due to Sehgal and Hicks respectively. We also study some properties of C-contraction in probabilistic metric space.
In this paper, we will see that the Cartesian product of two 2-Banach spaces is also 2-Banach space and discuss some properties of closed linear operator in linear 2-normed space. We also describe the concept of different types of continuity of b-linear functional and derive the Uniform Boundedness Principle and Hahn-Banach extension theorem for b-linear functionals in the case of linear 2-normed spaces. We also introduce the notion of weak*convergence for the sequence of bounded b-linear functionals relative to linear 2-normed space.
The statistically unbounded $p$-convergence is an abstraction of the statistical order, unbounded order, and $p$-convergences. We investigate the concept of the statistically unbounded convergence on lattice-normed Riesz spaces with respect to statistical p-decreasing sequences. Also, we get some relations between this concept and the other kinds of statistical convergences on Riesz spaces.
We give a positive answer to the Aleksandrov problem in $n$-normed spaces under the surjectivity assumption. Namely, we show that every surjective mapping preserving $n$-distance one is affine, and thus is an $n$-isometry. This is the first time to solve the Aleksandrov problem in $n$-normed spaces with only surjective assumption even in the usual case $n=2$. Finally, when the target space is $n$-strictly convex, we prove that every mapping preserving two $n$-distances with an integer ratio is an affine $n$-isometry.
In this paper, we have defined rough convergence and rough statistical convergence of double sequences in probabilistic normed spaces which is more generalized version than the rough statistical convergence of double sequences in normed linear spaces. Also, we have defined rough statistical cluster points of double sequences and then, investigated some important results associated with the set of rough statistical limits of double sequences in these spaces. Moreover, in the same spaces, we have proved an important relation between the set of all rough statistical cluster points and rough stati…
