We present the inner products of eigenstates in integrable Richardson-Gaudin models from two different perspectives and derive two classes of Gaudin-like determinant expressions for such inner products. The requirement that one of the states is on-shell arises naturally by demanding that a state has a dual representation. By implicitly combining these different representations, inner products can be recast as domain wall boundary partition functions. The structure of all involved matrices in terms of Cauchy matrices is made explicit and used to show how one of the classes returns the Slavnov determinant formula. This framework provides a further connection between two different approaches for integrable models, one in which everything is expressed in terms of rapidities satisfying Bethe equations, and one in which everything is expressed in terms of the eigenvalues of conserved charges, satisfying quadratic equations.
We propose an extension of the numerical approach for integrable Richardson-Gaudin models based on a new set of eigenvalue-based variables. Starting solely from the Gaudin algebra, the approach is generalized towards the full class of XXZ Richardson-Gaudin models. This allows for a fast and robust numerical determination of the spectral properties of these models, avoiding the singularities usually arising at the so-called singular points. We also provide different determinant expressions for the normalization of the Bethe Ansatz states and form factors of local spin operators, opening up poss…
Starting from integrable $su(2)$ (quasi-)spin Richardson-Gaudin XXZ models we derive several properties of integrable spin models coupled to a bosonic mode. We focus on the Dicke-Jaynes-Cummings-Gaudin models and the two-channel $(p+ip)$-wave pairing Hamiltonian. The pseudo-deformation of the underlying $su(2)$ algebra is here introduced as a way to obtain these models in the contraction limit of different Richardson-Gaudin models. This allows for the construction of the full set of conserved charges, the Bethe Ansatz state, and the resulting Richardson-Gaudin equations. For these models an al…
Establishing the completeness of a Bethe Ansatz solution for an exactly solved model is a perennial challenge, which is typically approached on a case by case basis. For the rational, spin-1/2 Richardson--Gaudin system it will be argued that, for generic values of the system's coupling parameters, the Bethe states are complete. This method does not depend on knowledge of the distribution of Bethe roots, such as a string hypothesis, and is generalisable to a wider class of systems.
The Dicke model is derived in the contraction limit of a pseudo-deformation of the quasispin algebra in the su(2)-based Richardson-Gaudin models. Likewise, the integrability of the Dicke model is established by constructing the full set of conserved charges, the form of the Bethe Ansatz state, and the associated Richardson-Gaudin equations. Thanks to the formulation in terms of the pseudo-deformation, the connection from the su(2)-based Richardson-Gaudin model towards the Dicke model can be performed adiabatically.
Eigenvectors of the reduced Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer Hamiltonian have recently been employed as a variational wavefunction ansatz in quantum chemistry. This wavefunction is a mean-field of pairs of electrons (geminals). In this contribution we report optimal expressions for their reduced density matrices in both the original physical basis and the basis of the Richardson-Gaudin pairs. Physical basis expressions were originally reported by Gorohovsky and Bettelheim. In each case, the expressions scale like $\mathcal{O}(N^4)$, with the most expensive step the solution of linear equations. Analy…
We discuss a generalised version of Sklyanin's Boundary Quantum Inverse Scattering Method applied to the spin-1/2, trigonometric sl(2) case, for which both the twisted-periodic and boundary constructions are obtained as limiting cases. We then investigate the quasi-classical limit of this approach leading to a set of mutually commuting conserved operators which we refer to as the trigonometric, spin-1/2 Richardson-Gaudin system. We prove that the rational limit of the set of conserved operators for the trigonometric system is equivalent, through a change of variables, rescaling, and a basis tr…
This thesis presents an introduction to the class of Richardson-Gaudin integrable models, with special focus on the Bethe ansatz wave function, and investigates ways of applying the properties of Richardson-Gaudin models both in and out of integrability. A framework is outlined for the numerical and theoretical treatment of these systems, exposing a duality allowing the Bethe equations to be solved numerically. This is extended to the calculation of inner products and correlation functions. Using this framework, the influence of particle exchange on the Bethe ansatz is discussed, after which i…
In this work we present a determinant expression for the domain-wall boundary condition partition function of rational (XXX) Richardson-Gaudin models which, in addition to $N-1$ spins $\frac{1}{2}$, contains one arbitrarily large spin $S$. The proposed determinant representation is written in terms of a set of variables which, from previous work, are known to define eigenstates of the quantum integrable models belonging to this class as solutions to quadratic Bethe equations. Such a determinant can be useful numerically since systems of quadratic equations are much simpler to solve than the us…
The Richardson-Gaudin model describes strong pairing correlations of fermions confined to a finite chain. The integrability of the Hamiltonian allows for its eigenstates to be constructed algebraically. In this work we show that quantum group theory provides a possibility to deform the Hamiltonian while preserving integrability. More precisely, we use the so-called Jordanian r-matrix to deform the Hamiltonian of the Richardson-Gaudin model. In order to preserve its integrability, we need to insert a special nilpotent term into the auxiliary L-operator which generates integrals of motion of the…
The Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) model has a Schwinger boson realization in terms of a two-level boson pairing Hamiltonian. Through this realization, it has been shown that the LMG model is a particular case of the SU (1, 1) Richardson-Gaudin (RG) integrable models. We exploit the exact solvability of the model tostudy the behavior of the spectral parameters (pairons) that completely determine the wave function in the different phases, and across the phase transitions. Based on the relation between the Richardson equations and the Lamé differential equations we develop a method to obtain numeric…
Background: The reduced, level-independent, Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer Hamiltonian is exactly diagonalizable by means of a Bethe Ansatz wavefunction, provided the free variables in the Ansatz are the solutions of the set of Richardson-Gaudin equations. On the one side, the Bethe Ansatz is a simple product state of generalised pair operators. On the other hand, the Richardson-Gaudin equations are strongly coupled in a non-linear way, making them prone to singularities. Unfortunately, it is non-trivial to give a clear physical interpretation to the Richardson-Gaudin variables because no physical …
We establish the most general class of spin-1/2 integrable Richardson-Gaudin models including an arbitrary magnetic field, returning a fully anisotropic (XYZ) model. The restriction to spin-1/2 relaxes the usual integrability constraints, allowing for a general solution where the couplings between spins lack the usual antisymmetric properties of Richardson-Gaudin models. The full set of conserved charges are constructed explicitly and shown to satisfy a set of quadratic equations, allowing for the numerical treatment of a fully anisotropic central spin in an external magnetic field. While this…
A connection is made between the exact eigen states of the BCS Hamiltonian and the predictions made by the Tamm-Dancoff Approximation. This connection is made by means of a parametrised algebra, which gives the exact quasi-spin algebra in one limit of the parameter and the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra in the other. Using this algebra to construct the Bethe Ansatz solution of the BCS Hamiltonian, we obtain parametrised Richardson-Gaudin equations, leading to the secular equation of the Tamm-Dancoff Approximation in the bosonic limit. An example is discussed in depth.
Many exactly solvable models are based on Lie algebras. The pairing interaction is important in nuclear physics and its exact solution for identical particles in non-degenerate single-particle levels was first given by Richardson in 1963. His solution and its generalization to Richardson-Gaudin quasi-exactly solvable models have attracted the attention of many contemporary researchers and resulted in the exact solution of the isovector pn-pairing within the so(5) RG-model and the equal strength spin-isospin pn-pairing within the so(8) RG-model. Basic properties of the RG-models are summarized …
What distinguishes trivial from topological superluids in interacting many-body systems where the number of particles is conserved? Building on a class of integrable pairing Hamiltonians, we present a number-conserving, interacting variation of the Kitaev model, the Richardson-Gaudin-Kitaev chain, that remains exactly solvable for periodic and antiperiodic boundary conditions. Our model allows us to identify fermionic parity switches that distinctively characterize topological superconductivity in interacting many-body systems. Although the Majorana zero-modes in this model have only a power-l…
The first part of the present paper is devoted to a systematic construction of continuous-time finite-dimensional integrable systems arising from the rational su(2) Gaudin model through certain contraction procedures. In the second part, we derive an explicit integrable Poisson map discretizing a particular Hamiltonian flow of the rational su(2) Gaudin model. Then, the contraction procedures enable us to construct explicit integrable discretizations of the continuous systems derived in the first part of the paper.
In this work we construct the eigenstates of the most general spin-1/2 Richardson-Gaudin model integrable in an external magnetic field. This includes the possibility for fully anisotropic XYZ coupling such that the $S^x_iS^x_j$, $S^y_iS^y_j$ and $S^z_iS^z_j$ terms all have distinct coupling strengths. While insuring that integrability is maintained in the presence of an external field excludes the elliptic XYZ model which is only integrable at zero field, this work still covers a wide class of fully anisotropic (XYZ) models associated with non skew-symmetric r-matrices. The eigenstates, as co…
Higher spin Richardson-Gaudin model with time-dependent coupling: Exact dynamics
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universiteit van Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学理论物理研究所）；Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow（俄罗斯量子中心（莫斯科斯科尔科沃））；QuSoft, Science Park 123（QuSoft（科学园123号））；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for Materials Theory, Rutgers University（罗格斯大学物理与天文学系材料理论中心）
In this work we demonstrate how one can, in a generic approach, derive a set of $N$ simple quadratic Bethe equations for integrable Richardson-Gaudin (RG) models built out of $N$ spins-1/2. These equations depend only on the $N$ eigenvalues of the various conserved charges so that any solution of these equations defines, indirectly through the corresponding set of eigenvalues, one particular eigenstate. The proposed construction covers the full class of integrable RG models of the XYZ (including the subclasses of XXZ and XXX models) type realised in terms of spins-1/2, coupled with one another…
In the present paper we derive two well-known integrable cases of rigid body dynamics (the Lagrange top and the Clebsch system) performing an algebraic contraction on the two-body Lax matrices governing the (classical) su(2) Gaudin models. The procedure preserves the linear r-matrix formulation of the ancestor models. We give the Lax representation of the resulting integrable systems in terms of su(2) Lax matrices with rational and elliptic dependencies on the spectral parameter. We finally give some results about the many-body extensions of the constructed systems.
In this work we initiate an integrability-based approach to multipoint conformal blocks for higher dimensional conformal field theories. Our main observation is that conformal blocks for $N$-point functions may be considered as eigenfunctions of integrable Gaudin Hamiltonians. This provides us with a complete set of differential equations that can be used to evaluate multipoint blocks.
We consider a hierarchy of classical Liouville completely integrable models sharing the same (linear) $r$--matrix structure obtained through an $N$--th jet--extension of $\mathfrak{su}(2)$ rational Gaudin models. The main goal of the present paper is the study of the integrable model corresponding to N=3, since the case N=2 has been considered by the authors in separate papers, both in the one--body case (Lagrange top) and in the $n$--body one (Lagrange chain). We now obtain a rigid body associated with a Lie--Poisson algebra which is an extension of the Lie--Poisson structure for the two--fie…
This thesis deals with a class of integrable field theories called models with twist function. The main examples of such models are integrable non-linear sigma models, such as the Principal Chiral Model, and their deformations. A first obtained result is the proof that the so-called Bi-Yang-Baxter model, which is a two-parameter deformation of the Principal Chiral Model, is also a model with twist function. It is then shown that inhomogeneous Yang-Baxter type deformations modify certain global symmetries of the undeformed model into Poisson-Lie symmetries. Another chapter concerns the construc…
In our recent paper we described relationships between integrable systems inspired by the AGT conjecture. On the gauge theory side an integrable spin chain naturally emerges while on the conformal field theory side one obtains some special reduced Gaudin model. Two types of integrable systems were shown to be related by the spectral duality. In this paper we extend the spectral duality to the case of higher spin chains. It is proved that the N-site GL(k) Heisenberg chain is dual to the special reduced k+2-points gl(N) Gaudin model. Moreover, we construct an explicit Poisson map between the mod…
Large N limit of spectral duality in classical integrable systems
Steklov Mathematical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院斯捷克洛夫数学研究所）；Institute for Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University（莫斯科国立大学理论与数学物理研究所）
We introduce the notion of a classical dihedral affine Gaudin model, associated with an untwisted affine Kac-Moody algebra $\widetilde{\mathfrak{g}}$ equipped with an action of the dihedral group $D_{2T}$, $T \geq 1$ through (anti-)linear automorphisms. We show that a very broad family of classical integrable field theories can be recast as examples of such classical dihedral affine Gaudin models. Among these are the principal chiral model on an arbitrary real Lie group $G_0$ and the $\mathbb{Z}_T$-graded coset $σ$-model on any coset of $G_0$ defined in terms of an order $T$ automorphism of it…
The goal of this paper is to make first steps towards the quantisation of integrable non-linear sigma models using the formalism of affine Gaudin models, by approaching these theories through their conformal limits. We focus mostly on the example of the Klimčík model, which is a two-parameter deformation of the Principal Chiral Model on a Lie group $G$. We show that the UV fixed point of this theory is described classically by two decoupled chiral affine Gaudin models, encoding its left- and right-moving degrees of freedom, and give a detailed analysis of the chiral and integrable structures o…
In this work, we construct an alternative formulation to the traditional Algebraic Bethe ansatz for quantum integrable models derived from a generalised rational Gaudin algebra realised in terms of a collection of spins 1/2 coupled to a single bosonic mode. The ensemble of resulting models which we call Dicke-Jaynes-Cummings- Gaudin models are particularly relevant for the description of light-matter interaction in the context of quantum optics. Having two distinct ways to write any eigenstate of these models we then combine them in order to write overlaps and form factors of local operators i…
We solve the non-stationary Schrodinger equation for several time-dependent Hamiltonians, such as the BCS Hamiltonian with an interaction strength inversely proportional to time, periodically driven BCS and linearly driven inhomogeneous Dicke models as well as various multi-level Landau-Zener tunneling models. The latter are Demkov-Osherov, bow-tie, and generalized bow-tie models. We show that these Landau-Zener problems and their certain interacting many-body generalizations map to Gaudin magnets in a magnetic field. Moreover, we demonstrate that the time-dependent Schrodinger equation for th…
An integrable system is introduced, which is a generalization of the $\mathfrak{sl}(2)$ quantum affine Gaudin model. Among other things, the Hamiltonians are constructed and their spectrum is calculated within the ODE/IQFT approach. The model fits within the framework of Yang-Baxter integrability. This opens a way for the systematic quantization of a large class of integrable non-linear sigma models. There may also be some interest in terms of Condensed Matter applications, as the theory can be thought of as a multiparametric generalization of the Kondo model.
We review and pursue further the study of constrained realisations of affine Gaudin models, which form a large class of two-dimensional integrable field theories with gauge symmetries. In particular, we develop a systematic gauging procedure which allows to reformulate the non-constrained realisations of affine Gaudin models considered recently in [JHEP 06 (2019) 017] as equivalent models with a gauge symmetry. This reformulation is then used to construct integrable deformations of these models breaking their diagonal symmetry. In a second time, we apply these general methods to the integrable…
The elliptic Gaudin model describes completely anisotropic spin systems with long range interactions. The model was proven to be quantum integrable by Gaudin and latter the exact solution was found by means of the algebraic Bethe ansatz. In spite of the appealing properties of the model, it has not yet been applied to any physical problem. We here generalize the exact solution to systems with arbitrary spins, and study numerically the behavior of the Bethe roots for a system with three different spins. Then, we propose an integrable anisotropic central spin model that we study numerically for …
We construct a Lagrangian multiform for the class of cyclotomic (rational) Gaudin models by formulating its hierarchy within the Lie dialgebra framework of Semenov-Tian-Shansky and by using the framework of Lagrangian multiforms on coadjoint orbits. This provides the first example of a Lagrangian multiform for an integrable hierarchy whose classical $r$-matrix is non-skew-symmetric and spectral parameter-dependent. As an important by-product of the construction, we obtain a Lagrangian multiform for the periodic Toda chain by choosing an appropriate realisation of the cyclotomic Gaudin Lax matr…
The XXX Gaudin model with generic integrable boundaries specified by the most general non-diagonal K-matrices is studied by the off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method. The eigenvalues of the associated Gaudin operators and the corresponding Bethe ansatz equations are obtained.
We extend duality between the quantum integrable Gaudin models with boundary and the classical Calogero-Moser systems associated with root systems of classical Lie algebras $B_N$, $C_N$, $D_N$ to the case of supersymmetric ${\rm gl}(m|n)$ Gaudin models with $m+n=2$. Namely, we show that the spectra of quantum Hamiltonians for all such magnets being identified with the classical particles velocities provide the zero level of the classical action variables.
We construct two new one-parametric families of separated variables for the classical Lax-integrable Hamiltonian systems governed by a one-parametric family of non-skew-symmetric, non-dynamical $\mathfrak{gl}(2)\otimes \mathfrak{gl}(2)$-valued quasi-trigonometric classical $r$-matrices. We show that for all but one classical $r$-matrices in the considered one-parametric families the corresponding curves of separation differ from the standard spectral curve of the initial Lax matrix. The proposed scheme is illustrated by an example of separation of variables for $N=2$ quasi-trigonometric Gaudin…
We describe the relation between integrable Kondo problems in products of chiral $SU(2)$ WZW models and affine $SU(2)$ Gaudin models. We propose a full ODE/IM solution of the spectral problem for these models.
We relate two formalisms recently proposed for describing classical integrable field theories. The first is based on the action of four-dimensional holomorphic Chern-Simons theory introduced and studied by Costello, Witten and Yamazaki. The second makes use of classical generalised Gaudin models associated with untwisted affine Kac-Moody algebras.
We provide direct proofs of product and coproduct formulae for Schur functions where the coefficients (Littlewood--Richardson coefficients) are defined as counting puzzles. The product formula includes a second alphabet for the Schur functions, allowing in particular to recover formulae of [Molev--Sagan '99] and [Knutson--Tao '03] for factorial Schur functions. The method is based on the quantum integrability of the underlying tiling model.
We construct a new, two-parametric family of integrable models and reveal their underlying duality symmetry. A modular subgroup of this duality is shown to connect non-interacting modes of different systems. We apply the new solution and duality to a Richardson-Gaudin model and generate a novel integrable system termed the $s$-$d$ wave Richardson-Gaudin-Kitaev interacting chain, interpolating $s$- and $d$- wave superconductivity. The phase diagram of this model has a topological phase transition that can be connected to the duality, where the occupancy of the non-interacting mode serves as a t…
In this paper, we apply experimental number theory to two integrable quantum models in one dimension, the Lieb-Liniger Bose gas and the Yang-Gaudin Fermi gas with contact interactions. We identify patterns in weak- and strong-coupling series expansions of the ground-state energy, local correlation functions and pressure. Based on the most accurate data available in the literature, we make a few conjectures about their mathematical structure and extrapolate to higher orders.
The affine Gaudin model, associated with an untwisted affine Kac-Moody algebra, is known to arise from a certain gauge fixing of 4-dimensional mixed topological-holomorphic Chern-Simons theory in the Hamiltonian framework. We show that the finite Gaudin model, associated with a finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra, or more generally the tamely ramified Hitchin system on an arbitrary Riemann surface, can likewise be obtained from a similar gauge fixing of 3-dimensional mixed BF theory in the Hamiltonian framework.
In our recent paper we suggested a natural construction of the classical relativistic integrable tops in terms of the quantum $R$-matrices. Here we study the simplest case -- the 11-vertex $R$-matrix and related ${\rm gl}_2$ rational models. The corresponding top is equivalent to the 2-body Ruijsenaars-Schneider (RS) or the 2-body Calogero-Moser (CM) model depending on its description. We give different descriptions of the integrable tops and use them as building blocks for construction of more complicated integrable systems such as Gaudin models and classical spin chains (periodic and with bo…
We consider a long--range homogeneous chain where the local variables are the generators of the direct sum of $N$ $\mathfrak{e}(3)$ interacting Lagrange tops. We call this classical integrable model rational ``Lagrange chain'' showing how one can obtain it starting from $\mathfrak{su}(2)$ rational Gaudin models. Moreover we construct one- and two--point integrable maps (Bäcklund transformations).
In this short review we compare constructions of 2d integrable models by means of two gauge field theories. The first one is the 4d Chern-Simons (4d-CS) theory proposed by Costello and Yamazaki. The second one is the 2d generalization of the Hitchin integrable systems constructed by means the Affine Higgs bundles (AHB). We illustrate this approach by considering 1+1 field versions of elliptic integrable systems including the Calogero-Moser field theory, the Landau-Lifshitz model and the field theory generalization of the elliptic Gaudin model.
We use a mobile impurity or depleton model to study elementary excitations in one-dimensional integrable systems. For Lieb-Liniger and bosonic Yang-Gaudin models we express two phenomenological parameters characterising renormalised inter- actions of mobile impurities with superfluid background: the number of depleted particles, $N$ and the superfluid phase drop $πJ$ in terms of the corresponding Bethe Ansatz solution and demonstrate, in the leading order, the absence of two-phonon scattering resulting in vanishing rates of inelastic processes such as viscosity experienced by the mobile impuri…
We study the integrable two-site states of the quantum integrable models solvable by the nested algebraic Bethe ansatz and possessing $\mathfrak{gl}(N)$-invariant R-matrix. We investigate the overlaps between the integrable two-site states and the wave-functions. To find exact derivations for the factorized overlap formulas for the nested integrable systems is a longstanding unsolved problem. In this paper we give a derivation for a large class of the integrable states of the $\mathfrak{gl}(N)$ symmetric spin chain. The first part of the derivation is to calculate recurrence relations for the …
We obtain recursion formulas for the Bethe vectors of models with periodic boundary conditions solvable by the nested algebraic Bethe ansatz and based on the quantum affine algebra $U_q(\widehat{\mathfrak{gl}}_{n})$. We also present a sum formula for their scalar products. This formula describes the scalar product in terms of a sum over partitions of the Bethe parameters, whose factors are characterized by two highest coefficients. We provide different recursions for these highest coefficients. In addition, we show that when the Bethe vectors are on-shell, their norm takes the form of a Gaudin…
The relation between solutions to Helmholtz's equation on the sphere $S^{n-1}$ and the $[{\gr sl}(2)]^n$ Gaudin spin chain is clarified. The joint eigenfuctions of the Laplacian and a complete set of commuting second order operators suggested by the $R$--matrix approach to integrable systems, based on the loop algebra $\wt{sl}(2)_R$, are found in terms of homogeneous polynomials in the ambient space. The relation of this method of determining a basis of harmonic functions on $S^{n-1}$ to the Bethe ansatz approach to integrable systems is explained.
