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arXiv 1609.05896physics.soc-phnlin.AO
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层级公共物品博弈中的层级囚徒困境

Hierarchical Prisoner's Dilemma in Hierarchical Public-Goods Game

Yuma Fujimoto, Takahiro Sagawa, Kunihiko Kaneko

摘要:

合作中的两难问题是博弈论研究的主要内容之一。在公共物品博弈中,每个人都为合作或防止背叛付出成本,并从团队中收集的成本中获得奖励。因此,背叛对每个人都有好处,而合作则对群体有利。现在,由个人玩家组成的团体(比如国家)也玩游戏。为了研究这样一个多层次的游戏,我们引入了一个分层的公共产品(HPG)的游戏中,两个群体竞争有限的资源,利用收集每个群体中的个人的成本。分析这个HPG博弈,我们发现了一个分层的囚徒困境,其中群体选择叛逃政策(如武器)作为纳什策略,以优化每个群体的利益,而合作优化总的利益。另一方面,对于一个群体中的每个个体来说,拒绝支付成本(比如说,税收)是一个纳什策略,这变成了一个群体的合作政策,从而导致了一个等级困境。在这里,一个群体获得的奖励随着人口的增加而增加,收集的成本也是如此。尽管如此,我们发现,存在一个最佳的群体规模,最大化其收益。此外,当两个群体之间的人口不对称性较大时,较小的群体将选择合作政策(如裁军),以避免较大群体的过度反应,这导致了群体之间的囚徒困境的解决。相应地讨论了HPG博弈与社会政策选择的相关性以及人类或动物群体的最佳规模。

英文摘要:

The dilemma in cooperation is one of the major concerns in game theory. In a public-goods game, each individual pays a cost for cooperation, or to prevent defection, and receives a reward from the collected cost in a group. Thus, defection is beneficial for each individual, while cooperation is beneficial for the group. Now, groups (say, countries) consisting of individual players also play games. To study such a multi-level game, we introduce a hierarchical public-goods (HPG) game in which two groups compete for finite resources by utilizing costs collected from individuals in each group. Analyzing this HPG game, we found a hierarchical prisoner's dilemma, in which groups choose the defection policy (say, armaments) as a Nash strategy to optimize each group's benefit, while cooperation optimizes the total benefit. On the other hand, for each individual within a group, refusing to pay the cost (say, tax) is a Nash strategy, which turns to be a cooperation policy for the group, thus leading to a hierarchical dilemma. Here, the reward received by one group increases with the population, as does the collected cost. In spite of this, we find that there exists an optimal group size that maximizes its payoff. Furthermore, when the population asymmetry between two groups is large, a smaller group will choose a cooperation policy (say, disarmament) to avoid excessive response from the larger group, which leads to the resolution of the prisoner's dilemma between the groups. The relevance of the HPG game to policy selection in society and the optimal size in human or animal groups are discussed accordingly.

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