M. Talagrand showed that, for the Cech-Stone compactification βω of the space of natural numbers, the norm and the weak topology generate different Borel structures in the Banach space C(βω). We prove that the Borel structures in C(βω) generated by the weak and the pointwise topology are also different.
We also show that in C(ω*), where ω*=βω- ω, there is no countable family of pointwise Borel sets separating functions from C(ω*).
Let SB be the standard coding for separable Banach spaces as subspaces of $C(Δ)$. In these notes, we show that if $\mathbb{B} \subset \text{SB}$ is a Borel subset of spaces with separable dual, then the assignment $X \mapsto X^*$ can be realized by a Borel function $\mathbb{B}\to \text{SB}$. Moreover, this assignment can be done in such a way that the functional evaluation is still well defined (Theorem $1$). Also, we prove a Borel parametrized version of Zippin's theorem, i.e., we prove that there exists $Z \in \text{SB}$ and a Borel function that assigns for each $X \in \mathbb{B}$ an isomor…
We show that the class of all Banach spaces which are isomorphic to $ c_{0} $ is a complete analytic set with respect to the Effros Borel structure of separable Banach spaces. The proof employs a recent Bourgain-Delbaen construction by Argyros, Gasparis and Motakis.
We prove in this article that every Borelian measure, for example, the distribution of a random variable, in separable Banach space has a support which is compact embedded Banach subspace; and prove that if the norm of the random variable belongs to some exponential Orlicz space, then the new subspace can be choose such that the norm of this variable in the new space also belongs to other exponential Orlicz space.
The paper investigates the variation of the spectrum of operators in infinite dimensional Banach spaces. In particular, it is shown that the spectrum function is Borel from the space of bounded operators on a separable Banach space; equipped with the strong operator topology, into the Polish space of compact subsets of the closed unit disc of the complex plane; equipped with the Hausdorff topology. Remarks and results are given when other topologies are used.
We investigate Borel reducibility between equivalence relations $E(X,p)=X^{\Bbb N}/\ell_p(X)$'s where $X$ is a separable Banach space. We show that this reducibility is related to the so called Hölder$(α)$ embeddability between Banach spaces. By using the notions of type and cotype of Banach spaces, we present many results on reducibility and unreducibility between $E(L_r,p)$'s and $E(c_0,p)$'s for $r,p\in[1,+\infty)$. We also answer a problem presented by Kanovei in the affirmative by showing that $C({\Bbb R}^+)/C_0({\Bbb R}^+)$ is Borel bireducible to ${\Bbb R}^{\Bbb N}/c_0$.
We improve the known results about the complexity of the relation of isomorphism between separable Banach spaces up to Borel reducibility, and we achieve this using the classical spaces $c_0$, $\ell_p$ and $L_p$, $1 \leq p <2$. More precisely, we show that the relation $E_{K_σ}$ is Borel reducible to isomorphism and complemented biembeddability between subspaces of $c_0$ or $\ell_p, 1 \leq p <2$. We show that the relation $E_{K_σ} \otimes =^+$ is Borel reducible to isomorphism, complemented biembeddability, and Lipschitz equivalence between subspaces of $L_p, 1 \leq p <2$.
We consider the problem of determining the complexity of the uniform homeomorphism relation between separable Banach spaces in the Borel reducibility hierarchy of analytic equivalence relations. We prove that the complete $K_σ$ equivalence relation is Borel reducible to the uniform homeomorphism relation, and we also determine the possible complexities of the relation when restricted to some small classes of Banach spaces. Moreover, we determine the exact complexity of the local equivalence relation between Banach spaces, namely that it is bireducible with $K_σ$. Finally, we construct a class …
We prove in this short report that for arbitrary weak converging sequence of sigma-finite Borelian measures in the separable Banach space there is a compact embedded separable subspace such that this measures not only are concentrated in this subspace but weak converge therein.
We collect several open questions in Banach spaces, mostly related to measure theoretic aspects of the theory. The problems are divided into five categories: miscellaneous problems in Banach spaces (non-separable $L^p$ spaces, compactness in Banach spaces, $w^*$-null sequences in dual spaces), measurability in Banach spaces (Baire and Borel $σ$-algebras, measurable selectors), vector integration (Riemann, Pettis and McShane integrals), vector measures (range and associated $L^1$ spaces) and Lebesgue-Bochner spaces (topological and structural properties, scalar convergence).
We prove that if $ C $ is a family of separable Banach spaces which is analytic with respect to the Effros-Borel structure and none member of $ C $ is isometrically universal for all separable Banach spaces, then there exists a separable Banach space with a monotone Schauder basis which is isometrically universal for $ C $ but still not for all separable Banach spaces. We also establish an analogous result for the class of strictly convex spaces.
In this note, we show that if a Banach space X has a predual, then every bounded linear operator on X with a continuous functional calculus admits a bounded Borel functional calculus. A consequence of this is that on such a Banach space, the classes of finitely spectral and prespectral operators coincide. We also apply this result to give some sufficient conditions for an operator with an absolutely continuous functional calculus to admit a bounded Borel one.
We demonstrate that a reproducing kernel Hilbert or Banach space of functions on a separable absolute Borel space or an analytic subset of a Polish space is separable if it possesses a Borel measurable feature map.
This paper contains results concerning the Borel reduction of the relation $E_0$ of eventual agreement between sequences of 0's and 1's, to the relation of permutative equivalence between basic sequences in a Banach space. For more clarity in this abstract, we state these results in terms of classification by real numbers. If $R$ is some (analytic) equivalence relation on a Polish space $X$, it is said that $R$ is classifiable (by real numbers) if there exists a Borel map $g$ from $X$ into the real line such that $x R x'$ if and only if $g(x)=g(x')$. If $R$ is not classifiable, there must be $…
For $1<p\leqslant \infty$, we study the complexity and the existence of universal spaces for two classes of separable Banach spaces, denoted $\textsf{A}_p$ and $\textsf{N}_p$, and related to asymptotic smoothness in Banach spaces. We show that each of these classes is Borel in the class of separable Banach spaces. Then we build small families of Banach spaces that are both injectively and surjectively universal for these classes. Finally, we prove the optimality of this universality result, by proving in particular that none of these classes admits a universal space.
Employing a construction of Tsirelson-like spaces due to Argyros and Deliyanni, we show that the class of all Banach spaces which are isomorphic to a subspace of $c_{0}$ is a complete analytic set with respect to the Effros Borel structure of separable Banach spaces. Moreover, the classes of all separable spaces with the Schur property and of all separable spaces with the Dunford-Pettis property are $\mathbfΠ^{1}_{2}$-complete.
This paper deals with the problem of when, given a collection $\mathcal C$ of weakly compact operators between separable Banach spaces, there exists a separable reflexive Banach space $Z$ with a Schauder basis so that every element in $\mathcal C$ factors through $Z$ (or through a subspace of $Z$). A sample result is the existence of a reflexive space $Z$ with a Schauder basis so that for each separable Banach space $X$, each weakly compact operator from $X$ to $L_1$ factors through $Z$. We also prove the following descriptive set theoretical result: Let $\mathcal L$ be the standard Borel spac…
It is known that smooth bump functions are absent in the majority of infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. This is an obstacle in the development of local analysis, in particular in the questions of extending local maps onto the whole space. We suggest an approach that substitutes bump functions with special maps, which we call K-maps. It allows us to extend smooth local maps from non-smooth spaces, such as $C^q[0,1], q=0,1,...$. We also prove the Borel lemma for spaces possessing K-maps.
These notes are dedicated to the study of the complexity of several classes of separable Banach spaces. We compute the complexity of the Banach-Saks property, the alternating Banach-Saks property, the complete continuous property, and the LUST property. We also show that the weak Banach-Saks property, the Schur property, the Dunford-Pettis property, the analytic Radon-Nikodym property, the set of Banach spaces whose set of unconditionally converging operators is complemented in its bounded oper- ators, the set of Banach spaces whose set of weakly compact operators is complemented in its bounde…
For a countable ordinal a we denote by C_a the class of separable, reflexive Banach spaces whose Szlenk index and the Szlenk index of their dual are bounded by a. We show that each C_a admits a separable, reflexive universal space. We also show that spaces in the class C_{omega^{a*omega}} embed into spaces of the same class with a basis. As a consequence we deduce that each C_a is analytic in the Effros-Borel structure of subspaces of C[0,1].
It was proved by Argyros and Dodos that, for many classes $ C $ of separable Banach spaces which share some property $ P $, there exists an isomorphically universal space that satisfies $ P $ as well. We introduce a variant of their amalgamation technique which provides an isometrically universal space in the case that $ C $ consists of spaces with a monotone Schauder basis. For example, we prove that if $ C $ is a set of separable Banach spaces which is analytic with respect to the Effros-Borel structure and every $ X \in C $ is reflexive and has a monotone Schauder basis, then there exists a…
We show that any Banach space contains a continuum of non isomorphic subspaces or a minimal subspace. We define an ergodic Banach space $X$ as a space such that $E_0$ Borel reduces to isomorphism on the set of subspaces of $X$, and show that every Banach space is either ergodic or contains a subspace with an unconditional basis $ which is complementably universal for the family of its block-subspaces. We also use our methods to get uniformity results; for example, in combination with a result of B. Maurey, V. Milman and N. Tomczak-Jaegermann, we show that an unconditional basis of a Banach spa…
We prove a structural property of the class of unconditionally saturated separable Banach spaces. We show, in particular, that for every analytic set $\aaa$, in the Effros-Borel space of subspaces of $C[0,1]$, of unconditionally saturated separable Banach spaces, there exists an unconditionally saturated Banach space $Y$, with a Schauder basis, that contains isomorphic copies of every space $X$ in the class $\aaa$.
A set $E$ in a Banach space $X$ is compactivorous if for every compact set $K$ in $X$ there is a nonempty, (relatively) open subset of $K$ which can be translated into $E$. In a separable Banach space, this is a sufficient condition which guarantees the Haar nonnegligibility of Borel subsets. We give some characterisations of this property in both separable and nonseparable Banach spaces and prove an extension of the main theorem to countable products of locally compact Polish groups.
Let $X$ and $Y$ be separable Banach spaces and denote by $\sss\sss(X,Y)$ the subset of $\llll(X,Y)$ consisting of all strictly singular operators. We study various ordinal ranks on the set $\sss\sss(X,Y)$. Our main results are summarized as follows. Firstly, we define a new rank $\rs$ on $\sss\sss(X,Y)$. We show that $\rs$ is a co-analytic rank and that dominates the rank $\varrho$ introduced by Androulakis, Dodos, Sirotkin and Troitsky [Israel J. Math., 169 (2009), 221-250]. Secondly, for every $1\leq p<+\infty$ we construct a Banach space $Y_p$ with an unconditional basis such that $\sss\sss…
Given two Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$, we analyze when the projective tensor product $X\widehat{\otimes}_πY$ has Corson's property (C) or is weakly Lindelöf determined (WLD), subspace of a weakly compactly generated (WCG) space or subspace of a Hilbert generated space. For instance, we show that: (i) $X\widehat{\otimes}_πY$ is WLD if and only if both $X$ and $Y$ are WLD and all operators from $X$ to $Y^*$ and from $Y$ to $X^*$ have separable range; (ii) $X\widehat{\otimes}_πY$ is subspace of a WCG space if the same holds for both $X$ and $Y$ under the assumption that every operator from $X$ to $…
For a commutative unital ring $R$, and $n\in \mathbb{N}$, let $\textrm{SL}_n(R)$ denote the special linear group over $R$, and $\textrm{E}_n(R)$ the subgroup of elementary matrices. Let ${\mathcal{M}}^+$ be the Banach algebra of all complex Borel measures on $[0,+\infty)$ with the norm given by the total variation, the usual operations of addition and scalar multiplication, and with convolution. It is shown that $\textrm{SL}_n(A)=\textrm{E}_n(A)$ for Banach subalgebras $A$ of ${\mathcal{M}}^+$ that are closed under the operation ${\mathcal{M}}^+\owns μ\mapsto μ_t$, $t\in [0,1]$, where $μ_t(E):…
Let X be a separable metric space and let βbe the strict topology on the space of bounded continuous functions on X, which has the space of τ-additive Borel measures as a continuous dual space. We prove a Banach-Dieudonneé type result for the space of bounded continuous functions equipped with β. As a consequence, this space is hypercomplete and a Pták space. Additionally, the closed graph, inverse mapping and open mapping theorems holds for linear maps between space of this type.
It is proved that the relation of isomorphism between separable Banach spaces is a complete analytic equivalence relation, i.e., that any analytic equivalence relation Borel reduces to it. Thus, separable Banach spaces up to isomorphism provide complete invariants for a great number of mathematical structures up to their corresponding notion of isomorphism. The same is shown to hold for (1) complete separable metric spaces up to uniform homeomorphism, (2) separable Banach spaces up to Lipschitz isomorphism, and (3) up to (complemented) biembeddability, (4) Polish groups up to topological isomo…
We study the class of compact spaces that appear as structure spaces of separable Banach lattices. In other words, we analyze what $C(K)$ spaces appear as principal ideals of separable Banach lattices. Among other things, it is shown that every such compactum $K$ admits a strictly positive regular Borel measure of countable type that is analytic, and in the nonmetrizable case these compacta are saturated with copies of $β\mathbb N$. Some natural questions about this class are left open.
Let $E$ be a separable Banach space and $Ω$ be a compact Hausdorff space. It is shown that the space $C(Ω,E)$ has property (V) if and only if $E$ does. Similar result is also given for Bochner spaces $L^p(μ,E)$ if $1<p<\infty$ and $μ$ is a finite Borel measure on $Ω$.
Let $1 \leq p <\infty$. A sequence $\lef x_n \rig$ in a Banach space $X$ is defined to be $p$-operator summable if for each $\lef f_n \rig \in l^{w^*}_p(X^*)$, we have $\lef \lef f_n(x_k)\rig_k \rig_n \in l^s_p(l_p)$. Every norm $p$-summable sequence in a Banach space is operator $p$-summable, while in its turn every operator $p$-summable sequence is weakly $p$-summable. An operator $T \in B(X, Y)$ is said to be $p$-limited if for every $\lef x_n \rig \in l_p^w(X)$, $\lef Tx_n \rig$ is operator $p$-summable. The set of all $p$-limited operators form a normed operator ideal. It is shown that ev…
A number of Calderón-Mityagin couples and relative Calderón-Mityagin pairs are identified among Banach function spaces defined in terms of the least decreasing majorant construction on the half line. The interpolation structure of such spaces is shown to closely parallel that of the rearrangement invariant spaces, and it is proved that a couple of these spaces is a Calderón-Mityagin couple if and only if the corresponding couple of rearrangement invariant spaces is a Calderón-Mityagin couple. Consequently, the class of all interpolation spaces for any couple of spaces of this type admits a com…
The condition onto pair ($F,G$) of function Banach spaces under which there exists a integral operator $T:F\to G$ with analytic kernel such that the inverse mapping $T^{-1}:$im$T\to F$ does not belong to arbitrary a priori given Borel (or Baire) class is found.
A cardinal k is called a Kunen cardinal if the sigma-algebra on k x k generated by all products AxB, coincides with the power set of k x k. For any cardinal k, let C(2^k) be the Banach space of all continuous real-valued functions on the Cantor cube 2^k. We prove that k is a Kunen cardinal if and only if the Baire sigma-algebra on C(2^k) for the pointwise convergence topology coincides with the Borel sigma-algebra on C(2^k) for the norm topology. Some other links between Kunen cardinals and measurability in Banach spaces are also given.
Let $X$ be a separable Banach space, $Y$ a Banach space and $f: X \to Y$ a mapping. We prove that there exists a $σ$-directionally porous set $A\subset X$ such that if $x\in X \setminus A$, $f$ is Lipschitz at $x$, and $f$ is Gâteaux differentiable at $x$, then $f$ is Hadamard differentiable at $x$. If $f$ is Borel measurable (or has the Baire property) and is G\^ ateaux differentiable at all points, then $f$ is Hadamard differentiable at all points except a set which is $σ$-directionally porous set (and so is Aronszajn null, Haar null and $Γ$-null). Consequently, an everywhere G\^ ateaux diff…
We present and thoroughly study natural Polish spaces of separable Banach spaces. These spaces are defined as spaces of norms, resp. pseudonorms, on the countable infinite-dimensional rational vector space. We provide an exhaustive comparison of these spaces with admissible topologies recently introduced by Godefroy and Saint-Raymond and show that Borel complexities differ little with respect to these two different topological approaches. We investigate generic properties in these spaces and compare them with those in admissible topologies, confirming the suspicion of Godefroy and Saint-Raymon…
For a linear operator $T$ in a Banach space let $σ_p(T)$ denote the point spectrum of $T$, $σ_{p[n]}(T)$ for finite $n > 0$ be the set of all $λ\in σ_p(T)$ such that $\dim \ker (T - λ) = n$ and let $σ_{p[\infty]}(T)$ be the set of all $λ\in σ_p(T)$ for which $\ker (T - λ)$ is infinite-dimensional. It is shown that $σ_p(T)$ is $\mathcal{F}_σ$, $σ_{p[\infty]}(T)$ is $\mathcal{F}_{σδ}$ and for each finite $n$ the set $σ_{p[n]}(T)$ is the intersection of an $\mathcal{F}_σ$ and a $\mathcal{G}_δ$ set provided $T$ is closable and the domain of $T$ is separable and weakly $σ$-compact. For closed dense…
Techniques from Descriptive Set Theory are applied in order to study the Topological Complexity of families of operators naturally connected to ergodic operators in infinite dimensional Banach Spaces. The families of ergodic, uniform-ergodic,Cesaro-bounded and power-bounded operators are shown to be Borel sets, while the family of super-ergodic operators is shown to be either coanalytic or Borel according to specific structures of the Space. Moreover, trees and coanalytic ranks are introduced to characterize super-ergodic operators as well as spaces where the above classes of operators do not …
Within the class of reflexive Banach spaces, we prove a metric characterization of the class of asymptotic-$c_0$ spaces in terms of a bi-Lipschitz invariant which involves metrics that generalize the Hamming metric on $k$-subsets of $\mathbb{N}$. We apply this characterization to show that the class of separable, reflexive, and asymptotic-$c_0$ Banach spaces is non-Borel co-analytic. Finally, we introduce a relaxation of the asymptotic-$c_0$ property, called the asymptotic-subsequential-$c_0$ property, which is a partial obstruction to the equi-coarse embeddability of the sequence of Hamming g…
Let $\Bc$ denote the real-valued functions continuous on the extended real line and vanishing at $-\infty$. Let $\Br$ denote the functions that are left continuous, have a right limit at each point and vanish at $-\infty$. Define $\acn$ to be the space of tempered distributions that are the $n$th distributional derivative of a unique function in $\Bc$. Similarly with $\arn$ from $\Br$. A type of integral is defined on distributions in $\acn$ and $\arn$. The multipliers are iterated integrals of functions of bounded variation. For each $n\in\N$, the spaces $\acn$ and $\arn$ are Banach spaces, B…
For a large class of Banach spaces, a general construction of subspaces without local unconditional structure is presented. As an application it is shown that every Banach space of finite cotype contains either $l_2$ or a subspace without unconditional basis, which admits a Schauder basis. Some other interesting applications and corollaries follow.
We consider the closed subspace of $\ell_\infty$ generated by $c_0$ and the characteristic functions of elements of an uncountable, almost disjoint family $\mathcal A$ of infinite subsets of $\mathbb N$. This Banach space has the form $C_0(K_{\mathcal A})$ for a locally compact Hausdorff space $K_{\mathcal A}$ that is known under many names, such as $Ψ$-space and Isbell--Mrówka space. We construct an uncountable, almost disjoint family ${\mathcal A}$ such that the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on $C_0(K_{\mathcal A})$ is as small as possible in the sense that every bounded lin…
In this note, we extend to the setting of quasi-reflexive spaces a classical result of N. Kalton and L. Randrianarivony on the coarse Lipschitz structure of reflexive and asymptotically uniformly smooth Banach spaces. As an application, we show for instance, that for $1\le q<p$, a $q$-asymptotically uniformly convex Banach space does not coarse Lipschitz embed into a $p$-asymptotically uniformly smooth quasi-reflexive Banach space. This extends a recent result of B.M. Braga.
We extend and generalize the result of Kalton and Swanson ($Z_2$ is a symplectic Banach space with no Lagrangian subspace) by showing that all higher order Rochgberg spaces $\mathfrak R^{(n)}$ are symplectic Banach spaces with no Lagrangian subspaces. The nontrivial symplectic structure on even spaces is the one induced by the natural duality; while the nontrivial symplectic structure on odd spaces requires perturbation with a complex structure. We will also study symplectic structures on general Banach spaces and, motivated by the unexpected appearance of complex structures, we introduce and …
According to the fundamental work of Yu.V. Prokhorov, the general theory of stochastic processes can be regarded as the theory of probability measures in complete separable metric spaces. Since stochastic processes depending upon a continuous parameter are basically probability measures on certain subspaces of the space of all functions of a real variable, a particularly important case of this theory is when the underlying metric space has a linear structure. Prokhorov also provided a concrete metrisation of the topology of weak convergence today known as the L{é}vy-Prokhorov distance. Motivat…
