In this paper we introduce a general framework for the study of limits of relational structures in general and graphs in particular, which is based on a combination of model theory and (functional) analysis. We show how the various approaches to graph limits fit to this framework and that they naturally appear as "tractable cases" of a general theory. As an outcome of this, we provide extensions of known results. We believe that this put these into next context and perspective. For example, we prove that the sparse--dense dichotomy exactly corresponds to random free graphons. The second part of the paper is devoted to the study of sparse structures. First, we consider limits of structures with bounded diameter connected components and we prove that in this case the convergence can be "almost" studied component-wise. We also propose the structure of limits objects for convergent sequences of sparse structures. Eventually, we consider the specific case of limits of colored rooted trees with bounded height and of graphs with bounded tree-depth, motivated by their role of elementary brick these graphs play in decompositions of sparse graphs, and give an explicit construction of a limit object in this case. This limit object is a graph built on a standard probability space with the property that every first-order definable set of tuples is measurable. This is an example of the general concept of {\em modeling} we introduce here. Our example is also the first "intermediate class" with explicitly defined limit structures.
图G的k-排序是用来自{1,.,k},使得连接具有相同标签的两个顶点的任何路径包含具有更高标签的顶点。G的树深度是G存在k-排序的k的最小值。图G是k-临界的,如果它的树深为k,且G的任意真子式的树深都小于k;图G是1-唯一的,如果对G中的每个顶点v,都存在G的最优排序,其中v是唯一标号为1的顶点。我们提出了几类图,都是k-临界和1-唯一的,提供的例子,满足临界图在[M. D. Barrus和J. Sinkovic,Uniform和最小障碍物的树深,提交]。
Minimal obstructions for tree-depth: A non-1-unique example
图G的k-秩是图G的顶点的标号,其值为1,.,使得连接具有相同标签的两个顶点的任何路径包含具有更高标签的顶点。G的树深度是G存在k-排序的k的最小值。图G是k-临界的,如果它有树深k,并且G的每个真子式都有较小的树深。如[M]中所定义。D. Barrus,J. Sinkovic,Uniform and minimal obstacles for tree-depth,Discrete Math 339(2)(2015)606-613],图G是1-唯一的,如果对于G中的每个顶点v,存在G的最优排名,其中v是具有标签1的唯一顶点。在上述论文和[M. D. Barrus,J. Sinkovic,Classes of临界图for tree-depth,arXiv:1502.0577]作者证明了几类临界图是1-唯一的,并询问是否所有临界图都具有此性质。我们回答在否定的证明一个无限家庭的图形是关键的,但不是1-唯一的。
树深度是一个参数,它有几个名字,用来度量图的稀疏性。我们计算了随机图的树深度的渐近值。对于稠密图,p>> 1/n,随机图G的树深是a.a.s. td(G)=n-O(sqrt(n/p)). p=c/n的随机图有a.a.s.当c>1时,树的深度是线性的,当c=1时,树的深度是Theta(logn),而对于c 1的Theta(loglogn)<1. The result for c>是由树的宽度计算得来的,这为Lee,Lee和Oum最近证明的Gao关于树的宽度的线性性的猜想提供了一个更直接的证明.我们还证明,对于c=1,每个宽度参数都是a.a.s.。常数,随机正则图具有线性树深。
The size-Ramsey number of powers of bounded degree trees
给定一个正整数$s$,图$H$的$s$ -颜色大小-拉姆齐数是最小的整数$m$,使得存在具有$m$边的图$G$,其性质是,在$E(G)$与$s$颜色的任何着色中,存在$H$的单色副本。证明了对任意正整数$k$和$s$,任意$n$ -顶点有界度树的$k$次幂的$s$ -颜色大小-Ramsey数在$n$中是线性的.作为推论,我们得到了$n$中树宽和度都有界的$n$ -顶点图的$s$ -颜色大小Ramsey数是线性的,这回答了Kamčev,Liebenau,Wood和Yepremyan提出的一个问题[The size Ramsey number of graphs with bounded treewide,arXiv:1906.09185(2019)]。
Obstructions for bounded shrub-depth and rank-depth
灌木深度和秩深度是图的树深度的稠密类似物。众所周知,一个图具有大的树深度当且仅当它具有长的路作为子图。我们证明了一个类似的声明灌木深度和秩深度,这是由Hlinhnnanjun,Kwon,Obdržálek和Ordyniak [Tree-depth and vertex-minors,European J.~组合2016年]。也就是说,我们证明了一个图有大的秩深度当且仅当它有一个与长路同构的顶点子式,这意味着对每一个整数$t$,没有与$t$顶点上的路同构的顶点子式的图类有有界的树深度.
Exact counting of Euler Tours for Graphs of Bounded Treewidth
本文给出了一个简单的多项式时间算法来精确计算任意树宽有界的欧拉图的欧拉圈数。已知对于一般的图,计数k的问题是#P-完全的(Brightwell and Winkler,(Brightwell and Winkler,2005))。到目前为止,没有多项式时间算法计数欧拉旅游的任何一类图是已知的,除了非常特殊的情况下,串并行图(其中有树宽2)。
The size Ramsey number of graphs with bounded treewidth
一个图$G$是图$H$的Ramsey,如果$G$的边的每一个2-着色都包含$H$的一个单色拷贝.我们考虑以下问题:如果$H$有界树宽,是否有一个“稀疏”图$G$是拉姆齐为$H$?稀疏性的两个概念被认为是。首先,证明了如果$H$的最大度和树宽有界,则存在一个具有$O(|V(H)|)$边的图$G$是Ramsey for $H$ .这是以前只知道为较小的一类图$H$与有界带宽。另一方面,我们证明了一个图$G$,是拉姆齐$H$的树宽不能有界的树宽$H$单独。事实上,即使树宽被简并度代替并且$H$是树,后一种说法也是正确的。