In this paper, we define k-generalized order-k numbers and we obtain a relation between i-th sequences and k-th sequences of k-generalized order-k numbers. We give some determinantal and permanental representations of k-generalized order-k numbers by using various matrices. Using the relation between i-th sequences and k-th sequences of k-generalized order-k numbers we give some determinantal and permanental representations of i-th sequences of generalized order-k numbers. In addition, we obtain Binet's formula for generalized order-k Pell numbers by using our representations.
In this paper, we present k sequences of Generalized Van der Laan Polynomials and Generalized Perrin Polynomials using Genaralized Fibonacci and Lucas Polynomials. We give some properties of these polynomials. We also obtain generalized order-k Van der Laan Numbers, k sequences of generalized order-k Van der Laan Numbers, generalized order-k Perrin Numbers and k sequences of generalized order-k Perrin Numbers. In addition, we examine the relationship between them.
In this paper, we consider the new family of recurrence sequences of $(q,k)$-generalized Fibonacci numbers. These sequences naturally extend the well-known sequences of $k$-generalized Fibonacci numbers and generalized $k$-order Pell numbers. We shall obtain a Binet-style formula and study the asymptotic behavior of dominant root of characteristic equation. Moreover, we shall prove some auxiliary results about these sequences. In particular, we characterize the first $(q,k)$-generalized Fibonacci numbers in terms of binary sequences.
The purpose of this paper is twofold; (1) to develop several identities for the Generalized $k$-Pell sequence (including those of Binet, Catalan, Cassini, and d'Ocagne), and (2) to study applications of tridiagonal generating matrices for the $k$-Pell and Generalized $k$-Pell sequences.
Using generalized binomial coefficients with respect to fundamental Lucas sequences we establish congruences that generalize the classical congruence of Wolstenholme and other related stronger congruences.
First we generalize the Thue-Morse sequence (the generalized Thue-Morse sequences) by a cyclic permutations and p-adic system, and consider the necessary-sufficient condition that it is non-periodic. Moreover if the generalized Thue-Morse sequence is not periodic, then all equally spaced subsequences of the generalized Thue-Morse sequences are not periodic. Finally we apply recently combinatorial transcendence results to the generalized non-periodic Thue-Morse sequence, we can found many transcendental numbers.
In this paper we extend a result of Levin, who proved a lower bound on the star discrepancy of generalized Halton sequences in positive integer bases, to rational bases.
In this paper, we prove identities for members of the k-generalized Fibonacci sequence with negative indices and we apply these identities to deduce an exact formula for its zero-multiplicity.
The $LS$-sequences are a parametric family of sequences of points in the unit interval. They were introduced by Carbone, who also proved that under an appropriate choice of the parameters $L$ and $S$, such sequences are low-discrepancy. The aim of the present paper is to provide explicit constants in the bounds of the discrepancy of $LS$-sequences. Further, we generalize the construction of Carbone and construct a new class of sequences of points in the unit interval, the generalized $LS$-sequences.
We introduce a generalized $k$-FL sequence and special kind of pairs of real numbers that are related to it, and give an application on the integral solutions of a certain equation using those pairs. Also, we associate skew circulant and circulant matrices to each generalized $k$-FL sequence, and study the determinantal variety of those matrices as an application.
In this paper we study the Fibonacci numbers and derive some interesting properties and recurrence relations. We prove some charecterizations for $F_p$, where $p$ is a prime of a certain type. We also define period of a Fibonacci sequence modulo an integer, $m$ and derive certain interesting properties related to them. Afterwards, we derive some new properties of a class of generalized Fibonacci numbers. In the last part of the paper we introduce some generalized Fibonacci polynomial sequences and we derive some results related to them.
We present a different proof of the characterization of non--degenerate recurrence sequences, which are also divisibility sequences, given by Van der Poorten, Bezevin, and Petho in their paper "A Full Characterisation of Divisibility Sequence". Our proof is based on an interesting determinant identity related to impulse sequences, arising from the evaluation of a generalized Vandermonde determinant. As a consequence of this new proof we can find a more precise form for the resultant sequence presented in their paper, in the general case of non--degenerate divisibility sequences having minimal …
The second author studied arithmetic properties of a class of sequences that generalize the sequence of derangements. The aim of the following paper is to disprove two conjectures stated in \cite{miska}. The first conjecture regards the set of prime divisors of their terms. The latter one is devoted to the order of magnitude of considered sequences.
Generalized Lüroth series generalize $b$-adic representations as well as Lüroth series. Almost all real numbers are normal, but it is not easy to construct one. In this paper, a new construction of normal numbers with respect to Generalized Lüroth Series (including those with an infinite digit set) is given. Our method concatenates the beginnings of the expansions of an arbitrary equidistributed sequence.
In this paper, we consider a generalization of Horadam sequence {w_n} which is defined by the recurrence w_n = aw_n-1 + cw_n-2; if n is even, w_n = bw_n-1 + cw_n-2; if n is odd with arbitrary initial conditions w_0, w_1 and nonzero real numbers a, b, and c. We investigate some congruence properties of the generalized Horadam sequence {w_n}.
We study ratio limits of the consecutive terms of weighted $n$-generalized Fibonacci sequences generated from arbitrary complex initial conditions by linear recurrences with arbitrary complex weights. We prove that if the characteristic polynomial of such a linear recurrence is asymptotically simple, then the ratio limit exists for any sequence generated from arbitrary nontrivial initial conditions and it is equal to the unique zero of the characteristic polynomial.
Let $ k \geq 2 $ and $ ( L_{n}^{(k)} )_{n \geq 2-k} $ be the $k-$generalized Lucas sequence with initial condition $ L_{2-k}^{(k)} = \cdots = L_{-1}^{(k)}=0 ,$ $ L_{0}^{(k,}=2,$ $ L_{1}^{(k)}=1$ and each term afterwards is the sum of the $ k $ preceding terms. A positive integer is an almost repdigit if its digits are all equal except for at most one digit. In this paper, we work on the problem of determining all terms of $k-$generalized Lucas sequences which are almost repdigits. In particular, we find all $k-$generalized Lucas numbers which are powers of $10$ as a special case of almost repd…
In this paper, as an analogue of the integer case, we study detailedly the period and the rank of the generalized Fibonacci sequence of polynomials over a finite field modulo an arbitrary polynomial. We establish some formulas to compute them, and we also obtain some properties about the quotient of the period and the rank. We find that the polynomial case is much more complicated than the integer case.
We study generalized Fibonacci sequences $F_{n+1}=PF_n-QF_{n-1}$ with initial values $F_0=0$ and $F_1=1$. Let $P,Q$ be nonzero integers such that $P^2-4Q$ is not a perfect square. We show that if $Q=\pm 1$ then the sequence $\{F_n\}_{n=0}^\infty$ misses a congruence class modulo every prime large enough. On the other hand, if $Q \neq \pm 1$, we prove that (under GRH) the sequence $\{F_n\}_{n=0}^\infty$ hits every congruence class modulo infinitely many primes.
In the present paper the authors construct normal numbers in base $q$ by concatenating $q$-adic expansions of prime powers $\lfloorαp^θ\rfloor$ with $α>0$ and $θ>1$.
In this paper, we prove that an uncountable quantity of real numbers generated by digital pattern sequences gives the transcendental number. This result gives a generalization of Main theorem in Morton and Mourant [MortM], which state that countable real numbers generated by digital pattern sequences gives the transcendental number. Our method relies on the combinatorial quantitative transcendence criterion established by Adamczewski-Bugeaud [AdB2] and the properties of generalized $k$-regular sequences, which is introduced by the author [Mi2].
The metallic means (also known as metallic ratios) may be defined as the limiting ratio of consecutive terms of sequences connected to the Fibonacci sequence via the INVERT transform. For example, the Pell sequence (invert transform of the Fibonacci sequence) gives the so-called silver mean, and the invert transform of the Pell sequence leads to the bronze mean. The limiting ratio of the Fibonacci sequence itself is known as the golden mean or ratio. We introduce a new family of kth-degree metallic means obtained through invert transforms of the generalized kth-order Fibonacci sequence. As it …
The generalized Fibonacci sequences are sequences $\{f_n\}$ which satisfy the recurrence $f_n(s, t) = sf_{n - 1}(s, t) + tf_{n - 2}(s, t)$ ($s, t \in \mathbb{Z}$) with initial conditions $f_0(s, t) = 0$ and $f_1(s, t) = 1$. In a recent paper, Amdeberhan, Chen, Moll, and Sagan considered some arithmetic properites of the generalized Fibonacci sequence. Specifically, they considered the behavior of analogues of the $p$-adic valuation and the Riemann zeta function. In this paper, we resolve some conjectures which they raised relating to these topics. We also consider the rank modulo $n$ in more d…
In this paper we focus on finding all the factorials expressible as a product of a fixed number of $2k$-nacci numbers with $k \geq 2$. We derive the 2-adic valuation of the $2k$-nacci sequence and use it to establish bounds on the solutions of the initial equation. In addition, we specify a more general family of sequences, for which we can perform a similar procedure. We also investigate a possible connection of these results with $p$-regular sequences.
For an integer $k\geq 2$, let $(L_{n}^{(k)})_{n}$ be the $k-$generalized Lucas sequence which starts with $0,\ldots,0,2,1$ ($k$ terms) and each term afterwards is the sum of the $k$ preceding terms. In this paper, we find all the integers that appear in different generalized Lucas sequences; i.e., we study the Diophantine equation $L_n^{(k)}=L_m^{(\ell)}$ in nonnegative integers $n,k,m,\ell$ with $k, \ell\geq 2$. The proof of our main theorem uses lower bounds for linear forms in logarithms of algebraic numbers and a version of the Baker-Davenport reduction method. This paper is a continuation…
In this paper we study how to accelerate the convergence of the ratios (x_n) of generalized Fibonacci sequences. In particular, we provide recurrent formulas in order to generate subsequences (x_{g_n}) for every linear recurrent sequence (g_n) of order 2. Using these formulas we prove that some approximation methods, as secant, Newton, Halley and Householder methods, can generate subsequences of (x_n). Moreover, interesting properties on Fibonacci numbers arise as an application. Finally, we apply all the results to the convergents of a particular continued fraction which represents quadratic …
Studying ceratin combinatorial properties of non-unique factorizations have been a subject of recent literatures. Little is known about two combinatorial invariants, namely the catenary degree and the tame degree, even in the case of numerical monoids. In this paper we compute these invariants for a certain class of numerical monoids generated by generalized arithmetic sequences. We also show that the difference between the tame degree and the catenary degree can be arbitrary large even if the number of minimal generators is fixed.
We consider the Markoff-Rosenberger equation $$ax^2+by^2+cz^2=dxyz$$ with $(x,y,z)=(U_i,U_j,U_k),$ where $U_i$ denotes the $i$-th generalized Lucas number of first/second kind. We provide upper bound for the minimum of the indices and we apply the result to completely resolve concrete equations, e.g. we determine solutions containing only balancing numbers and Jacobsthal numbers, respectively.
In this paper, we consider a generalization of Horadam sequence fwng which is defined by the recurrence relation wn = x(n)wn-1+ cwn-2; where x(n) = a if n is even, x(n) = b if n is odd with arbitrary initial conditions w0;w1 and nonzero real numbers a, b and c. As a special case, by taking initial conditions 0, 1 and 2, b we define the sequences {un} and {vn}, respectively. The main purpose of this study is to derive some basic properties of the sequences {un}, {vn} and {wn} by using matrix approach.
In 2009, Grant, Shallit, and Stoll constructed a large family of pseudorandom sequences, called generalized Rudin--Shapiro sequences, for which they established some results about the average of discrete correlation coefficients of order 2 in cases where the size of the alphabet is a prime number or a squarefree product of primes. We establish similar results for an even larger family of pseudorandom sequences, constructed via difference matrices, in the case of an alphabet of any size. The constructions generalize those from Grant et al. In the case where the size of the alphabet is squarefre…
We study the properties of the third order sequence $(w_n)=\left(w_n(a,b,c; r, s,t)\right)$ defined by the recurrence relation $w_n = rw_{n - 1} + sw_{n - 2} + tw_{n - 3}\, (n \ge 3)$ with $w_0 = a,\,w_1 = b,\,w_2=c$, where $a$, $b$, $c$, $r$, $s$ and $t$ are arbitrary complex numbers and $t\ne 0$. Properties examined include the partial sum of the terms of the sequence, with indices in arithmetic progression, as well as double binomial summation identities.
We show that if $k\ge 2$ is an integer and $(F_n^{(k)})_{n\ge 0}$ is the sequence of $k$-generalized Fibonacci numbers, then there are only finitely many triples of positive integers $1<a<b<c$ such that $ab+1,~ac+1,~bc+1$ are all members of $\{F_n^{(k)}: n\ge 1\}$. This generalizes a previous result (cf. arXiv:1508.07760) where the statement for $k=3$ was proved. The result is ineffective since it is based on Schmidt's subspace theorem.
For $k\geq 2$, the $k$-generalized Fibonacci sequence $(F_n^{(k)})_{n}$ is defined by the initial values $0,0,...,0,1$ ($k$ terms) and such that each term afterwards is the sum of the $k$ preceding terms. In 2005, Noe and Post conjectured that the only solutions of Diophantine equation $F_m^{(k)}=F_n^{(\ell)}$, with $\ell>k>1, n>\ell+1, m>k+1$ are [(m,n,\ell,k)=(7,6,3,2) and (12,11,7,3).] In this paper, we confirm this conjecture.
A generalized Beatty sequence is a sequence $V$ defined by $V(n)=p\lfloor{nα}\rfloor+qn +r$, for $n=1,2,\dots$, where $α$ is a real number, and $p,q,r$ are integers. These occur in several problems, as for instance in homomorphic embeddings of Sturmian languages in the integers. Our results are for the case that $α$ is the golden mean, but we show how some results generalise to arbitrary quadratic irrationals. We mainly consider the following question: For which sixtuples of integers $p,q,r,s,t,u$ are the two sequences $V=(p\lfloor{nα}\rfloor+qn +r)$ and $W=(s\lfloor{nα}\rfloor+tn +u)$ complem…
A Cullen number is a number of the form $m2^m+1$, where $m$ is a positive integer. In 2004, Luca and St\u anic\u a proved, among other things, that the largest Fibonacci number in the Cullen sequence is $F_4=3$. Actually, they searched for generalized Cullen numbers among some binary recurrence sequences. In this paper, we will work on higher order recurrence sequences. For a given linear recurrence $(G_n)_n$, under weak assumptions, and a given polynomial $T(x)\in \mathbb{Z}[x]$, we shall prove that if $G_n=mx^m+T(x)$, then \[ m\ll\log \log |x|\log^2(\log \log |x|)\ \mbox{and}\ n\ll\log |x|\l…
The LS-sequences of points recently introduced by the author are a generalization of van der Corput sequences. They were constructed by reordering the points of the corresponding LS-sequences of partitions. Here we present another algorithm which coincides with the classical one for van der Corput sequences and is simpler to compute than the original construction. This algorithm is based on the representation of natural numbers in base $L+S$ and gives the van der Corput sequence in base $b$ if $L=b$ and S=0. In this construction, as well as in the van der Corput one, it is essential the invers…
Let $\mathbb{N}$ denote the set of all nonnegative integers. Let $k\ge 3$ be an integer and $A_{0} = \{a_{1}, \dots{}, a_{t}\}$ $(a_{1} < \ldots< a_{t})$ be a nonnegative set which does not contain an arithmetic progression of length $k$. We denote $A = \{a_{1}, a_{2}, \dots{}\}$ defined by the following greedy algorithm: if $l \ge t$ and $a_{1}, \dots{}, a_{l}$ have already been defined, then $a_{l+1}$ is the smallest integer $a > a_{l}$ such that $\{a_{1}, \dots{}, a_{l}\} \cup \{a\}$ also does not contain a $k$-term arithmetic progression. This sequence $A$ is called the Stanley sequence of…
We give a simplified presentation of some results about recurrences of certain sequences of binomial sums in terms of (generalized) Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials.
Let $k\geq 2$ and let $(P_{n}^{(k)})_{n\geq 2-k}$ be $k$-generalized Pell sequence defined by \begin{equation*}P_{n}^{(k)}=2P_{n-1}^{(k)}+P_{n-2}^{(k)}+...+P_{n-k}^{(k)}\end{equation*} for $n\geq 2$ with initial conditions \begin{equation*}P_{-(k-2)}^{(k)}=P_{-(k-3)}^{(k)}=\cdot \cdot \cdot =P_{-1}^{(k)}=P_{0}^{(k)}=0,P_{1}^{(k)}=1. \end{equation*} In this paper, we deal with the Diophantine equation \begin{equation*}P_{n}^{(k)}=d\left( \frac{10^{m}-1}{9}\right)\end{equation*} in positive integers $n,m,k,d$ with $k\geq 2,$ $m\geq 2$ and $1\leq d\leq 9$. We will show that repdigits with at leas…
This paper is devoted to the study of eigen-sequences for some important operators acting on sequences. Using functional equations involving generating functions, we completely solve the problem of characterizing the fixed sequences for the Generalized Binomial operator. We give some applications to integer sequences. In particular we show how we can generate fixed sequences for Generalized Binomial and their relation with the Worpitzky transform. We illustrate this fact with some interesting examples and identities, related to Fibonacci, Catalan, Motzkin and Euler numbers. Finally we find the…
In this paper, we give some determinantal and permanental representations of Generalized Fibonacci Polynomials by using various Hessenberg matrices. These results are general form of determinantal and permanental representations of k sequences of the generalized order-k Fibonacci and Pell numbers.
Given an integer $q\ge2$ and $θ_1,\cdots,θ_{q-1}\in\{0,1\}$, let $(θ_n)_{n\ge0}$ be the generalized Thue-Morse sequence, defined to be the unique fixed point of the morphism $$0\mapsto0θ_1\cdotsθ_{q-1}$$ $$1\mapsto1\overlineθ_1\cdots\overlineθ_{q-1}$$ beginning with $θ_0:=0$, where $\overline{0}:=1$ and $\overline{1}:=0$. For rational functions $R$, we study infinite products of the forms $$\prod_{n=1}^\infty\Big(R(n)\Big)^{(-1)^{θ_n}}\quad\text{and}\quad\prod_{n=1}^\infty\Big(R(n)\Big)^{θ_n}.$$ This generalizes relevant results given by Allouche, Riasat and Shallit in 2019 on infinite product…
This paper contributes to compute 2-adic complexity of two classes of Ding-Helleseth generalized cyclotomic sequences. Results show that 2-adic complexity of these sequences is good enough to resist the attack by the rational approximation algorithm.
Let $F(z)$ be a $k$-regular series in $\mathbb{Z}[[z]]$ and $b$ be an integer with $b\ge2$. Bell, Bugeaud and Coons [BelBC] proved that $F(\frac{1}{b})$ is either rational or transcendental. In [Mi], we introduce a generalized $k$-regular sequence as a unification of several kinds of important sequences including $k$-regular, $k$-additive and $k$-multiplicative sequences. In this paper, we give a generalization of the result of Bell, Bugeaud and Coons for certain generalized $k$-regular series. Especially, we show that the values of irrational generating functions of certain sum of $k$-additiv…
We define a family of quaternary sequences over the residue class ring modulo $4$ of length $pq$, a product of two distinct odd primes, using the generalized cyclotomic classes modulo $pq$ and calculate the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the sequences. The DFT helps us to determine the exact values of linear complexity and the trace representation of the sequences.
This paper examines the linear complexity of new generalized cyclotomic binary sequences of period $2p^n$ recently proposed by Yi Ouang et al. (arXiv:1808.08019v1 [cs.IT] 24 Aug 2018). We generalize results obtained by them and discuss author's conjecture of this paper.
In this paper, we prove that there are uncountable many real transcendental numbers, which are generated by digital pattern sequences. This generalizes the main theorem in Morton and Mourant, which states the existence of countable many similar numbers. Our method relies on the combinatorial quantitative transcendence criterion established by Adamczewski and Bugeaud and properties of generalized k-regular sequences, which is introduced by this paper.
We consider the $k$-error linear complexity of a new binary sequence of period $p^2$, proposed in the recent paper "New generalized cyclotomic binary sequences of period $p^2$", by Z. Xiao et al., who calculated the linear complexity of the sequences (Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10623-017-0408-7). More exactly, we determine the values of $k$-error linear complexity over $\mathbb{F}_2$ for almost $k>0$ in terms of the theory of Fermat quotients. Results indicate that such sequences have good stability.
We explore the cycles and convergence of Generalized Collatz Sequence, where $3n+1$ in original collatz function is replaced with $3n+k$. We present a generating function for cycles of GCS and show a particular inheritance structure of cycles across such sequences. The cycle structure is invariant across such inheritance and appears more fundamental than cycle elements. A consequence is that there can be arbitrarily large number of cycles in some sequences. GCS can also be seen as an integer space partition function and such partitions along with collatz graphs are inherited across sequences. …
