34 pages, 8 figures. This is a streamlined version; the previous one contains more explanations and additional material on exceptional times in FK models with general $q$. Furthermore, the statement and proof of Theorem 1.2 have slightly changed
We study the near-critical FK-Ising model. First, a determination of the correlation length defined via crossing probabilities is provided. Second, a phenomenon about the near-critical behavior of FK-Ising is highlighted, which is completely missing from the case of standard percolation: in any monotone coupling of FK configurations $ω_p$ (e.g., in the one introduced in [Gri95]), as one raises $p$ near $p_c$, the new edges arrive in a self-organized way, so that the correlation length is not governed anymore by the number of pivotal edges at criticality.
In this essay, we briefly discuss recent developments, started a decade ago in the seminal work of Smirnov and continued by a number of authors, centered around the conformal invariance of the critical planar Ising model on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ and, more generally, of the critical Z-invariant Ising model on isoradial graphs (rhombic lattices). We also introduce a new class of embeddings of general weighted planar graphs (s-embeddings), which might, in particular, pave the way to true universality results for the planar Ising model.
We consider the planar Ising model in a finite square box and we replace the temperature parameter with a function depending on the magnetization. This creates a feedback from the spin configuration onto the parameter, which drives the system towards the critical point. Using the finite-size scaling results of arXiv:0811.4507, we show that, when the size of the box grows to infinity, the temperature concentrates around the critical temperature of the planar Ising model on the square lattice.
We provide a review of results on the critical and near-critical scaling limit of the planar Ising magnetization field obtained in the past dozen years. The results are presented in the framework of coupled loop and measure ensembles, and some new proofs are provided.
Schramm Loewner Evolution (SLE) is a one-parameter family of random planar curves introduced by Oded Schramm in 1999 as the candidates for the scaling limits of the interfaces in the planar critical lattice models. This is the only possible process with conformal invariance and a certain "domain Markov property". In 2010, Chelkak and Smirnov proved the conformal invariance of the scaling limits of the critial planar FK-Ising model which gave the convergence of the interface to SLE$_{16/3}$. We derive the arm exponents of SLE$_κ$ for $κ\in (4,8)$. Combining with the convergence of the interface…
We provide a simple characterization of the critical temperature for the Ising model on an arbitrary planar doubly periodic weighted graph. More precisely, the critical inverse temperature βfor a graph G with coupling constants (J_e)_{e\in E(G)} is obtained as the unique solution of a linear equation in the variables (\tanh(βJ_e))_{e\in E(G)}. This is achieved by studying the high-temperature expansion of the model using Kac-Ward matrices.
We consider the FK-Ising model in two dimensions at criticality. We obtain bounds on crossing probabilities of arbitrary topological rectangles, uniform with respect to the boundary conditions, generalizing results of [DCHN11] and [CS12]. Our result relies on new discrete complex analysis techniques, introduced in [Che12]. We detail some applications, in particular the computation of so-called universal exponents, the proof of quasi-multiplicativity properties of arm probabilities, and bounds on crossing probabilities for the classical Ising model.
We study the critical Ising model on the square lattice in bounded simply connected domains with + and free boundary conditions. We relate the energy density of the model to a fermionic observable and compute its scaling limit by discrete complex analysis methods. As a consequence, we obtain a simple exact formula for the scaling limit of the energy field one-point function in terms of hyperbolic metric. This confirms the predictions originating in physics, but also provides a higher precision.
We study constrained percolation models on planar lattices including the $[m,4,n,4]$ lattice and the square tilings of the hyperbolic plane, satisfying certain local constraints on faces of degree 4, and investigate the existence of infinite clusters. The constrained percolation models on these lattices are closely related to Ising models and XOR Ising models on regular tilings of the Euclidean plane or the hyperbolic plane. In particular, we obtain a complete picture of the number of infinite "$+$" and "$-$" clusters of the ferromagnetic Ising model with the free boundary condition on a verte…
A circle pattern is an embedding of a planar graph in which each face is inscribed in a circle. We define and prove magnetic criticality of a new family of Ising models on planar graphs whose dual is a circle pattern. Our construction includes as a special case the critical isoradial Ising models of Baxter.
The aim of this paper is to prove the following result. Consider the critical Ising model on the rescaled grid $a\mathbb{Z}^2$, then the renormalized magnetization field \[Φ^a:=a^{15/8}\sum_{x\in a\mathbb{Z}^2}σ_xδ_x,\] seen as a random distribution (i.e., generalized function) on the plane, has a unique scaling limit as the mesh size $a\searrow0$. The limiting field is conformally covariant.
The known Pfaffian structure of the boundary spin correlations, and more generally order-disorder correlation functions, is given a new explanation through simple topological considerations within the model's random current representation. This perspective is then employed in the proof that the Pfaffian structure of boundary correlations emerges asymptotically at criticality in Ising models on $\mathbb Z^2$ with finite-range interactions. The analysis is enabled by new results on the stochastic geometry of the corresponding random currents. The proven statement establishes an aspect of univers…
We consider the Ising model at its critical temperature with external magnetic field $ha^{15/8}$ on $a\mathbb{Z}^2$. We give a purely probabilistic proof, using FK methods rather than reflection positivity, that for $a=1$, the correlation length is $\geq const.~h^{-8/15}$ as $h\downarrow0$. We extend to the $a\downarrow0$ continuum limit the FK-Ising coupling for all $h>0$, and obtain tail estimates for the largest renormalized cluster area in a finite domain as well as an upper bound with exponent $1/8$ for the one-arm event. Finally, we show that for $a=1$, the average magnetization, $\mathc…
We rigorously prove the existence and the conformal invariance of scaling limits of the magnetization and multi-point spin correlations in the critical Ising model on arbitrary simply connected planar domains. This solves a number of conjectures coming from the physical and the mathematical literature. The proof relies on convergence results for discrete holomorphic spinor observables and probabilistic techniques.
We consider the continuous time, zero-temperature heat-bath dynamics for the nearest-neighbor Ising model on $Z^2$ with positive magnetic field. For a system of size $L\in N$, we start with initial condition $σ$ such that $σ_x=-1$ if $x\in[-L,L]^2$ and $σ_x=+1$ and investigate the scaling limit of the set of $-$ spins when both time and space are rescaled by $L$. We compare the obtained result and its proof with the case of zero-magnetic fields, for which a scaling result was proved in arXiv:1112.3160. In that case, the time-scaling is diffusive and the scaling limit is given by anisotropic mo…
We prove convergence of the 2- and 4-point fermionic observables of the FK-Ising model on simply connected domains discretised by a planar isoradial lattice in massive (near-critical) scaling limit. The former is alternatively known as a (fermionic) martingale observable (MO) for the massive interface, and in particular encapsulates boundary visit probabilties of the interface. The latter encodes connection probabilities in the 4-point alternating (generalised Dobrushin) boundary condition, whose exact convergence is then further analysed to yield crossing estimates for general boundary condit…
We consider the Ising model at its critical temperature with external magnetic field $ha^{15/8}$ on the square lattice with lattice spacing $a$. We show that the truncated two-point function in this model decays exponentially with a rate independent of $a$. As a consequence, we show exponential decay in the near-critical scaling limit Euclidean magnetization field. For the lattice model with $a=1$, the mass (inverse correlation length) is of order $h^{8/15}$ as $h\downarrow 0$; for the Euclidean field, it equals exactly $Ch^{8/15}$ for some $C$. Although there has been much progress in the stu…
A matrix is called totally positive (resp. totally nonnegative) if all its minors are positive (resp. nonnegative). Consider the Ising model with free boundary conditions and no external field on a planar graph $G$. Let $a_1,\dots,a_k,b_k,\dots,b_1$ be vertices placed in a counterclockwise order on the outer face of $G$. We show that the $k\times k$ matrix of the two-point spin correlation functions \[ M_{i,j} = \langle σ_{a_i} σ_{b_j} \rangle \] is totally nonnegative. Moreover, $\det M > 0$ if and only if there exist $k$ pairwise vertex-disjoint paths that connect $a_i$ with $b_i$. We also c…
We study infinite ``$+$'' or ``$-$'' clusters for an Ising model on an connected, transitive, non-amenable, planar, one-ended graph $G$ with finite vertex degree. If the critical percolation probability $p_c^{site}$ for the i.i.d.~Bernoulli site percolation on $G$ is less than $\frac{1}{2}$, we find an explicit region for the coupling constant of the Ising model such that there are infinitely many infinite ``$+$''-clusters and infinitely many infinite ``$-$''-clusters, while the random cluster representation of the Ising model has no infinite 1-clusters. If $p_c^{site}>\frac{1}{2}$, we obtain …
Comparing the Lee-Yang gap with the mass gap in the sub-critical planar Ising model
Technische Universität München（慕尼黑工业大学）；Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学应用与计算数学项目）；Department of Mathematics, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学数学系）；Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna（维也纳大学数学学院）
In this note we overview recent convergence results for correlations in the critical planar nearest-neighbor Ising model. We start with a short discussion of the combinatorics of the model and a definition of fermionic and spinor observables. After that, we illustrate our approach to spin correlations by a derivation of two classical explicit formulae in the infinite-volume limit. Then we describe the convergence results (as the mesh size tends to zero, in arbitrary planar domains) for fermionic correlators, energy-density and spin expectations. Finally, we discuss scaling limits of mixed corr…
We derive the alternating arm exponents of critical Ising model. We obtain six different patterns of alternating boundary arm exponents which correspond to the boundary conditions $(\ominus\oplus)$, $(\ominus\text{free})$ and $(\text{free}\text{free})$, and the alternating interior arm exponents.
In [CGN12], we proved that the renormalized critical Ising magnetization fields $Φ^a:= a^{15/8} \sum_{x\in a\, \Z^2} σ_x \, δ_x$ converge as $a\to 0$ to a random distribution that we denoted by $Φ^\infty$. The purpose of this paper is to establish some fundamental properties satisfied by this $Φ^\infty$ and the near-critical fields $Φ^{\infty,h}$. More precisely, we obtain the following results. \bi [(i)] If $A\subset \C$ is a smooth bounded domain and if $m=m_A := <{Φ^\infty, 1_A}$ denotes the limiting rescaled magnetization in $A$, then there is a constant $c=c_A>0$ such that {equation*} \lo…
We consider the planar Ising model in rectangle $(Ω; x^L, x^R, y^R, y^L)$ with alternating boundary condition: $\ominus$ along $(x^Lx^R)$ and $(y^Ry^L)$, $ξ^R\in\{\oplus, \text{free}\}$ along $(x^Ry^R)$, and $ξ^L\in\{\oplus, \text{free}\}$ along $(y^Lx^L)$. We prove that the interface of critical Ising model with these boundary conditions converges to the so-called hypergeometric SLE$_3$. The method developed in this paper does not require constructing new holomorphic observable and the input is the convergence of the interface with Dobrushin boundary condition. This method could be applied to…
We discuss the notion of s-embeddings $\mathcal{S}=\mathcal{S}_\mathcal{X}$ of planar graphs carrying a nearest-neighbor Ising model. The construction of $\mathcal{S}_\mathcal{X}$ is based upon a choice of a global complex-valued solution $\mathcal{X}$ of the propagation equation for Kadanoff-Ceva fermions. Each choice of $\mathcal{X}$ provides an interpretation of all other fermionic observables as s-holomorphic functions on $\mathcal{S}_\mathcal{X}$. We set up a general framework for the analysis of such functions on s-embeddings $\mathcal{S}^δ$ with $δ\to 0$. Throughout this analysis, a key…
We show how to combine our earlier results to deduce strong convergence of the interfaces in the planar critical Ising model and its random-cluster representation to Schramm's SLE curves with parameter $κ=3$ and $κ=16/3$ respectively.
These lecture notes provide a (almost) self-contained account on conformal invariance of the planar critical Ising and FK-Ising models. They present the theory of discrete holomorphic functions and its applications to planar statistical physics (more precisely to the convergence of fermionic observables). Convergence to SLE is discussed briefly. Many open questions are included.
We introduce Kadanoff-Ceva order-disorder operators in the quantum Ising model. This approach was first used for the classical planar Ising model and recently put back to the stage. This representation turns out to be equivalent to the loop expansion of Sminorv's fermionic observables and is particularly interesting due to its simple and compact formulation. Using this approach, we are able to extend different results known in the classical planar Ising model, such as the conformal invariance/covariance of correlations and the energy-density, to the spin-representation of the (1+1) dimensional…
We generalize the switching lemma of Griffiths, Hurst and Sherman to the random current representation of the Ashkin-Teller model. We then use it together with properties of two-dimensional topology to derive linear relations for multi-point boundary spin correlations and bulk order-disorder correlations in planar models. We also show that the same linear relations are satisfied by products of Pfaffians. As a result a clear picture arises in the noninteracting case of two independent Ising models where multi-point correlation functions are given by Pfaffians and determinants of their respectiv…
We prove convergence of multiple interfaces in the critical planar q = 2 random cluster model, and provide an explicit description of the scaling limit. Remarkably, the expression for the partition function of the resulting multiple SLE(16/3) coincides with the bulk spin correlation in the critical Ising model in the half-plane, after formally replacing a position of each spin and its complex conjugate with a pair of points on the real line. As a corollary, we recover Belavin-Polyakov-Zamolodchikov equations for the spin correlations.
We present a rigorous determination of the critical value of the ground-state quantum Ising model in a transverse field, on a class of planar graphs which we call star-like. These include the star graph, which is a junction of several copies of Z at a single point. Our approach is to use the graphical, or FK-, representation of the model, and the probabilistic and geometric tools associated with it.
We review the construction of a stationary Gaussian process $X(t)$ starting from the near-critical continuum scaling limit $Φ^h$ of the Ising magnetization and its relation to the mass spectrum of the relativistic quantum field theory associated to $Φ^h$. Then for the near-critical Ising model on $a \mathbb{Z}^2$ with external field $a^{15/8} h$, we study the renormalized magnetization along a vertical line (with horizontal coordinate approximately $t$) and prove that the limit as $a\downarrow 0$ is the same Gaussian process $X(t)$. We also explore the possible extension of this approach to di…
Let $Φ^h(x)$ with $x=(t,y)$ denote the near-critical scaling limit of the planar Ising magnetization field. We take the limit of $Φ^h$ as the spatial coordinate $y$ scales to infinity with $t$ fixed and prove that it is a stationary Gaussian process $X(t)$ whose covariance function is the Laplace transform of a mass spectral measure $ρ$ of the relativistic quantum field theory associated to the Euclidean field $Φ^h$. Our analysis of the small distance/time behavior of the covariance functions of $Φ^h$ and $X(t)$ shows that $ρ$ is finite but has infinite first moment.
We show that the critical Kac-Ward operator on isoradial graphs acts in a certain sense as the operator of s-holomorphicity, and we identify the fermionic observable for the spin Ising model as the inverse of this operator. This result is partially a consequence of a more general observation that the inverse Kac-Ward operator for any planar graph is given by what we call a fermionic generating function. Furthermore, using bounds for the spectral radius and operator norm of the Kac-Ward transition matrix, we provide a general picture of the non-backtracking walk representation of the critical a…
In this paper, we consider the set of interfaces between + and - spins arising for the critical planar Ising model on a domain with + boundary conditions, and show that it converges towards CLE(3). Our proof relies on the study of the coupling between the Ising model and its random cluster (FK) representation, and of the interactions between FK and Ising interfaces. The main idea is to construct an exploration process starting from the boundary of the domain, to discover the Ising loops and to establish its convergence to a conformally invariant limit. The challenge is that Ising loops do not …
We prove the existence of the local weak limit of the measure obtained by sampling random triangulations of size $n$ decorated by an Ising configuration with a weight proportional to the energy of this configuration. To do so, we establish the algebraicity and the asymptotic behaviour of the partition functions of triangulations with spins for any boundary condition. In particular, we show that these partition functions all have the same phase transition at the same critical temperature. Some properties of the limiting object -- called the Infinite Ising Planar Triangulation -- are derived, in…
For the two dimensional Ising model, we construct the adequate surface tension near criticality. The latter quantity has been shown to play a central role in the study of phase coexistence in a joint limit where the temperature approaches the critical point from below and simultaneously the size of the system increases fast enough.
We study the 2d-Ising model defined on finite boxes at temperatures that are below but very close from the critical point. When the temperature approaches the critical point and the size of the box grows fast enough, we establish large deviations estimates on FK-percolation events that concern the phenomenon of phase coexistence.
We study the behavior of the two-dimensional Ising model in a finite box at temperatures that are below, but very close to, the critical temperature. In a regime where the temperature approaches the critical point and, simultaneously, the size of the box grows fast enough, we establish a large deviation principle that proves the appearance of a round Wulff crystal.
