使用SiD探测器的模拟框架来研究Higgs -> mumu衰变通道，表明可以通过提高带电粒子动量分辨率来实现信号显著性的显著增益。然而，对Z-> mumu衰减通道的更详细的模拟表明，通过增加跟踪器粒度无法实现分辨率的显着提高。相反，使用寿命较长的粒子对缺失/死顶点层进行的探测器稳定性研究显示了轨道分辨率的增加。现有的9.15 cm x 25 μm硅条几何形状被100 x 100微米硅像素取代，将次级顶点分辨率提高了100倍。通过使用密集射流对高度准直事件进行的研究表明，动量分辨率可以提高2倍，大大提高了信号的重要性，但需要将像素大小减小到25微米。将跟踪器粒度从9.15 cm条带升级到微米尺寸的像素需要增加传感器通道的数量和复杂性，但在大多数线性对撞机物理学中仅提供小的改进。
英文摘要：
Using the simulation framework of the SiD detector to study the Higgs -> mumu decay channel showed a considerable gain in signal significance could be achieved through an increase in charged particle momentum resolution. However more detailed simulations of theZ -> mumu decay channel demonstrated that significant improvement in the resolution could not be achieved through an increase in tracker granularity. Conversely detector stability studies into missing/dead vertex layers using longer lived particles displayed an increase in track resolution. The existing 9.15 cm x 25 μm silicon strip geometry was replaced with 100 x 100 micrometers silicon pixels improving secondary vertex resolution by a factor of 100. Study into highly collimated events through the use of dense jets showed that momentum resolution can be increased by a factor of 2, greatly improving signal significance but requiring a reduction in pixel size to 25 micrometers. An upgrade of the tracker granularity from the 9.15 cm strips to micrometer sized pixels requires an increase in number and complexity of sensor channels yet provides only a small improvement in the majority of linear collider physics.
Silicon photomultiplier arrays - a novel photon detector for a high resolution tracker produced at FBK-irst, Italy
在FBK-irst研制了一个硅光电倍增器（SiPM）阵列，它有32个通道，尺寸为8.0 x 1.1 mm^2。每个250 um宽的通道被细分为5 x 22个矩形排列的像素。这些传感器被开发用于读出模块化高分辨率的光纤跟踪器。关键属性，如击穿电压，增益和光子探测效率（PDE）被发现是均匀的SiPM阵列的所有32个通道。如果噪声特性和PDE得到改善，这可以使具有SiPM阵列读出的光纤跟踪器成为可用跟踪器技术的有希望的替代方案。
Experimental Study of Different Silicon Sensor Options for the Upgrade of the CMS Outer Tracker
在计划于2027年左右开始的大型强子对撞机（HL-LHC）的高光度阶段，加速器预计将提供高达$7.5\times10^{34}$ cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$的瞬时峰值光度。预计在未来十年内，$3000$或甚至$4000$ ~fb $^{-1}$的总积分亮度将被交付给通用探测器ATLAS和CMS，从而显著增加LHC实验的发现潜力。CMS探测器将为HL-LHC进行重大升级，全新的跟踪探测器由外部跟踪器和内部跟踪器组成。然而，新的跟踪系统将暴露在比当前跟踪器高得多的辐射下，需要新的抗辐射传感器。CMS从2009年开始发起了一项广泛的辐照和测量活动，系统地比较不同硅材料的特性和外跟踪器传感器的设计选择。在18种不同的晶圆材料、厚度和生产技术组合上设计并实现了几种测试结构和传感器。在用中子和不同能量的质子辐照之前和之后，对装置进行电气表征，其中通量对应于在$3000$ ~fb $^{-1}$之后CMS外跟踪器的不同半径处预期的通量。所执行的测试包括使用$β$源、激光和光束扫描的研究。本文比较了HL-LHC硅传感器的不同选择的性能，重点是硅块材料和厚度。
The strategies for and the performance of the CMS silicon tracking system alignment during the 2015-2018 data-taking period of the LHC are described. The alignment procedures during and after data taking are explained. Alignment scenarios are also derived for use in the simulation of the detector response. Systematic effects, related to intrinsic symmetries of the alignment task or to external constraints, are discussed and illustrated for different scenarios.
D0 Run II硅微带跟踪器（SMT）有3平方米的硅面积。912个读出模块上的6192个SVXIIe芯片可读出792，576个通道。SMT在D0探测器的全伪快度覆盖范围内提供轨道和顶点重建能力。自2002年4月以来，整个检测器已成功运行。本报告涵盖了调试和运行的经验，最近的电子升级，提高了SMT的稳定性和辐射损伤的估计。
When testing and calibrating particle detectors in a test beam, accurate tracking information independent of the detector being tested is extremely useful during the offline analysis of the data. A general-purpose Silicon Beam Tracker (SBT) was constructed with an active area of 32.0 x 32.0 mm2 to provide this capability for the beam calibration of the Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) calorimeter. The tracker consists of two modules, each comprised of two orthogonal layers of 380 μm thick silicon strip sensors. In one module each layer is a 64-channel AC-coupled single-sided silicon stri…
DAMPE silicon tracker on-board data compression algorithm
暗物质粒子探测器（DAMPE）是一颗即将发射的科学卫星，用于探测高能伽马射线、电子和宇宙射线。硅跟踪器（STK）是DAMPE有效载荷的子探测器，具有出色的位置分辨率（读出间距为242 μ m），可测量粒子的入射方向以及电荷。STK由12层硅微带探测器（SMD）组成，相当于6.5 m $^2$的总硅面积。STK的总读出通道数为73728，这导致了大量的原始数据需要处理。在本文中，我们专注于星上的数据压缩算法和程序的STK，这是初步验证宇宙线测量。
In preparation for the High Luminosity LHC, the entire tracker detector of the CMS experiment will be exchanged as part of the Phase-2 Upgrade. The new Outer Tracker will comprise approximately 13,000 silicon sensor modules, of which 7608 are "2S modules" consisting of two parallel mounted silicon strip sensors, and 5592 are "PS modules" consisting of one pixel and one strip sensor in a single module. These modules provide tracking information to the Level 1 trigger by correlating the hit information of both sensor layers, allowing discrimination of particle tracks by their transverse momentum…
After the successful installation and first operation of the upgraded Inner Tracking System (ITS2), which consists of about $10\,$m$^2$ of monolithic silicon pixel sensors, ALICE is pioneering the usage of bent, wafer-scale pixel sensors for the ITS3 for LHC Run 4. Sensors larger than typical reticle sizes can be produced using the technique of stitching. At thicknesses of about $30\,μ$m, silicon is flexible enough to be bent to radii of the order of $1\,$cm. By cooling such sensors with a forced airflow, it becomes possible to construct truly cylindrical layers which consist practically only …
The inner tracking system of the CMS experiment, which comprises Silicon Pixel and Silicon Strip detectors, is designed to provide a precise measurement of the momentum of charged particles and to reconstruct the primary and secondary vertices. The movements of the different substructures of the tracker detectors driven by the operating conditions during data taking, require to regularly update the detector geometry in order to accurately describe the position, orientation, and curvature of the tracker modules. The procedure in which new parameters of the tracker geometry are determined is kno…
Sensors fabricated from high resistivity, float zone, silicon material have been the basis of vertex detectors and trackers for the last 30 years. The areas of these devices have increased from a few square cm to $\> 200\ m^2$ for the existing CMS tracker. High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), CMS and ATLAS tracker upgrades will each require more than $200\ m^2$ of silicon and the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) will require more than $600\ m^2$. The cost and complexity of assembly of these devices is related to the area of each module, which in turn is set by the size of th…
This paper presents the techniques used to monitor radiation damage in the LHCb Tracker Turicensis during the LHC Runs 1 and 2. Bulk leakage currents in the silicon sensors were monitored continuously, while the full depletion voltages of the sensors were estimated at regular intervals by performing dedicated scans of the charge collection efficiency as a function of the applied bias voltage. Predictions of the expected leakage currents and full depletion voltages are extracted from the simulated radiation profile, the luminosity delivered by the LHC, and the thermal history of the silicon sen…
Construction and performance of a silicon photomultiplier/extruded scintillator tail-catcher and muon-tracker
2006年至2009年间，欧洲核子研究中心（CERN）和费米实验室（Fermilab）建造、安装并测试了一个国际直线对撞机（ILC）探测器的原型模块，作为CALICE试验束计划的一部分，以研究在强子量能器后面扩展能量采样的可能性，并研究提供μ子跟踪的可能性。“尾捕捉器/μ子跟踪器”（TCMT）由320个挤压闪烁体条（尺寸1000 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm）组成，包装在16个1米见方的平面中，交错在钢板之间。闪烁体条用波长移动光纤和硅光电倍增器读出。平面以交替的水平和垂直条带方向排列。收集了能量范围为6 GeV至80 GeV的μ子和π子的数据。利用在2006年采取的数据，本文介绍了TCMT的设计和建造，性能特点，和基于束的TCMT的能力，以提高强子能量分辨率的原型ILC探测器的评估。对于ILC探测器的典型配置，其线圈位于厚度为5.5个核相互作用长度的量热计系统外部，TCMT将对20至80 GeV之间的π介子的相对能量分辨率提高6- 16%。
Beam test results of the Intermediate Silicon Tracker for sPHENIX
National Central University（中央大学）；Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN（理化学研究所理仁加速器科学中心）；RIKEN BNL Research Center（理化学研究所布鲁克海文研究中心）；Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Nara Women’s University（奈良女子大学数理科学系）；Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室物理系）；Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency（日本原子能研究机构先进科学研究中心）；Department of Physics, Rikkyo University（立教大学物理学系）
