We define and study the notion of \emph{ample metric generics} for a Polish topological group, which is a weakening of the notion of ample generics introduced by Kechris and Rosendal in \cite{Kechris-Rosendal:Turbulence}. Our work is based on the concept of a \emph{Polish topometric group}, defined in this article. Using Kechris and Rosendal's work as a guide, we explore consequences of ample metric generics (or, more generally, ample generics for Polish topometric groups). Then we provide examples of Polish groups with ample metric generics, such as the isometry group $\Iso(\bU_1)$ of the bounded Urysohn space, the unitary group ${\mathcal U}(\ell_2)$ of a separable Hilbert space, and the automorphism group $\Aut([0,1],λ)$ of the Lebesgue measure algebra on $[0,1]$. We deduce from this and earlier work of Kittrell and Tsankov that this last group has the automatic continuity property, i.e., any morphism from $\Aut([0,1],λ)$ into a separable topological group is continuous.
We develop the basics of an analogue of descriptive set theory for functions on a Polish space $X$. We use this to define a version of the small index property in the context of Polish topometric groups, and show that Polish topometric groups with ample generics have this property. We also extend classical theorems of Effros and Hausdorff to the topometric context.
Given a continuous and isometric action of a Polish group $G$ on an adequate Polish topometric space $(X,τ,ρ)$ and $x \in X$, we find a necessary and sufficient condition for $\overline{Gx}^ρ$ to be co-meagre; we also obtain a criterion that characterizes when such a point exists. This work completes a criterion established in earlier work of the authors.
We prove that every open $σ$-locally Polish groupoid $G$ is Borel equivalent to the groupoid of models on the Urysohn sphere $\mathbb{U}$ of an $\mathcal{L}_{ω_1ω}$-sentence in continuous logic. In particular, the orbit equivalence relations of such groupoids are up to Borel bireducibility precisely those of Polish group actions, answering a question of Lupini. Analogously, every non-Archimedean (i.e., every unit morphism has a neighborhood basis of open subgroupoids) open quasi-Polish groupoid is Borel equivalent to the groupoid of models on $\mathbb{N}$ of an $\mathcal{L}_{ω_1ω}$-sentence in…
Let $X$ be a separable metrizable space. We establish a criteria for the existence of a metrizable globalization for a given continuous partial action of a separable metrizable group $G$ on $X.$ If $G$ and $X$ are Polish spaces, we show that the globalization is also a Polish space. We also show the existence of an universal globalization for partial actions of Polish groups.
A Polish group is surjectively universal if it can be continuously homomorphically mapped onto every Polish group. Making use of a type of new metrics on free groups \cite{DG}, we prove the existence of surjectively universal Polish groups, answering in the positive a question of Kechris. In fact, we give several examples of surjectively universal Polish groups. We find a sufficient condition to guarantee that the new metrics on free groups can be computed directly. We also compare this condition with CLI groups.
We extend the result of Nadel describing the relationship between approximations of canonical Scott sentences and admissible sets to the general case of orbit equivalence relations induced on an arbitrary Polish space by a Polish group action.
Einstein Institute of Mathematics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem（希伯来大学爱因斯坦数学研究所）；Department of Mathematics, Rutgers University（罗格斯大学数学系）
We give a complete characterization of the graph products of cyclic groups admitting a Polish group topology, and show that they are all realizable as the group of automorphisms of a countable structure. In particular, we characterize the right-angled Coxeter groups (resp. Artin groups) admitting a Polish group topology. This generalizes results from [5], [7] and [4].
We study when a continuous isometric action of a Polish group on a complete metric space is, or can be, transitive. Our main results consist of showing that certain Polish groups, namely $\mathrm{Aut}^*(μ)$ and $\mathrm{Homeo}^+[0,1]$, such an action can never be transitive (unless the space acted upon is a singleton). We also point out "circumstantial evidence" that this pathology could be related to that of Polish groups which are not closed permutation groups and yet have discrete uniform distance, and give a general characterisation of continuous isometric action of a Roeckle-precompact Po…
We show that every essentially countable orbit equivalence relation induced by a continuous action of a Polish group on a Polish space is $σ$-lacunary. In combination with [Invent. Math.201 (1), 309-383, 2015] we obtain a straightforward proof of the result from [Adv. Math.307, 312-343,2017] that every essentially countable equivalence relation that is induced by an action of abelian non-archimedean Polish group is essentially hyperfinite.
In an earlier paper, we introduced the following pre-order on the subgroups of a given Polish group: if $G$ is a Polish group and $H,L \subseteq G$ are subgroups, we say $H$ is {\em homomorphism reducible} to $L$ iff there is a continuous group homomorphism $φ: G \rightarrow G$ such that $H = φ^{-1} (L)$. We previously showed that there is a $K_σ$ subgroup, $L$, of the countable power of any locally compact Polish group, $G$, such that every $K_σ$ subgroup of $G^ω$ is homomorphism reducible to $L$. In the present work, we show that this fails in the countable power of the group of increasing h…
We define some coding of Borel sets in admissible sets. Using this we generalize certain results from model theory involving admissible sets to the case of continuous actions of closed permutation groups on Polish spaces. In particular we obtain counterparts of Nadel's theorems about relationships between Scott sentences and admissible sets.
Einstein Institute of Mathematics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem（希伯来大学爱因斯坦数学研究所）；Department of Mathematics, Rutgers University（罗格斯大学数学系）
We give strong necessary conditions on the admissibility of a Polish group topology for an arbitrary graph product of groups $G(Γ, G_a)$, and use them to give a characterization modulo a finite set of nodes. As a corollary, we give a complete characterization in case all the factor groups $G_a$ are countable.
We analyse logic actions of Polish groups which arise in continuous logic. We extend the generalised model theory of H.Becker to the case of Polish G-spaces when G is an arbitrary Polish group.
In this paper we consider non-archimedean abelian Polish groups whose orbit equivalence relations are all Borel. Such groups are called tame. We show that a non-archimedean abelian Polish group is tame if and only if it does not involve $\Z^ω$ or $(\Z(p)^{<ω})^ω$ for any prime $p$. In addition to determining the structure of tame groups, we also consider the actions of such groups and study the complexity of their orbit equivalence relations in the Borel reducibility hierarchy. It is shown that if such an orbit equivalence relation is essentially countable, then it must be essentially hyperfin…
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem（耶路撒冷希伯来大学）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
We prove that no uncountable Polish group can admit a system of generators whose associated length function satisfies the following conditions: (i) if $0 < k < ω$, then $lg(x) \leq lg(x^k)$; (ii) if $lg(y) < k < ω$ and $x^k = y$, then $x = e$. In particular, the automorphism group of a countable structure cannot be an uncountable right-angled Artin group. This generalizes results from [3] and [5], where this is proved for free and free Abelian uncountable groups.
We prove that in a continuous $\aleph_0$-stable theory every type-definable group is definable. The two main ingredients in the proof are: \begin{enumerate} \item Results concerning Morley ranks (i.e., Cantor-Bendixson ranks) from \cite{BenYaacov:TopometricSpacesAndPerturbations}, allowing us to prove the theorem in case the metric is invariant under the group action; and \item Results concerning the existence of translation-invariant definable metrics on type-definable groups and the extension of partial definable metrics to total ones. \end{enumerate}
In [arXiv:1605.02261] Rosłanowski and Shelah asked whether every locally compact non-discrete group has a null but non-meager subgroup, and conversely whether it is consistent with $ZFC$ that in every locally compact group there are no meager but non-null subgroups. The answer is affirmative for both questions [arXiv:1605.02261], however, in this paper we provide a much simpler proof for the special case of Abelian Polish groups.
Our first motivation was the question: can a countable structure have an automorphism group, which a free uncountable group? This is answered negatively in [Sh:744]. Lecturing in a conference in Rutgers, February 2001, I was asked whether I am really speaking on Polish groups. We can prove this using a more restrictive condition on the set of equations. Parallel theorems, hold for semi groups and for metric algebras, e.g. with non-isolated unit. Here we do the general case. For instance we show that there is no Polish group which as a group is free and uncountable.
Let G be a closed subgroup of the group of all permutations of a countably infinite set. Let X be a Polish G-space with a countable basis A of clopen sets. Each x from X defines a characteristic function f on A by f(U)=1 iff x belongs to U (where U is from A). We consider computable complexity of f and some related questions.
Let $(G,\cdot)$ be a Polish group. We say that a set $X \subset G$ is Haar null if there exists a universally measurable set $U \supset X$ and a Borel probability measure $μ$ such that for every $g, h \in G$ we have $μ(gUh)=0$. We call a set $X$ naively Haar null if there exists a Borel probability measure $μ$ such that for every $g, h \in G$ we have $μ(gXh)=0$. Generalizing a result of Elekes and Steprāns, which answers the first part of Problem FC from Fremlin's list, we prove that in every abelian Polish group there exists a naively Haar null set that is not Haar null.
For a Polish group G let cov_G be the minimal number of translates of a fixed closed nowhere dense subset of G required to cover G. For many locally compact G this cardinal is known to be consistently larger than cov(meager) which is the smallest cardinality of a covering of the real line by meagre sets. It is shown that for several non-locally compact groups cov_G=cov(meager). For example the equality holds for the group of permutations of the integers, the additive group of a separable Banach space with an unconditional basis and the group of homeomorphisms of various compact spaces. Most re…
Einstein Institute of Mathematics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem（耶路撒冷希伯来大学爱因斯坦数学研究所）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
We prove that no quantifier-free formula in the language of group theory can define the $\aleph_1$-half graph in a Polish group, thus generalising some results from [6]. We then pose some questions on the space of groups of automorphisms of a given Borel complete class, and observe that this space must contain at least one uncountable group. Finally, we prove some results on the structure of the group of automorphisms of a locally finite group: firstly, we prove that it is not the case that every group of automorphisms of a graph of power $λ$ is the group of automorphism of a locally finite gr…
We present the (Lascar) Galois group of any countable theory as a quotient of a compact Polish group by an $F_σ$ normal subgroup: in general, as a topological group, and under NIP, also in terms of Borel cardinality. This allows us to obtain similar results for arbitrary strong types defined on a single complete type over $\emptyset$. As an easy conclusion of our main theorem, we get the main result from our recent paper joint with Andand Pillay, which says that for any strong type defined on a single complete type over $\emptyset$, smoothness is equivalent to type-definability. We also explai…
Hjorth has introduced a Scott analysis for general Polish group actions, and has asked whether his notion of rank satisfies a boundedness principle similar to the one of Scott rank - namely, the orbit equivalence relation is Borel if and only if Hjorth ranks are bounded. We present the principles of Hjorth analysis and Hjorth rank, and answer Hjorth's question positively. From that we get a positive answer to a conjecture due to Hjorth - for every limit ordinal $α$ , the set of elements whose orbit is of complexity less than $α$ is a Borel set. We then show Nadel's theorem for Hjorth rank - th…
We study Borel equivalence relations induced by Borel actions of tsi Polish groups on standard Borel spaces. We characterize when such an equivalence relation admits classification by countable structures using a variant of the $\mathbb G_0$-dichotomy. In particular, we find a class that serves as a base for non-classification by countable structures for these equivalence relations under Borel reducibility. We use this characterization together with the result of [B. D. Miller, to appear in the Journal of Mathematical Logic] to show that if such an equivalence relation admits classification by…
It is proved that any countable index, universally measurable subgroup of a Polish group is open. By consequence, any universally measurable homomorphism from a Polish group into the infinite symmetric group $S_\infty$ is continuous. It is also shown that a universally measurable homomorphism from a Polish group into a second countable, locally compact group is necessarily continuous.
We investigate ideals of the form $\{A \subseteq ω\colon \sum_{n\in A} x_n$ is unconditionally convergent $\}$, where $(x_n)_{n\inω}$ is a sequence in a Polish group or in a Banach space. If an ideal on $ω$ can be seen in this form for some sequence in $X$, then we say that it is representable in $X$. After numerous examples we show the following theorems: (1) An ideal is representable in a Polish Abelian group iff it is an analytic P-ideal. (2) An ideal is representable in a Banach space iff it is a non-pathological analytic P-ideal. We focus on the family of ideals representable in $c_0$. We…
Let $Γ$ and $Δ$ be sufficiently distinct countable groups. We show that there is an orbit equivalence relation $E$, induced by an action of the Polish wreath product group $Γ\wrΓ$, so that $E$ is generically $F$-ergodic for any orbit equivalence relation $F$ induced by an action of $Δ\wrΔ$. More generally, we establish generic ergodicity between $Γ$-jumps and the iterated $Δ$-jumps, answering a question of Clemens and Coskey. The proofs follow a translation between Borel homomorphisms and definable pins.
Let $X = \left\{P \in [0,1]^{\bf N} : \left(\forall ν\in {\bf N} \right) \left(P \left(\{ν\} \right) > 0 \right) \wedge \sum\limits_{ν= 0}^{\infty} P \left(\{ν\} \right) = 1 \right\} $ be the Polish space of probability measures on ${\bf N}$, each of which assigns positive probability to every elementary event, while for any $P \in X$, let $Γ_{P} = \left\{ξ\in L^{1}({\bf N}, P) : \left(\forall ν\in {\bf N} \right) \left(ξ(ν) > 0 \right) \wedge \sum\limits_{ν= 0}^{\infty} ξ(ν) P \left(\{ν\} \right) = 1 \right\} $ and let $Φ_{P} : Γ_{P} \ni ξ\mapsto Φ_{P}(ξ) \in X$ be defined by the relation $\l…
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem（耶路撒冷希伯来大学）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
We complement the characterization of the graph products of cyclic groups $G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$ admitting a Polish group topology of [9] with the following result. Let $G = G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$, then the following are equivalent: (i) there is a metric on $Γ$ which induces a separable topology in which $E_Γ$ is closed; (ii) $G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$ is embeddable into a Polish group; (iii) $G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$ is embeddable into a non-Archimedean Polish group. We also construct left-invariant separable group ultrametrics for $G = G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$ and $Γ$ a closed graph on the Baire space, which is …
In this paper, we prove several results concerning Polish group topologies on groups of non-singular transformation. We first prove that the group of measure-preserving transformations of the real line whose support has finite measure carries no Polish group topology. We then characterize the Borel $σ$-finite measures $λ$ on a standard Borel space for which the group of $λ$-preserving transformations has the automatic continuity property. We finally show that the natural Polish topology on the group of all non-singular transformations is actually its only Polish group topology.
We construct Graev ultrametrics on free products of groups with two-sided invariant ultrametrics and HNN extensions of such groups. We also introduce a notion of a free product of general Polish groups and prove, in particular, that two Polish groups G and H can be embedded into a Polish group T in such a way that the subgroup of T generated by G and H is isomorphic to the free product G*H.
For an analytic $P$-ideal $I$, $S_I$ is the Polish group of all the permutations of $\mathbb{N}$ whose support is in $I$, with Polish topology given by the corresponding submeasure on $I$. We show that if $\mbox{Fin} \subsetneq I$, then $S_I$ has ample generics. This implies that there exists a non non-archimedean Polish group with ample generics.
We study non-nesting actions of groups on real trees. We prove some fixed point theorems for such actions under the assumption that groups are Polish and have comeagre conjugacy classes.
We show that every abelian Polish group is the topological factor-group of a closed subgroup of the full unitary group of a separable Hilbert space with the strong operator topology. It follows that all orbit equivalence relations induced by abelian Polish group actions are Borel reducible to some orbit equivalence relations induced by actions of the unitary group.
We prove that, whenever $G$ is a Polish group with metrizable universal minimal flow $M(G)$, there exists a comeagre orbit in $M(G)$. It then follows that there exists an extremely amenable, closed, coprecompact $G^*$ of $G$ such that $M(G) = \hat{G/G^*}$.
We present a recent result of Ibarlucía stating that every Roelcke precompact Polish group has Kazhdan's property (T). This striking theorem builds on the characterization of Roelcke precompact Polish groups as automorphism groups of $\aleph_0$-categorical metric structures due to Ben Yaacov and Tsankov. We introduce the underlying concepts coming from model theory, and we outline Ibarlucía's proof in the (already new!) particular case of the group of measure-preserving transformations of a standard probability space.
A Polish group is said to be locally Roelcke precompact if there is a neighborhood of the identity element that is totally bounded in the Roelcke (or lower) group uniformity. These form a subclass of the locally bounded groups, while generalizing the Roelcke precompact and locally compact Polish groups. We characterize these groups in terms of their geometric structure as those locally bounded groups whose coarsely bounded sets are all Roelcke precompact, and in terms of their uniform structure as those groups whose completions in the Roelcke uniformity are locally compact. We also assess the …
A problem of Glasner, now known as Glasner's problem, asks whether every minimally almost periodic, monothetic, Polish groups is extremely amenable. The purpose of this short note is to observe that a positive answer is obtained under the additional assumption that the universal minimal flow is metrizable.
We apply the theory of large-scale geometry of Polish groups to groups of absolutely continuous homeomorphisms. Let $M$ be either the compact interval or circle. We prove that the Polish group $\operatorname{AC}_+(M)$ of orientation-preserving homeomorphisms $f:M\to M$ such that $f$ and $f^{-1}$ are absolutely continuous has a trivial quasi-isometry type. We also prove that the Polish group $\operatorname{AC}_{\mathbb Z}^\mathrm{loc}(\mathbb R)$ of homeomorphisms $f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ such that $f$ commutes with integer translations and both $f$ and $f^{-1}$ are locally absolutely continuo…
We study a property about Polish inverse semigroups similar to the classical theorem of Pettis about Polish groups. In contrast to what happens with Polish groups, not every Polish inverse semigroup have the Pettis property. We present several examples of Polish inverse subsemigroup of the symmetric inverse semigroup I(N) of all partial bijections between subsets of N. We also study whether our examples satisfy automatic continuity.
In finite group theory, chief factors play an important and well-understood role in the structure theory. We here develop a theory of chief factors for Polish groups. In the development of this theory, we prove a version of the Schreier refinement theorem. We also prove a trichotomy for the structure of topologically characteristically simple Polish groups. The development of the theory of chief factors requires two independently interesting lines of study. First we consider injective, continuous homomorphisms with dense normal image. We show such maps admit a canonical factorization via a sem…
We show that a {\it Borel} action of a Polish group on a standard Borel space is Borel isomorphic to a {\it continuous} action of the group on a Polish space, and we apply this result to three aspects of the theory of Borel actions of Polish groups: universal actions, invariant probability measures, and the Topological Vaught Conjecture. We establish the existence of universal actions for any given Polish group, extending a result of Mackey and Varadarajan for the locally compact case. We prove an analog of Tarski's theorem on paradoxical decompositions by showing that the existence of an inva…
We study several distinguished function algebras on a Polish group $G$, under the assumption that $G$ is Roelcke precompact. We do this by means of the model-theoretic translation initiated by Ben Yaacov and Tsankov: we investigate the dynamics of $\aleph_0$-categorical metric structures under the action of their automorphism group. We show that, in this context, every strongly uniformly continuous function (in particular, every Asplund function) is weakly almost periodic. We also point out the correspondence between tame functions and NIP formulas, deducing that the isometry group of the Urys…
