An uncountable $\aleph_1$-free group cannot admit a Polish group topology but an uncountable $\aleph_1$-free abelian group can, as witnessed, for example, by the Baer-Specker group $\mathbb{Z}^ω$; more strongly, $\mathbb{Z}^ω$ is separable. In this paper we investigate $\aleph_1$-free abelian non-Archimedean Polish groups. We prove two main results. The first is that there are continuum many separable (and so torsionless, and so $\aleph_1$-free) abelian non-Archimedean Polish groups which are pairwise not topologically isomorphic. The second is that the following four properties are complete co-analytic subsets of the space of closed abelian subgroups of $S_\infty$: separability, torsionlessness, $\aleph_1$-freeness and $\mathbb{Z}$-homogeneity.
For an analytic $P$-ideal $I$, $S_I$ is the Polish group of all the permutations of $\mathbb{N}$ whose support is in $I$, with Polish topology given by the corresponding submeasure on $I$. We show that if $\mbox{Fin} \subsetneq I$, then $S_I$ has ample generics. This implies that there exists a non non-archimedean Polish group with ample generics.
In this paper we consider non-archimedean abelian Polish groups whose orbit equivalence relations are all Borel. Such groups are called tame. We show that a non-archimedean abelian Polish group is tame if and only if it does not involve $\Z^ω$ or $(\Z(p)^{<ω})^ω$ for any prime $p$. In addition to determining the structure of tame groups, we also consider the actions of such groups and study the complexity of their orbit equivalence relations in the Borel reducibility hierarchy. It is shown that if such an orbit equivalence relation is essentially countable, then it must be essentially hyperfin…
For any Polish space $X$ it is well-known that the Cantor-Bendixson rank provides a co-analytic rank on $F_{\aleph_0}(X)$ if and only if $X$ is a $σ$-compact. In the case of $ω^ω$ one may recover a co-analytic rank on $F_{\aleph_0}(ω^ω)$ by considering the Cantor-Bendixson rank of the induced trees instead. In this paper we will generalize this idea to arbitrary Polish spaces and thereby construct a family of co-analytic ranks on $F_{\aleph_0}(X)$ for any Polish space $X$. We study the behaviour of this family and compare the ranks to the original Cantor-Bendixson rank. The main results are ch…
We present a recent result of Ibarlucía stating that every Roelcke precompact Polish group has Kazhdan's property (T). This striking theorem builds on the characterization of Roelcke precompact Polish groups as automorphism groups of $\aleph_0$-categorical metric structures due to Ben Yaacov and Tsankov. We introduce the underlying concepts coming from model theory, and we outline Ibarlucía's proof in the (already new!) particular case of the group of measure-preserving transformations of a standard probability space.
Einstein Institute of Mathematics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem（耶路撒冷希伯来大学爱因斯坦数学研究所）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
We prove that no quantifier-free formula in the language of group theory can define the $\aleph_1$-half graph in a Polish group, thus generalising some results from [6]. We then pose some questions on the space of groups of automorphisms of a given Borel complete class, and observe that this space must contain at least one uncountable group. Finally, we prove some results on the structure of the group of automorphisms of a locally finite group: firstly, we prove that it is not the case that every group of automorphisms of a graph of power $λ$ is the group of automorphism of a locally finite gr…
In this paper we further develop the theory of canonical approximations of Polishable subgroups of Polish groups, building on previous work of Solecki and Farah--Solecki. In particular, we obtain a characterization of such canonical approximations in terms of their Borel complexity class. As an application we provide a complete list of all the possible Borel complexity classes of Polishable subgroups of Polish groups or, equivalently, of the ranges of continuous group homomorphisms between Polish groups. We also provide a complete list of all the possible Borel complexity classes of the ranges…
We show that every essentially countable orbit equivalence relation induced by a continuous action of a Polish group on a Polish space is $σ$-lacunary. In combination with [Invent. Math.201 (1), 309-383, 2015] we obtain a straightforward proof of the result from [Adv. Math.307, 312-343,2017] that every essentially countable equivalence relation that is induced by an action of abelian non-archimedean Polish group is essentially hyperfinite.
We study the notion of weak amalgamation in the context of diagonal conjugacy classes. Generalizing results of Kechris and Rosendal, we prove that for every countable structure $M$, Polish group $G$ of permutations of $M$, and $n \geq 1$, $G$ has a comeager $n$-diagonal conjugacy class iff the family of all $n$-tuples of $G$-extendable bijections between finitely generated substructures of $M$, has the joint embedding property and the weak amalgamation property. We characterize limits of weak Fraïssé classes that are not homogenizable. Finally, we investigate $1$- and $2$-diagonal conjugacy cl…
We study topological groups that can be defined as Polish, pro-countable abelian groups, as non-archimedean abelian groups or as quasi-countable abelian groups, i.e., Polish subdirect products of countable, discrete groups, endowed with the product topology. We characterize tame groups in this class, i.e., groups such that all orbit equivalence relations induced by their continuous actions on Polish spaces are Borel, and relatively tame groups $G$, i.e., groups such that every diagonal action $α\times β$ of $G$ induces a Borel orbit equivalence relation, provided that the actions $α$, $β$ of $…
We study several distinguished function algebras on a Polish group $G$, under the assumption that $G$ is Roelcke precompact. We do this by means of the model-theoretic translation initiated by Ben Yaacov and Tsankov: we investigate the dynamics of $\aleph_0$-categorical metric structures under the action of their automorphism group. We show that, in this context, every strongly uniformly continuous function (in particular, every Asplund function) is weakly almost periodic. We also point out the correspondence between tame functions and NIP formulas, deducing that the isometry group of the Urys…
We show that all groups of a distinguished class of «large» topological groups, that of Roelcke precompact Polish groups, have Kazhdan's Property (T). This answers a question of Tsankov and generalizes previous results by Bekka (for the infinite-dimensional unitary group) and by Evans and Tsankov (for oligomorphic groups). Further examples include the group $\operatorname{Aut}(μ)$ of measure-preserving transformations of the unit interval and the group $\operatorname{Aut}^*(μ)$ of non-singular transformations of the unit interval. More precisely, we prove that the smallest cocompact normal sub…
We study groups that can be defined as Polish, pro-countable groups, as non-archimedean groups with an invariant metric or as quasi-countable groups, i.e., closed subdirect products of countable, discrete groups, endowed with the product topology. We show, among other results, that for every non-locally compact, abelian quasi-countable group G there exists a closed subgroup L of G, and a closed, non-locally compact subgroup K of G/L which is a direct product of discrete, countable groups. As an application we prove that for every abelian Polish group G of the form H/L, where H,L are closed sub…
We study automorphism groups of randomizations of separable structures, with focus on the $\aleph_0$-categorical case. We give a description of the automorphism group of the Borel randomization in terms of the group of the original structure. In the $\aleph_0$-categorical context, this provides a new source of Roelcke precompact Polish groups, and we describe the associated Roelcke compactifications. This allows us also to recover and generalize preservation results of stable and NIP formulas previously established in the literature, via a Banach-theoretic translation. Finally, we study and cl…
We investigate the automorphism groups of $\aleph\_0$-categorical structures and prove that they are exactly the Roelcke precompact Polish groups. We show that the theory of a structure is stable if and only if every Roelcke uniformly continuous function on the automorphism group is weakly almost periodic. Analysing the semigroup structure on the weakly almost periodic compactification, we show that continuous surjective homomorphisms from automorphism groups of stable $\aleph\_0$-categorical structures to Hausdorff topological groups are open. We also produce some new WAP-trivial groups and c…
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem（耶路撒冷希伯来大学）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
We complement the characterization of the graph products of cyclic groups $G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$ admitting a Polish group topology of [9] with the following result. Let $G = G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$, then the following are equivalent: (i) there is a metric on $Γ$ which induces a separable topology in which $E_Γ$ is closed; (ii) $G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$ is embeddable into a Polish group; (iii) $G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$ is embeddable into a non-Archimedean Polish group. We also construct left-invariant separable group ultrametrics for $G = G(Γ, \mathfrak{p})$ and $Γ$ a closed graph on the Baire space, which is …
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem（耶路撒冷希伯来大学）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
For every countable structure $M$ we construct an $\aleph_0$-stable countable structure $N$ such that $Aut(M)$ and $Aut(N)$ are topologically isomorphic. This shows that it is impossible to detect any form of stability of a countable structure $M$ from the topological properties of the Polish group $Aut(M)$.
Under a mild definability assumption, we characterize the family of Borel actions $Γ\curvearrowright X$ of tsi Polish groups on Polish spaces that can be decomposed into countably-many actions admitting complete Borel sets that are lacunary with respect to an open neighborhood of $1_Γ$. In the special case that $Γ$ is non-archimedean, it follows that there is such a decomposition if and only if there is no continuous embedding of $\mathbb{E}_0^{\mathbb{N}}$ into $E_Γ^X$.
We study the Fourier--Stieltjes algebra of Roelcke precompact, non-archimedean, Polish groups and give a model-theoretic description of the Hilbert compactification of these groups. We characterize the family of such groups whose Fourier--Stieltjes algebra is dense in the algebra of weakly almost periodic functions: those are exactly the automorphism groups of $\aleph_0$-stable, $\aleph_0$-categorical structures. This analysis is then extended to all semitopological semigroup compactifications $S$ of such a group: $S$ is Hilbert-representable if and only if it is an inverse semigroup. We also …
We prove that every open $σ$-locally Polish groupoid $G$ is Borel equivalent to the groupoid of models on the Urysohn sphere $\mathbb{U}$ of an $\mathcal{L}_{ω_1ω}$-sentence in continuous logic. In particular, the orbit equivalence relations of such groupoids are up to Borel bireducibility precisely those of Polish group actions, answering a question of Lupini. Analogously, every non-Archimedean (i.e., every unit morphism has a neighborhood basis of open subgroupoids) open quasi-Polish groupoid is Borel equivalent to the groupoid of models on $\mathbb{N}$ of an $\mathcal{L}_{ω_1ω}$-sentence in…
This paper considers "definable cardinalities" arising from Polish group actions. The first part of the paper answers a question of Becker-Kechris by showing that under suitable determinacy assumptions in ZF+DC, every action by a Polish group on a metric space is either as complicated as the Vitali equivalence relation or no more complicated than the equality relation on bounded subsets of \aleph_1. The same argument shows that if hereditarily wellorderabel sets can be used as complete invariants, then elements in HC will do. The second half gives a new proof of Howard Becker's recent theorem …
We show that if $G$ is a non-archimedean, Roelcke precompact, Polish group, then $G$ has Kazhdan's property (T). Moreover, if $G$ has a smallest open subgroup of finite index, then $G$ has a finite Kazhdan set. Examples of such $G$ include automorphism groups of countable $ω$-categorical structures, that is, the closed, oligomorphic permutation groups on a countable set. The proof uses work of the second author on the unitary representations of such groups, together with a separation result for infinite permutation groups. The latter allows the construction of a non-abelian free subgroup of $G…
We study topological properties of conjugacy classes in Polish groups, with emphasis on automorphism groups of homogeneous countable structures. We first consider the existence of dense conjugacy classes (the topological Rokhlin property). We then characterize when an automorphism group admits a comeager conjugacy class (answering a question of Truss) and apply this to show that the homeomorphism group of the Cantor space has a comeager conjugacy class (answering a question of Akin-Hurley-Kennedy). Finally, we study Polish groups that admit comeager conjugacy classes in any dimension (in which…
