We show that a {\it Borel} action of a Polish group on a standard Borel space is Borel isomorphic to a {\it continuous} action of the group on a Polish space, and we apply this result to three aspects of the theory of Borel actions of Polish groups: universal actions, invariant probability measures, and the Topological Vaught Conjecture. We establish the existence of universal actions for any given Polish group, extending a result of Mackey and Varadarajan for the locally compact case. We prove an analog of Tarski's theorem on paradoxical decompositions by showing that the existence of an invariant Borel probability measure is equivalent to the nonexistence of paradoxical decompositions with countably many Borel pieces. We show that various natural versions of the Topological Vaught Conjecture are equivalent with each other and, in the case of the group of permutations of $\Bbb N$, with the model-theoretic Vaught Conjecture for infinitary logic; this depends on our identification of the universal action for that group.
Let H be a product of countably infinite number of copies of an uncountable Polish space X. Let $Σ_ξ$ $(\bar Σ_ξ)$ be the class of Borel sets of additive class ξfor the product of copies of the discrete topology on X (the Polish topology on X), and let ${\cal B} = \cup_{ξ< ω_1} \barΣ_ξ$. We prove in the Lévy--Solovay model that \barΣ_ξ=Σ_ξ\cap {\cal B} for $1 \leq ξ< ω_1$.
We give a partial answer to an important open problem in descriptive set theory, the Decomposability Conjecture for Borel functions on an analytic subset of a Polish space to a separable metrizable space. Our techniques employ deep results from effective descriptive set theory and recursion theory. In fact it is essential to extend several prominent results in recursion theory (\eg the Shore-Slaman Join Theorem) to the setting of Polish spaces. As a by-product we give both positive and negative results on the Martin Conjecture on the degree preserving Borel functions between Polish spaces. Add…
We study Borel equivalence relations induced by Borel actions of tsi Polish groups on standard Borel spaces. We characterize when such an equivalence relation admits classification by countable structures using a variant of the $\mathbb G_0$-dichotomy. In particular, we find a class that serves as a base for non-classification by countable structures for these equivalence relations under Borel reducibility. We use this characterization together with the result of [B. D. Miller, to appear in the Journal of Mathematical Logic] to show that if such an equivalence relation admits classification by…
In this paper we further develop the theory of canonical approximations of Polishable subgroups of Polish groups, building on previous work of Solecki and Farah--Solecki. In particular, we obtain a characterization of such canonical approximations in terms of their Borel complexity class. As an application we provide a complete list of all the possible Borel complexity classes of Polishable subgroups of Polish groups or, equivalently, of the ranges of continuous group homomorphisms between Polish groups. We also provide a complete list of all the possible Borel complexity classes of the ranges…
We introduce and study the notion of functorial Borel complexity for Polish groupoids. Such a notion aims at measuring the complexity of classifying the objects of a category in a constructive and functorial way. In the particular case of principal groupoids such a notion coincide with the usual Borel complexity of equivalence relations. Our main result is that on one hand for Polish groupoids with essentially treeable orbit equivalence relation, functorial Borel complexity coincides with the Borel complexity of the associated orbit equivalence relation. On the other hand for every countable e…
We show that the enveloping space $X_G$ of a partial action of a Polish group $G$ on a Polish space $X$ is a standard Borel space, that is to say, there is a topology $τ$ on $X_G$ such that $(X_G, τ)$ is Polish and the quotient Borel structure on $X_G$ is equal to $Borel(X_G,τ)$. To prove this result we show a generalization of a theorem of Burgess about Borel selectors for the orbit equivalence relation induced by a group action and also show that some properties of the Vaught's transform are valid for partial actions of groups.
In this paper we consider non-archimedean abelian Polish groups whose orbit equivalence relations are all Borel. Such groups are called tame. We show that a non-archimedean abelian Polish group is tame if and only if it does not involve $\Z^ω$ or $(\Z(p)^{<ω})^ω$ for any prime $p$. In addition to determining the structure of tame groups, we also consider the actions of such groups and study the complexity of their orbit equivalence relations in the Borel reducibility hierarchy. It is shown that if such an orbit equivalence relation is essentially countable, then it must be essentially hyperfin…
We give, for each level of complexity L, a Hurewicz-like characterization of the Borel subsets with countable sections of a product of two Polish spaces that cannot become in L by changing the two Polish topologies.
Louveau showed that if a Borel set in a Polish space happens to be in a Borel Wadge class $Γ$, then its $Γ$-code can be obtained from its Borel code in a hyperarithmetical manner. We extend Louveau's theorem to Borel functions: If a Borel function on a Polish space happens to be a $Σ_t$-function, then one can effectively find its $Σ_t$-code hyperarithmetically relative to its Borel code. More generally, we prove extension-type, domination-type, and decomposition-type variants of Louveau's theorem for Borel functions.
We prove that every open $σ$-locally Polish groupoid $G$ is Borel equivalent to the groupoid of models on the Urysohn sphere $\mathbb{U}$ of an $\mathcal{L}_{ω_1ω}$-sentence in continuous logic. In particular, the orbit equivalence relations of such groupoids are up to Borel bireducibility precisely those of Polish group actions, answering a question of Lupini. Analogously, every non-Archimedean (i.e., every unit morphism has a neighborhood basis of open subgroupoids) open quasi-Polish groupoid is Borel equivalent to the groupoid of models on $\mathbb{N}$ of an $\mathcal{L}_{ω_1ω}$-sentence in…
The following will be shown: Let $I$ be a $σ$-ideal on a Polish space $X$ with the property that the associated forcing of $I^+$ Borel subsets ordered by $\subseteq$ is a proper forcing. Let E be an analytic or coanalytic equivalence relation on this Polish space with all equivalence classes Borel. If sharps of certain sets exist, then there is an $I^+$ Borel subset $C$ of $X$ such that $E \upharpoonright C$ is a Borel equivalence relation.
We prove that orbit equivalence relations (ERs, for brevity) of generically turbulent Polish actions are not Borel reducible to ER s of a family which includes Polish actions of S_\infty, the group of all permutations of N, and is closed under the Fubini product modulo the ideal Fin of all finite sets, and some other operations. Our second main result shows that T_2, the equivalence relation called ``the equality of countable sets of the reals'', is not Borel reducible to another family of ERs which includes continuous actions of Polish CLI groups, Borel equivalence relations with G_δclasses, …
In this paper, we show that Frucht's theorem holds in Borel setting. More specifically, we prove that any standard Borel group can be realized as the Borel automorphism group of a Borel graph. A slight modification of our construction also yields the following result in topological setting: Any Polish group can be realized as the homeomorphic automorphism group of a $\mathbf{Δ^0_2}$-graph on a Polish space.
We study topological groups that can be defined as Polish, pro-countable abelian groups, as non-archimedean abelian groups or as quasi-countable abelian groups, i.e., Polish subdirect products of countable, discrete groups, endowed with the product topology. We characterize tame groups in this class, i.e., groups such that all orbit equivalence relations induced by their continuous actions on Polish spaces are Borel, and relatively tame groups $G$, i.e., groups such that every diagonal action $α\times β$ of $G$ induces a Borel orbit equivalence relation, provided that the actions $α$, $β$ of $…
We study the equivalence classes under $Δ^1_1$ isomorphism, otherwise effective-Borel isomorphism, between complete separable metric spaces which admit a recursive presentation and we show the existence of strictly increasing and strictly decreasing sequences as well as of infinite antichains under the natural notion of $Δ^1_1$-reduction, as opposed to the non-effective case, where only two such classes exist, the one of the Baire space and the one of the naturals. A key tool for our study is a mapping $T \mapsto \mathcal{N}^T$ from the space of all trees on the naturals to the class of Polish…
In this paper, we prove several results concerning Polish group topologies on groups of non-singular transformation. We first prove that the group of measure-preserving transformations of the real line whose support has finite measure carries no Polish group topology. We then characterize the Borel $σ$-finite measures $λ$ on a standard Borel space for which the group of $λ$-preserving transformations has the automatic continuity property. We finally show that the natural Polish topology on the group of all non-singular transformations is actually its only Polish group topology.
We study the complexity with respect to Borel reducibility of the relations of isometry and isometric embeddability between ultrametric Polish spaces for which a set $D$ of possible distances is fixed in advance. These are, respectively, an analytic equivalence relation and an analytic quasi-order and we show that their complexity depends only on the order type of $D$. When $D$ contains a decreasing sequence, isometry is Borel bireducible with countable graph isomorphism and isometric embeddability has maximal complexity among analytic quasi-orders. If $D$ is well-ordered the situation is more…
Let $(G,\cdot)$ be a Polish group. We say that a set $X \subset G$ is Haar null if there exists a universally measurable set $U \supset X$ and a Borel probability measure $μ$ such that for every $g, h \in G$ we have $μ(gUh)=0$. We call a set $X$ naively Haar null if there exists a Borel probability measure $μ$ such that for every $g, h \in G$ we have $μ(gXh)=0$. Generalizing a result of Elekes and Steprāns, which answers the first part of Problem FC from Fremlin's list, we prove that in every abelian Polish group there exists a naively Haar null set that is not Haar null.
What parts of classical descriptive set theory done in Polish spaces still hold for more general topological spaces, possibly T0 or T1, but not T2 (i.e. not Hausdorff)? This question has been addressed by Victor Selivanov in a series of papers centered on algebraic domains. And recently it has been considered by Matthew de Brecht for quasi-Polish spaces, a framework that contains both countably based continuous domains and Polish spaces. In this paper we present alternative unifying topological spaces, that we call approximation spaces. They are exactly the spaces for which player Nonempty has…
Hjorth has introduced a Scott analysis for general Polish group actions, and has asked whether his notion of rank satisfies a boundedness principle similar to the one of Scott rank - namely, the orbit equivalence relation is Borel if and only if Hjorth ranks are bounded. We present the principles of Hjorth analysis and Hjorth rank, and answer Hjorth's question positively. From that we get a positive answer to a conjecture due to Hjorth - for every limit ordinal $α$ , the set of elements whose orbit is of complexity less than $α$ is a Borel set. We then show Nadel's theorem for Hjorth rank - th…
We investigate some basic descriptive set theory for countably based completely quasi-metrizable topological spaces, which we refer to as quasi-Polish spaces. These spaces naturally generalize much of the classical descriptive set theory of Polish spaces to the non-Hausdorff setting. We show that a subspace of a quasi-Polish space is quasi-Polish if and only if it is level Π_2 in the Borel hierarchy. Quasi-Polish spaces can be characterized within the framework of Type-2 Theory of Effectivity as precisely the countably based spaces that have an admissible representation with a Polish domain. T…
We define some coding of Borel sets in admissible sets. Using this we generalize certain results from model theory involving admissible sets to the case of continuous actions of closed permutation groups on Polish spaces. In particular we obtain counterparts of Nadel's theorems about relationships between Scott sentences and admissible sets.
We present the effective version of the theorem about turning Borel sets in Polish spaces into clopen sets while preserving the Borel structure of the underlying space. We show that under some conditions the emerging parameters can be chosen in a hyperarithmetical way and using this we prove a uniformity result.
We give, for some Borel sets of a product of two Polish spaces, including the Borel sets with countable sections, a Hurewicz-like characterization of those which cannot become a transfinite difference of open sets by changing the two Polish topologies.
For a continuous action of a countable discrete group $G$ on a Polish space $X$, a countable Borel partition $P$ of $X$ is called a generator if $G \cdot P := \{ gC : g \in G, C \in P \}$ generates the Borel $σ$-algebra of $X$. For $G = Z$, the Kolmogorov--Sinai theorem gives a measure-theoretic obstruction to the existence of finite generators: they do not exist in the presence of an invariant probability measure with infinite entropy. It was asked by Benjamin Weiss in the late 80s whether the nonexistence of any invariant probability measure guarantees the existence of a finite generator. We…
We study the analytic digraphs of uncountable Borel chromatic number on Polish spaces, and compare them with the notion of injective Borel homomorphism. We provide some minimal digraphs incomparable with G 0. We also prove the existence of antichains of size continuum, and that there is no finite basis. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 03E15, 54H05
Becker and Kechris showed that if a Polish group G acts continuously on a Polish space X, then for any invariant Borel set B we can change the topology on X so that B becomes open, the Borel structure is preserved, and the action continues to be continuous. In this brief paper a short proof is presented for their theorem. The method also gives optimal bounds in terms of minimizing the change to the original topology.
We present and thoroughly study natural Polish spaces of separable Banach spaces. These spaces are defined as spaces of norms, resp. pseudonorms, on the countable infinite-dimensional rational vector space. We provide an exhaustive comparison of these spaces with admissible topologies recently introduced by Godefroy and Saint-Raymond and show that Borel complexities differ little with respect to these two different topological approaches. We investigate generic properties in these spaces and compare them with those in admissible topologies, confirming the suspicion of Godefroy and Saint-Raymon…
Given Polish space ${\bf Y}$ and continuous language $L$ we study the corresponding logic $\mathsf{Iso}({\bf Y})$-space ${\bf Y}_L$. We build a framework of generalized model theory towards analysis of Borel/algorithmic complexity of subsets of ${\bf Y}^k_L \times (\mathsf{Iso} ({\bf Y})^l$. The paper substantially develops (and corrects) Section 5 of arxiv:1304.5135. The second version is extended by Remark 3.4.
We show that every abelian Polish group is the topological factor-group of a closed subgroup of the full unitary group of a separable Hilbert space with the strong operator topology. It follows that all orbit equivalence relations induced by abelian Polish group actions are Borel reducible to some orbit equivalence relations induced by actions of the unitary group.
Let $Γ$ and $Δ$ be sufficiently distinct countable groups. We show that there is an orbit equivalence relation $E$, induced by an action of the Polish wreath product group $Γ\wrΓ$, so that $E$ is generically $F$-ergodic for any orbit equivalence relation $F$ induced by an action of $Δ\wrΔ$. More generally, we establish generic ergodicity between $Γ$-jumps and the iterated $Δ$-jumps, answering a question of Clemens and Coskey. The proofs follow a translation between Borel homomorphisms and definable pins.
Let $X$ be a separable metrizable space. We establish a criteria for the existence of a metrizable globalization for a given continuous partial action of a separable metrizable group $G$ on $X.$ If $G$ and $X$ are Polish spaces, we show that the globalization is also a Polish space. We also show the existence of an universal globalization for partial actions of Polish groups.
The Wadge hierarchy was originally defined and studied only in the Baire space (and some other zero-dimensional spaces). We extend it here to arbitrary topological spaces by providing a set-theoretic definition of all its levels. We show that our extension behaves well in second countable spaces and especially in quasi-Polish spaces. In particular, all levels are preserved by continuous open surjections between second countable spaces which implies e.g. several Hausdorff-Kuratowski-type theorems in quasi-Polish spaces. In fact, many results hold not only for the Wadge hierarchy of sets but als…
We show that every locally finite bipartite Borel graph satisfying a strengthening of Hall's condition has a Borel perfect matching on some comeager invariant Borel set. We apply this to show that if a group acting by Borel automorphisms on a Polish space has a paradoxical decomposition, then it admits a paradoxical decomposition using pieces having the Baire property. This strengthens a theorem of Dougherty and Foreman who showed that there is a paradoxical decomposition of the unit ball in $\mathbb{R}^3$ using Baire measurable pieces. We also obtain a Baire category solution to the dynamical…
A subset $X$ of a Polish group $G$ is \emph{Haar null} if there exists a Borel probability measure $μ$ and a Borel set $B$ containing $X$ such that $μ(gBh)=0$ for every $g,h \in G$. A set $X$ is \emph{Haar meager} if there exists a compact metric space $K$, a continuous function $f : K \to G$ and a Borel set $B$ containing $X$ such that $f^{-1}(gBh)$ is meager in $K$ for every $g,h \in G$. We calculate (in $ZFC$) the four cardinal invariants ($\rm add$, $\rm cov$, $\rm non$, $\rm cof$) of these two $σ$-ideals for the simplest non-locally compact Polish group, namely in the case $G = \mathbb{Z}…
Under a mild definability assumption, we characterize the family of Borel actions $Γ\curvearrowright X$ of tsi Polish groups on Polish spaces that can be decomposed into countably-many actions admitting complete Borel sets that are lacunary with respect to an open neighborhood of $1_Γ$. In the special case that $Γ$ is non-archimedean, it follows that there is such a decomposition if and only if there is no continuous embedding of $\mathbb{E}_0^{\mathbb{N}}$ into $E_Γ^X$.
We extend the result of Nadel describing the relationship between approximations of canonical Scott sentences and admissible sets to the general case of orbit equivalence relations induced on an arbitrary Polish space by a Polish group action.
We prove that the homeomorphism problem for connected compact metric spaces is Borel bireducible with a universal orbit equivalence relation induced by a Borel action of a Polish group.
The transitive closure of a reflexive, symmetric, analytic relation is an analytic equivalence relation. Does some smaller class contain the transitive closure of every reflexive, symmetric, closed relation? An essentially negative answer is provided here. Every analytic equivalence relation on an arbitrary Polish space is Borel embeddable in the transitive closure of the union of two smooth Borel equivalence relations on that space. In the case of the Baire space, the two smooth relations are closed and the embedding is homeomorphic.
We study Polish spaces for which a set of possible distances $A \subseteq \mathbb{R}^+$ is fixed in advance. We determine, depending on the properties of $A$, the complexity of the collection of all Polish metric spaces with distances in $A$, obtaining also example of sets in some Wadge classes where not many natural examples are known. Moreover we describe the properties that $A$ must have in order that all Polish spaces with distances in that set belong to a given class, such as zero-dimensional, locally compact, etc. These results lead us to give a fairly complete description of the complex…
We show that every essentially countable orbit equivalence relation induced by a continuous action of a Polish group on a Polish space is $σ$-lacunary. In combination with [Invent. Math.201 (1), 309-383, 2015] we obtain a straightforward proof of the result from [Adv. Math.307, 312-343,2017] that every essentially countable equivalence relation that is induced by an action of abelian non-archimedean Polish group is essentially hyperfinite.
Given a space $X$ we investigate the descriptive complexity class $\G_X$ of the set $\FF_0(X)$ of all its closed zero-dimensional subsets, viewed as a subset of the hyperspace $\FF(X)$ of all closed subsets of $X$. We prove that $\max \{ \G_X; \ X \text{ analytic } \}=\pca $ and $\sup \{ \G_X; \ X \text{ Borel } \borm ξ\} \supseteq \Game \bora ξ$ for any countable ordinal $ξ\geq1$. In particular we prove that there exists a one-dimensional Polish subpace of $2^\wo\times \R^2$ for which $\FF_0(X)$ is not in the smallest non trivial pointclass closed under complementation and the Souslin operati…
