Let $G$ be a 1-connected Banach-Lie group or, more generally, a BCH--Lie group. On the complex enveloping algebra $U_\C(\g)$ of its Lie algebra $\g$ we define the concept of an analytic functional and show that every positive analytic functional $λ$ is integrable in the sense that it is of the form $λ(D) = \la \ddπ(D)v, v\ra$ for an analytic vector $v$ of a unitary representation of $G$. On the way to this result we derive criteria for the integrability of *-representations of infinite dimensional Lie algebras of unbounded operators to unitary group representations.
For the matrix coefficient $π^{v,v}(g) = \la π(g)v,v\ra$ of a vector $v$ in a unitary representation of an analytic Fréchet-Lie group $G$ we show that $v$ is an analytic vector if and only if $π^{v,v}$ is analytic in an identity neighborhood. Combining this insight with the results on positive analytic functionals, we derive that every local positive definite analytic function on a 1-connected Fréchet--BCH--Lie group $G$ extends to a global analytic function.
We determine a substantial part of the unitary representation theory of the Drinfeld double of a $q$-deformation of a compact Lie group in terms of the complexification of the compact Lie group. Using this, we show that the dual of every $q$-deformation of a higher rank compact Lie group has central property ${\rm (T)}$. We also determine the unitary dual of $SL_q(n,\mathbb{C})$.
The main result of this article is an application of the theory of invariant convex cones of Lie algebras to the study of unitary representations of Lie supergroups. It also includes an exposition of recent results of the second author on the classification of irreducible unitary representations of nilpotent Lie supergroups using the method of coadjoint orbits.
We show that irreducible unitary representations of nilpotent super Lie groups can be obtained by induction from a distinguished class of sub super Lie groups. These sub super Lie groups are natural analogues of polarizing subgroups that appear in classical Kirillov theory. We obtain a concrete geometric parametrization of irreducible unitary representations by nonnegative definite coadjoint orbits. As an application, we prove an analytic generalization of the Stone-von Neumann theorem for Heisenberg-Clifford super Lie groups.
Using a theorem proved by Bekka and Driutti, we show that if $\mathfrak{f}$ is a freely generated nilpotent Lie algebra of step-two, then almost every irreducible representation of the corresponding Lie group restricted to some lattice $Γ$ is an irreducible representation of $Γ$ if the dimension of the Lie algebra is odd. However, if the dimension of the Lie algebra is even, then almost every unitary irreducible representation of the Lie group restricted to $Γ$ is reducible.
Linear Lie Groups All of Whose Irreducible Finite-Dimensional Not Necessarily Unitary Representations Are of Bounded Dimension and Separate the Points of the Group
For an arbitrary unimodular Lie group $G$, we construct strongly continuous unitary representations in the Bergman space of a naturally constructed strongly pseudoconvex neighborhood of $G$ in the complexification of its underlying manifold.
We present modules for the extended affine Lie algebra $\widetilde{\frak{gl}_{3}(\bc_q)}$ by using the idea of free fields. A necessary and sufficient condition for the modules being unitary is given.
For an infinite dimensional Lie group $G$ modelled on a locally convex Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, we prove that every smooth projective unitary representation of $G$ corresponds to a smooth linear unitary representation of a Lie group extension $G^{\sharp}$ of $G$. (The main point is the smooth structure on $G^{\sharp}$.) For infinite dimensional Lie groups $G$ which are 1-connected, regular, and modelled on a barrelled Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, we characterize the unitary $\mathfrak{g}$-representations which integrate to $G$. Combining these results, we give a precise formulation of the co…
We present an application of Hodge theory towards the study of irreducible unitary representations of reductive Lie groups. We describe a conjecture about such representations and discuss some progress towards its proof.
We establish a Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction which yields a correspondence between cyclic unitary representations and positive definite superfunctions of a general class of $\mathbb Z_2^n$-graded Lie supergroups.
For a broad class of Frechet-Lie supergroups we prove that there exists a correspondence between positive definite smooth superfunctions and matrix coefficients of unitary representations. We also give a characterization of linear functionals on the corresponding universal enveloping algebra which correspond to matrix coefficients of analytic unitary representations.
In this paper we explore the method of holomorphic induction for unitary representations of Banach--Lie groups. First we show that the classification of complex bundle structures on homogeneous Banach bundles over complex homogeneous spaces of real Banach--Lie groups formally looks as in the finite dimensional case. We then turn to a suitable concept of holomorphic unitary induction and show that this process preserves commutants. In particular, holomorphic induction from irreducible representations leads to irreducible ones. Finally we develop criteria to identify representations as holomorph…
A representation of the central extension of the unitary Lie algebra coordinated with a skew Laurent polynomial ring is constructed using vertex operators over an integral Z_2-lattice. The irreducible decomposition of the representation is explicitly computed and described. As a by-product, some fundamental representations of affine Kac-Moody Lie algebra of type $A_n^{(2)}$ are recovered by the new method.
In this note we introduce the concept of a semi-bounded unitary representations of an infinite-dimensional Lie group $G$. Semi-boundedness is defined in terms of the corresponding momentum set in the dual $\g'$ of the Lie algebra $\g$ of $G$. After dealing with some functional analytic issues concerning certain weak-$*$-locally compact subsets of dual spaces, called semi-equicontinuous, we characterize unitary representations which are bounded in the sense that their momentum set is equicontinuous, we characterize semi-bounded representations of locally convex spaces in terms of spectral measu…
In this note we show that the representation of the additive group of the Hilbert space $L^2([0,1],\R)$ on $L^2([0,1],\C)$ given by the multiplication operators $π(f) := e^{if}$ is continuous but its space of smooth vectors is trivial. This example shows that a continuous unitary representation of an infinite dimensional Lie group need not be smooth.
Unitary and Nonunitary Representations of the Heisenberg-Weyl Lie Algebra
New York City College of Technology, City University of New York（纽约市立学院，纽约市立大学）；Ph.D. Programs in Mathematics and Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York（数学与物理博士项目，研究生院，纽约市立大学）；Department of Physics, Lakehead University（湖首大学物理系）；Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学数学系）
Locally affine Lie algebras are generalizations of affine Kac--Moody algebras with Cartan subalgebras of infinite rank whose root system is locally affine. In this note we study a class of representations of locally affine algebras generalizing integrable highest weight modules. In particular, we construct such an integrable representation for each integral weight not vanishing on the center and show that, over the complex numbers, we thus obtain unitary representations w.r.t. a unitary real form. We also use Yoshii's recent classification of locally affine root systems to derive a classificat…
We show that in the presence of suitable commutator estimates, a projective unitary representation of the Lie algebra of a connected and simply connected Lie group G exponentiates to G. Our proof does not assume G to be finite--dimensional or of Banach-Lie type and therefore encompasses the diffeomorphism groups of compact manifolds. We obtain as corollaries short proofs of Goodman and Wallach's results on the integration of positive energy representations of loop groups and Diff(S^{1}) and of Nelson's criterion for the exponentiation of unitary representations of finite-dimensional Lie algebr…
For a locally convex Lie group with the Trotter property, we prove that the space of k-times differentiable vectors of a unitary representation is equal to the intersection of domains of k-fold products of the Lie algebra action. The result also holds for continuous representations of locally exponential groups on metrizable locally convex spaces. As an application, we extend a key stability theorem in the representation theory of Lie supergroups beyond the Banach case.
We give a complete description of the bounded (i.e. norm continuous) unitary representations of the Fréchet-Lie algebra of all smooth sections, as well as of the LF-Lie algebra of compactly supported smooth sections, of a smooth Lie algebra bundle whose typical fiber is a compact Lie algebra. For the Lie algebra of all sections, bounded unitary irreducible representations are finite tensor products of so-called evaluation representations, hence in particular finite-dimensional. For the Lie algebra of compactly supported sections, bounded unitary irreducible (factor) representations are possibl…
This note presents a procedure to determine the reduction of the irreducible and the induced characters of the symmetric group in terms of the irreducible and induced characters of the hyperoctahedral group Key Words: Symmetric Group, Hyperoctahedral group, Representations, Characters, Re- duction.
Harmonic functions of the three dimensional Lie groups defined on certain manifolds related to the Lie groups themselves and carrying all their unitary representations are explicitly constructed. The realisations of these Lie groups are shown to be related with each other by either natural operations as real forms or Inönü-Wigner contractions.
Suppose G is a real reductive Lie group in Harish-Chandra's class. We propose here a structure for the set Π_u(G) of equivalence classes of irreducible unitary representations of G. (The subscript u will be used throughout to indicate structures related to unitary representations.) We decompose Π_{u}(G) into disjoint subsets with a (very explicit) discrete parameter set Λ_u: Π_u(G) = \bigcup_{λ_u \in Λ_u} Π_u^{λ_u}(G). Each subset is identified conjecturally with a collection of unitary representations of a certain subgroup G(λ_u) of G. (We will give strong evidence and partial results for thi…
We consider spherical principal series representations of the semisimple Lie group of rank one $G=SO(n, 1; \mathbb K)$, $\mathbb K=\br, \bc, \bh$. There is a family of unitarizable representations $π_ν$ of $G$ for $ν$ in an interval on $\mathbb R^+$, the so-called complementary series, and subquotient or subrepresentations of $G$ for $ν$ being negative integers. We consider the restriction of $(π_ν, G)$ under the subgroup $H=SO(n-1, 1; \mathbb K)$. We prove the appearing of discrete components. The corresponding results for the exceptional Lie group $F_{4(-20)}$ and its subgroup $Spin(8,1)$ ar…
We prove that the categories of smooth and analytic unitary representations of Banach--Lie supergroups are well-behaved under restriction functors, in the sense that the restriction of a representation to an integral subsupergroup is well-defined. We also prove that the category of analytic representations is isomorphic to a subcategory of the category of smooth representations. These facts are needed as a crucial first step to a rigorous treatment of the analytic theory of unitary representations of Banach--Lie supergroups. They extend the known results for finite dimensional Lie supergroups.…
Let $G$ be a connected complex simple Lie group, and let $\widehat{G}^{\mathrm{d}}$ be the set of all equivalence classes of irreducible unitary representations with non-vanishing Dirac cohomology. We show that $\widehat{G}^{\mathrm{d}}$ consists of two parts: finitely many scattered representations, and finitely many strings of representations. Moreover, the strings of $\widehat{G}^{\mathrm{d}}$ come from $\widehat{L}^{\mathrm{d}}$ via cohomological induction and they are all in the good range. Here $L$ runs over the Levi factors of proper $θ$-stable parabolic subgroups of $G$. It follows tha…
We consider the spherical complementary series of rank one Lie groups $H_n=\SO_0(n, 1; \mathbb F)$ for $\mathbb F=\mathbb R, \mathbb C, \mathbb H$. We prove that there exist finitely many discrete components in its restriction under the subgroup $H_{n-1}=\SO_0(n-1, 1; \mathbb F)$. This is proved by imbedding the complementary series into analytic continuation of holomorphic discrete series of $G_n=SU(n, 1)$, $SU(n, 1)\times SU(n, 1)$ and $SU(2n, 2)$ and by the branching of holomorphic representations under the corresponding subgroup $G_{n-1}$.
Let $(G,θ)$ be a Banach--Lie group with involutive automorphism $θ$, $\g = \fh \oplus \fq$ be the $θ$-eigenspaces in the Lie algebra $\g$ of $G$, and $H = (G^θ)_0$ be the identity component of its group of fixed points. An Olshanski semigroup is a semigroup $S \subeq G$ of the form $S = H \exp(W)$, where $W$ is an open $\Ad(H)$-invariant convex cone in $\fq$ and the polar map $H \times W \to S, (h,x) \mapsto h \exp x$ is a diffeomorphism. Any such semigroup carries an involution * satisfying $(h\exp x)^* = (\exp x) h^{-1}$. Our central result, generalizing the Lüscher--Mack Theorem for finite …
The characteristic identity formalism discussed in our recent articles is further utilized to derive matrix elements of type 2 unitary irreducible $gl(m|n)$ modules. In particular, we give matrix element formulae for all gl(m|n) generators, including the non-elementary generators, together with their phases on finite dimensional type 2 unitary irreducible representations. Remarkably, we find that the type 2 unitary matrix element equations coincide with the type 1 unitary matrix element equations for non-vanishing matrix elements up to a phase.
We study the unitary representations of the non-compact real forms of the complex Lie superalgebra sl(n|m). Among them, only the real form su(p,q|m) (p+q=n) admits nontrivial unitary representations, and all such representations are of the highest-weight type (or the lowest-weight type). We extend the standard oscillator construction of the unitary representations of non-compact Lie superalgebras over standard Fock spaces to generalised Fock spaces which allows us to define the action of oscillator determinants raised to non-integer powers. We prove that the proposed construction yields all th…
Using our recent results on eigenvalues of invariants associated to the Lie superalgebra gl(m|n), we use characteristic identities to derive explicit matrix element formulae for all gl(m|n) generators, particularly non-elementary generators, on finite dimensional type 1 unitary irreducible representations. We compare our results with existing works that deal with only subsets of the class of type 1 unitary representations, all of which only present explicit matrix elements for elementary generators. Our work therefore provides an important extension to existing methods, and thus highlights the…
In the 1970's, George Mackey pointed out an analogy that exists between tempered representations of semisimple Lie groups and unitary representations of associated semidirect product Lie groups. More recently, Nigel Higson refined Mackey's analogy into a one-to-one correspondence for connected complex semisimple groups, and in doing so obtained a novel verification of the Baum-Connes conjecture with trivial coefficients for such groups. Here we extend Higson's results to any Lie group with finitely many connected components whose connected component of the identity is complex semisimple. Our m…
For any unitary representation of an arbitrary Lie group I construct a moment mapping from the space of smooth vectors of the representation into the dual of the Lie algebra. This moment mapping is equivariant and smooth. For the space of analytic vectors the same construction is possible and leads to a real analytic moment mapping.
We study irreducible spherical unitary representations of the Drinfeld double of a $q$-deformation of a connected simply connected compact Lie group, which can be considered as a quantum analogue of the complexification of the Lie group. In the case of $SU_q(3)$, we give a complete classification of such representations. As an application, we show the Drinfeld double of the quantum group $SU_q(2n+1)$ has property (T), which also implies central property (T) of the dual of $SU_q(2n+1)$.
This paper studies scattered representations of $G = SO(2n+1, \mathbb{C})$, $Sp(2n, \mathbb{C})$ and $SO(2n, \mathbb{C})$, which lies in the `core' of the unitary spectrum $G$ with nonzero Dirac cohomology. We describe the Zhelobenko parameters of these representations, count their cardinality, and determine their spin-lowest $K$-types. We also disprove a conjecture raised in 2015 asserting that the unitary dual can be obtained via parabolic induction from irreducible unitary representations with non-zero Dirac cohomology.
For every finite dimensional Lie supergroup $(G,\mathfrak g)$, we define a $C^*$-algebra $\mathcal A:=\mathcal A(G,\mathfrak g)$, and show that there exists a canonical bijective correspondence between unitary representations of $(G,\mathfrak g)$ and nondegenerate $*$-representations of $\mathcal A$. The proof of existence of such a correspondence relies on a subtle characterization of smoothing operators of unitary representations. For a broad class of Lie supergroups, which includes nilpotent as well as classical simple ones, we prove that the associated $C^*$-algebra is CCR. In particular, …
It is well known that the category of super Lie groups (SLG) is equivalent to the category of super Harish-Chandra pairs (SHCP). Using this equivalence, we define the category of unitary representations (UR's) of a super Lie group. We give an extension of the classical inducing construction and Mackey imprimitivity theorem to this setting. We use our results to classify the irreducible unitary representations of semidirect products of super translation groups by classical Lie groups, in particular of the super Poincaré groups in arbitrary dimension. Finally we compare our results with those in…
Geometric realizations for the restrictions of GNS representations to unitary groups of $C^*$-algebras are constructed. These geometric realizations use an appropriate concept of reproducing kernels on vector bundles. To build such realizations in spaces of holomorphic sections, a class of complex coadjoint orbits of the corresponding real Banach-Lie groups are described and some homogeneous holomorphic Hermitian vector bundles that are naturally associated with the coadjoint orbits are constructed.
Using a braid group representation based on the Temperley-Lieb algebra, we construct braid quantum gates that could generate entangled $n$-partite $D$-level qudit states. $D$ different sets of $D^n\times D^n$ unitary representation of the braid group generators are presented. With these generators the desired braid quantum gates are obtained. We show that the generalized GHZ states, which are maximally entangled states, can be obtained directly from these braid quantum gates without resorting to further local unitary transformations. We also point out an interesting observation, namely for a g…
We study unitary representations associated to cocycles of measurable dynamical systems. Our main result establishes conditions on a cocycle, ensuring that ergodicity of the dynamical system under consideration is equivalent to irreducibility of its corresponding unitary representation. This general result is applied to some representations of finite-dimensional nilpotent Lie groups and to some representations of infinite-dimensional Heisenberg groups.
This is a review of [Michor, Peter W.: The moment mapping for a unitary representation, Ann. Global Anal. Geometry, 8, No 3(1990), 299--313] including a careful description of calculus in infinite dimensions. For any unitary representation of an arbitrary Lie group I construct a moment mapping from the space of smooth vectors of the representation into the dual of the Lie algebra. This moment mapping is equivariant and smooth. For the space of analytic vectors the same construction is possible and leads to a real analytic moment mapping.
Let $K$ be a simply connected compact Lie group and $T^{\ast}(K)$ its cotangent bundle. We consider the problem of "quantization commutes with reduction" for the adjoint action of $K$ on $T^{\ast}(K).$ We quantize both $T^{\ast}(K)$ and the reduced phase space using geometric quantization with half-forms. We then construct a geometrically natural map from the space of invariant elements in the quantization of $T^{\ast}(K)$ to the quantization of the reduced phase space. We show that this map is a constant multiple of a unitary map.
A unitary representation of a, possibly infinite dimensional, Lie group $G$ is called semibounded if the corresponding operators $i\ddπ(x)$ from the derived representation are uniformly bounded from above on some non-empty open subset of the Lie algebra $\g$ of $G$. We classify all irreducible semibounded representations of the groups $\hat\cL_ϕ(K)$ which are double extensions of the twisted loop group $\cL_ϕ(K)$, where $K$ is a simple Hilbert--Lie group (in the sense that the scalar product on its Lie algebra is invariant) and $ϕ$ is a finite order automorphism of $K$ which leads to one of th…
When using the generally adopted definition of a super unitary representation, there are lots of super Lie groups for which the regular representation is not super unitary. I propose a new definition of a super unitary representation for which all regular representations are super unitary. I then choose a particular super Lie group (of Heisenberg type) for which I provide a list of super unitary representations in my new sense, obtained by a heuristic super orbit method. The super orbit challenge is to find a well defined {super orbit method} that will reproduces more or less my list of super …
In this paper, the Moyal star-product quantization is used to construct the unitary irreducible representations of the Euclidean motion group on 3-dimensions. These unitary representations will come from the representation of its Lie algebra whose operators are defined by the left Moyal star-product multiplication. In fact, these representations of the Lie algebra is the infinitisimal representation. Hence, the exponentiation of these operators gives rise to unitary operators that defines the desired unitary representations.
For certain nilpotent real Lie groups constructed as semidirect products, algebras of invariant differential operators on some coadjoint orbits are used in the study of boundedness properties of the Weyl-Pedersen calculus of their corresponding unitary irreducible representations. Our main result is applicable to all unitary irreducible representations of arbitrary 3-step nilpotent Lie groups.
There is a decomposition of a Lie algebra for open matrix chains akin to the triangular decomposition. We use this decomposition to construct unitary irreducible representations. All multiple meson states can be retrieved this way. Moreover, they are the only states with a finite number of non-zero quantum numbers with respect to a certain set of maximally commuting linearly independent quantum observables. Any other state is a tensor product of a multiple meson state and a state coming from a representation of a quotient algebra that extends and generalizes the Virasoro algebra. We expect the…
We prove a structure theorem for finite-dimensional indefinite-signature metric 3-Lie algebras admitting a maximally isotropic centre. This algebraic condition indicates that all the negative-norm states in the associated Bagger-Lambert theory can be consistently decoupled from the physical Hilbert space. As an immediate application of the theorem, new examples beyond index 2 are constructed. The lagrangian for the Bagger-Lambert theory based on a general physically admissible 3-Lie algebra of this kind is obtained. Following an expansion around a suitable vacuum, the precise relationship betw…
In this paper we initiate a study of the relation between weight modules for simple Lie algebras and unitary representations of the corresponding simply-connected Lie groups. In particular we consider in detail from this point of view the universal covering group of SU(1,1), including new results on the discrete part of tensor products of irreducible representations. As a consequence of these results, we show that the set of smooth vectors of the tensor product intersects trivially some of the representations in the discrete spectrum.
A unitary representation of a, possibly infinite dimensional, Lie group $G$ is called semibounded if the corresponding operators $i\ddπ(x)$ from the derived representation are uniformly bounded from above on some non-empty open subset of the Lie algebra $\g$ of $G$. A hermitian Lie group is a central extension of the identity component of the automorphism group of a hermitian Hilbert symmetric space. In the present paper we classify the irreducible semibounded unitary representations of hermitian Lie groups corresponding to infinite dimensional irreducible symmetric spaces. These groups come i…
