The article reviews the general version of the Bohr collective model for the description of quadrupole collective states, including a detailed study the model's kinematics. The general form of the classical and quantum Bohr Hamiltonian is presented together with a discussion of the tensor structure of the collective wave functions and with a short review of various methods of solving the Bohr Hamiltonian eigenvalue equation.The methods of derivation of the classical and quantum Bohr Hamiltonian from the microscopic many-body theory are recalled and the microscopic approach to the Bohr Hamiltonian is applied to interpret collective properties of 12 heavy even-even nuclei in the Hf-Hg region.
We discuss the nature of the low-frequency quadrupole vibrations from small-amplitude to large-amplitude regimes. We consider full five-dimensional quadrupole dynamics including three-dimensional rotations restoring the broken symmetries as well as axially symmetric and asymmetric shape fluctuations. Assuming that the time-evolution of the self-consistent mean field is determined by five pairs of collective coordinates and collective momenta, we microscopically derive the collective Hamiltonian of Bohr and Mottelson, which describes low-frequency quadrupole dynamics. We show that the five-dime…
The generalized Bohr Hamiltonian is applied to a description of low-lying collective excitations in even-even isotopes of Te, Xe, Ba, Ce, Nd and Sm. The collective potential and inertial functions are determined by means of the Strutinsky method and the cranking model, respectively. A shell-dependent parametrization of the Nilsson potential is used. An approximate particle-number projection is performed in treatment of pairing correlations. The effect of coupling with the pairing vibrations is taken into account approximately when determining the inertial functions. The calculation does not co…
Analytical expressions of the wave functions are derived for a Bohr Hamiltonian with the Manning{Rosen potential in the cases of γ-unstable nuclei and axially symmetric prolate deformed ones with γ=0. By exploiting the results we have obtained in a recent work on the same theme Ref. [1], we have calculated the B(E2) transition rates for 34 γ-unstable and 38 rotational nuclei and compared to experimental data, revealing a qualitative agreement with the experiment and phase transitions within the ground state band and showing also that the Manning-Rosen potential is more appropriate for such cal…
Experimental data on $^{96}$Zr indicate coexisting spherical and deformed structures with small mixing amplitudes. We investigate the properties of the low-lying collective states of $^{96}$Zr based on the collective quadrupole Bohr Hamiltonian. The $β$-dependent collective potential having two minima -- spherical and deformed, is fixed so to describe experimental data in the best way.Good agreement with the experimental data on the excitation energies, $B(E2)$ and $B(M1)$ reduced transition probabilities is obtained. It is shown that the low-energy structure of $^{96}$Zr can be reproduced in …
Eigenfunctions of the collective Bohr Hamiltonian with the Morse potential have been obtained by using the Asymptotic Iteration Method (AIM) for both gamma-unstable and rotational structures. B(E2) transition rates have been calculated and compared to experimental data. Overall good agreement is obtained for transitions within the ground state band, while some interband transitions appear to be systematically underpredicted in gamma-unstable nuclei and overpredicted in rotational nuclei.
Experimental data on $^{96}$Zr indicate coexisting spherical and deformed structures with small mixing amplitudes. Several collective low-lying states and E2 and M1 transitions are observed for this nucleus. The quadrupole-collective Bohr Hamiltonian depending on both $β$ and $γ$ shape variables with a potential having spherical and deformed minima, is applied consideration of these data. The relative depth of two minima, height and width of the barrier, rigidity of the potential near both minima are determined so as to achieve a satisfactory description of the observed properties of the low-l…
The Generator Coordinate Method (GCM) in the Gaussian Overlap Approximation (GOA) is applied to a description of the nuclear quadrupole collective states. The full five-dimensional quadrupole tensor is used as a set of the generator coordinates.The integral Hill-Wheeler equation is reduced to a differential equation by using the Fourier transforms of the overlap and energy kernels. The differential Bohr Hamiltonian obtained this way is compared with that derived by the usual approach to the collective Hamiltonian in the GOA which does contain an additional approximation. The method of calculat…
Low-lying quadrupole shape dynamics is a typical manifestation of large amplitude collective motion in finite nuclei. To describe the dynamics on a microscopic foundation, we have formulated a consistent scheme in which the Bohr collective Hamiltonian for the five dimensional quadrupole shape variables is derived on the basis of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory. It enables us to incorporates the Thouless-Valatin effect on the shape inertial functions, which has been neglected in previous microscopic Bohr Hamiltonian approaches. Quantitative successes are illustrated for the lo…
New analytic solutions of the quadrupole collective Bohr hamiltonian are proposed, exploiting an approximate separation of the beta and gamma variables to describe gamma-soft prolate axial rotors. The model potential is a sum of two terms: a beta-dependent term taken either with a Coulomb-like or a Kratzer-like form, and a gamma-dependent term taken as an harmonic oscillator. In particular it is possible to give a one parameter paradigm for a beta-soft, gamma-soft axial rotor that can be applied, with a considerable agreement, to the spectrum of 234U.
In this paper, we present new analytical solutions of the Bohr Hamiltonian problem that we derived with the Tietz-Hua potential, here used for describing the β-part of the nuclear collective potential plus harmonic oscillator one for the γ-part. Also, we proceed to a systematic comparison of the numerical results obtained with this kind of β-potential with others which are widely used in such a framework as well as with the experiment. The calculations are carried out for energy spectra and electromagnetic transition probabilities for γ-unstable and axially symmetric deformed nuclei. In the sa…
The phenomenological classification of collective quadrupole excitations by means of the Bohr Hamiltonian is reviewed with focus on signatures for triaxility. The variants of the microscopic Bohr Hamiltonian derived by means of the Adiabatic Time Dependent Mean Field theory from the Pairing plus Quadrupole-Quadrupole interaction, the Shell Correction Method, the Skyrme Energy Density Functional, the Relativistic Mean Field Theory, and the Gogny interaction are discussed and applications to concrete nuclides reviewed. The Generator Coordinate Method for the five dimensional quadrupole deformati…
Embedding of the 5-dimensional (5D) space of the Bohr Hamiltonian with a deformation-dependent mass (DDM) into a 6-dimensional (6D) space shows that the free parameter in the dependence of the mass on the deformation is connected to the curvature of the 5D space, with the special case of constant mass corresponding to a flat 5D space. Comparison of the DDM Bohr Hamiltonian to the 5D classical limit of Hamiltonians of the 6D interacting boson model (IBM), shows that the DDM parameter is proportional to the strength of the pairing interaction in the U(5) (vibrational) symmetry limit, while it is…
We calculate the eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenfunctions of the Bohrs collective Hamiltonian with the help of the modified Poschl-Teller potential model within -unstable structure. Our numerical results for the ground state beta and gamma band heads together with the electric quadrupole B(E2) transition rates are displayed and compared with those available experimental data.
Exact canonically conjugate momenta Pi_{2mu} in quadrupole nuclear collective motions are proposed. The basic idea lies in the introduction of a discrete integral equation for the strict definition of canonically conjugate momenta to collective variables phi_{2mu}. A part of our collective Hamiltonian, the Pi_{2mu}-dependence of the kinetic part of the Hamiltonian, is given exactly. Further, phi_{2mu}-dependence of the kinetic part of the Hamiltonian is also given.
An analytic, parameter-free (up to overall scale factors) solution of the Bohr Hamiltonian involving axially symmetric quadrupole and octupole deformations, as well as an infinite well potential, is obtained, after separating variables in a way reminiscent of the Variable Moment of Inertia (VMI) concept. Normalized spectra and B(EL) ratios are found to agree with experimental data for 226-Ra and 226-Th, the nuclei known to lie closest to the border between octupole deformation and octupole vibrations in the light actinide region.
The longitudinal Coulomb C0, C2 and C4 form factors with core-polarization effects have been studied using shell model calculations for 3/2$^+_1$ state with excitation energy of 1.069 MeV, 5/2$^+_2$ state with excitation energy of 2.706 MeV and 7/2$^+_1$ state with excitation energy of 2.304 MeV state in $^{27}$Al nucleus and 1/2 state in $^{31}$P nucleus. The two-body effective interaction Wildenthal and universal sd-shell interaction A (USDA) are used for sd-shell orbits. The Coulomb valance Tassie model (CVTM) and Bohr-Mottelson (BM) collective model have been used to calculated the Core-po…
Dependence of the kinetic energy term of the collective nuclear Hamiltonian on collective momentum is considered. It is shown that the fourth order in collective momentum term of the collective quadrupole Hamiltonian generates a sizable effect on the excitation energies and the matrix elements of the quadrupole moment operator. It is demonstrated that the results of calculation are sensitive to the values of some matrix elements of the quadrupole moment. It stresses the importance for a concrete nucleus to have the experimental data for the reduced matrix elements of the quadrupole moment oper…
Quadrupole excitations of even-even Ru and Pd isotopes are described within microscopic approach based on the general collective Bohr model which includes the effect of coupling with the pairing vibrations. The excitation energies and E2 transition probabilities observed in 104-114Ru and 106-110Pd are reproduced in the frame of the calculation containing no free parameters.
We discuss the ability of the generator coordinate method (GCM) to select collective states in microscopic calculations. The model studied is a single-$j$ shell with hamiltonian containing the quadrupole-quadrupole interaction. Quadrupole collective excitations are constructed by means of the quadrupole single-particle operator. Lowest collective bands for $j$=31/2 and particle numbers $N$=4,6,8,10,12, and $14$ are found. For lower values of $j$, exact solutions are obtained and compared with the GCM results.
The matrix elements of the quadrupole collective variables, emerging from collective nuclear models, are calculated in the natural Cartan-Weyl basis of O(5) which is a subgroup of a covering $SU(1,1)\times O(5)$ structure. Making use of an intermediate set method, explicit expressions of the matrix elements are obtained in a pure algebraic way, fixing the $γ$-rotational structure of collective quadrupole models.
The shell-model coupling scheme of the proton-neutron symplectic model (PNSM), defined by the following dynamical symmetry chain $Sp(12,R) \supset SU(1,1) \otimes SO(6) \supset U(1) \otimes SU_{pn}(3) \otimes SO(2) \supset SO(3)$, is considered. It is shown that it corresponds to a microscopic version of the Bohr-Mottelson collective model which captures the original relationships between its exactly solvable submodel limits. This variant of the PNSM provides an interesting and relevant shell-model symplectic-based framework for exploring the nuclear collective dynamics. Some simple applicatio…
Collective mass tensor derived from the cranking approximation to the adiabatic time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (ATDHFB) approach is compared with that obtained in the Gaussian Overlap Approximation (GOA) to the generator coordinate method. Illustrative calculations are carried out for one-dimensional quadrupole fission pathways in 256Fm. It is shown that the collective mass exhibits strong variations with the quadrupole collective coordinate. These variations are related to the changes in the intrinsic shell structure. The differences between collective inertia obtained in cranking and…
The generalized Bohr Hamiltonian was used to describe the low-lying collective excitations in even-even isotopes of Ru, Pd, Te, Ba and Nd. The Strutinsky collective potential and cranking inertial functions were obtained using the Nilsson potential. The effect of coupling with the pairing vibrations is taken into account approximately when determining the inertial functions. The calculation does not contain any free parameter.
Assuming that the time-evolution of the self-consistent mean field is determined by five pairs of collective coordinate and collective momentum, we microscopically derive the collective Hamiltonian for low-frequency quadrupole modes of excitation. We show that the five-dimensional collective Schrödinger equation is capable of describing large-amplitude quadrupole shape dynamics seen as shape coexistence/mixing phenomena. We focus on basic ideas and recent advances of the approaches based on the time-dependent mean-field theory, but relations to other time-independent approaches are also briefl…
In this paper, we solve the eigenvalues and eigenvectors problem with Bohr collective Hamil- tonian for triaxial nuclei. The ? beta part of the collective potential is taken to be equal to Hulth?en potential while the gamma part is defined by a new generalized potential obtained from a ring shaped one. Analytical expressions for spectra and wave functions are derived by means of a recent version of the asymptotic iteration method and the usual approximations. The calculated energies and B(E2) transition rates are compared with experimental data and the available theoretical results in the lite…
The matrix elements of the quadrupole variables and canonic conjugate momenta, emerging from collective nuclear models are calculated within a $SU(1,1)\times O(5)$ basis. Using a harmonic oscillator implementation of the SU(1,1) degree of freedom, it can be shown that the matrix elements of the quadrupole phonon creation and annihilation operators can be calculated in a pure algebraic way, making use of an intermediate state method.
Collective low lying levels of light and medium Xenon isotopes are deduced from the Generalized Bohr Hamiltonian (GBH). The microscopic seven functions entering into the GBH are built from a deformed mean field of the Woods-Saxon type. Theoretical spectra are found to be close to the ones of the experimental data taking into account that the calculations are completely microscopic, that is to say, without any fitting of parameters.
Microscopic energy density functionals (EDF) have become a standard tool for nuclear structure calculations, providing an accurate global description of nuclear ground states and collective excitations. For spectroscopic applications this framework has to be extended to account for collective correlations related to restoration of symmetries broken by the static mean field, and for fluctuations of collective variables. In this work we compare two approaches to five-dimensional quadrupole dynamics: the collective Hamiltonian for quadrupole vibrations and rotations, and the Interacting Boson Mod…
A general form of the octupole collective Hamiltonian is introduced and analyzed based on fundamental tensors in the seven-dimensional tensor space. Possible definitions of intrinsic frames of reference possessing cubic symmetry for the octupole tensor are considered. Cubic intrinsic octupole coordinates or deformations are introduced. Shapes of the octupoloid are investigated. The octupole collective Hamiltonian is expressed in intrinsic coordinates. An intrinsic angular momentum carried by the octupole vibrations is discovered. Small oscillations about an axially-symmetric pear shape are ana…
A collective bands of positive and negative parity could be composed of the vibrations and rotations. The rotations of the octupole configurations can be based either on the axial or the non-axial octupole vibrations. A consistent approach to the quadrupole-octupole collective vibrations coupled with the rotational motion enables to distinguish between various scenarios of disappearance of the E2 transitions in negative-parity bands. The here presented theoretical estimates are compared with the recent experimental energies and transition probabilities in and between the ground-state and low-e…
The Bohr Hamiltonian describing the collective motion of atomic nuclei is modified by allowing the mass to depend on the nuclear deformation. Exact analytical expressions are derived for spectra and wave functions in the case of a gamma-unstable Davidson potential, using techniques of supersymmetric quantum mechanics. Numerical results in the Xe-Ba region are discussed.
We propose a collective model formalism which describes the strong parity shift observed in low-lying spectra of nuclei with octupole deformations together with the fine rotational band structure developed at higher angular momenta. The parity effect is obtained by the Schroedinger equation for oscillations of the reflection asymmetric (octupole) shape between two opposite orientations in an angular momentum dependent double-well potential. The rotational structure is obtained by a collective quadrupole-octupole rotation Hamiltonian. The model scheme reproduces the complicated beat staggering …
Microscopic dynamics of the oblate-prolate shape coexistence/mixing phenomena in 68Se and 72Kr are studied by means of the adiabatic self-consistent collective coordinate (ASCC) method in conjunction with the pairing-plus-quadrupole (P+Q) Hamiltonian including the quadrupole pairing interaction. Quantum collective Hamiltonian is constructed, and excitation spectra, spectroscopic quadrupole moments and quadrupole transition properties are evaluated. The effect of the time-odd pair field on the collective mass (inertia function) of the large-amplitude vibration and the rotational moments of iner…
In a nucleus which has two Hartree states deformed in quadrupole symmetry, i.e., prolate state and oblate state, the nuclear residual interaction derived in the present theory beyond the Hartree approximation acts as the restoring force for the spherical symmetry of the nuclear system to be recovered so that the deformed nucleus makes collective tunneling transitions between prolate states and oblate states. We derive the Hamiltonian that is effective not only for the Hartree states but also for the collective tunneling transitions between the Hartree states. Solving the secular equation for t…
We present a new method by which wavefunctions with simple structure are renormalized so as to contain more complicated structure. This method, called $H^n$-cooling method, is applied to the study of the quadrupole collective motion of $^{56}$Fe, $^{54}$Cr, $^{58}$Fe and $^{56}$Cr. The shell-model wavefunctions of lowest-lying states of these nuclei are well treated by this method. By using the wavefunctions obtained via the $H^n$-cooling method, IBM-2 parameters are derived from a realistic shell-model hamiltonian and transition operators. The Majorana interaction becomes sizably repulsive, p…
A collective Hamiltonian for the rotation-vibration motion of nuclei is considered, in which the axial quadrupole and octupole degrees of freedom are coupled through the centrifugal interaction. The potential of the system depends on the two deformation variables $β_2$ and $β_3$. The system is considered to oscillate between positive and negative $β_3$-values, by rounding an infinite potential core in the $(β_2,β_3)$-plane with $β_2>0$. By assuming a coherent contribution of the quadrupole and octupole oscillation modes in the collective motion, the energy spectrum is derived in an explicit an…
In the frame of the algebraic Riemann Rotational Model one computes the longitudinal, transverse and toroidal multipoles corresponding to the excitations of low-lying levels in the ground state band of several even-even nuclei by inelastic electron scattering (e,e'). Related to these transitions a new quantity, which accounts for the deviations from the Siegert theorem, is introduced. The intimate connection between the nuclear vorticity and the dynamic toroidal quadrupole moment is underlined. Inelastic differential cross-sections calculated at backscattering angles shows the dominancy of tor…
Basing on the Bohr collective quadrupole Hamiltonian the $A$-dependence of the Grodzins product is derived and the proportionality coefficient for the Grodzins relation is evaluated. The result obtained is in a correspondence with the experimental data.
The nuclear collective models introduced by Bohr, Mottelson and Rainwater, together with the Mayer-Jensen shell model, have provided the central framework for the development of nuclear physics. This paper reviews the microscopic evolution of the collective models and their underlying foundations. In particular, it is shown that the Bohr-Mottelson models have expressions as macroscopic limits of microscopic models that have precisely-defined expressions in many-nucleon quantum mechanics. Understanding collective models in this way is especially useful because it enables the analysis of nuclear…
Experimental data indicate that the mass tensor of collective Bohr Hamiltonian cannot be considered as a constant but should be considered as a function of the collective coordinates. In this work our purpose is to investigate the properties of low-lying collective states of the odd nuclei $^{173}$Yb and $^{163}$Dy by using a new generalized version of the collective quadrupole Bohr Hamiltonian with deformation-dependent mass coefficients. The proposed new version of the Bohr Hamiltonian is solved for Davidson potential in $β$ shape variable, while the $γ$ potential is taken to be equal to the…
A prolate γ-rigid regime of the Bohr-Mottelson Hamiltonian within the minimal length formalism, involving an infinite square well like potential in β collective shape variable, is developed and used to describe the spectra of a variety of vibrational-like nuclei. The effect of the minimal length on the energy spectrum and the wave function is duly investigated. Numerical calculations are performed for some nuclei revealing a qualitative agreement with the available experimental data.
The isoscalar (IS) and isovector (IV) quadrupole responses of nuclei are systematically investigated using the time-dependent Skyrme Energy Density Functional including pairing in the BCS approximation. Using two different Skyrme functionals, Sly4 and SkM*, respectively 263 and 304 nuclei have been found to be spherical along the nuclear charts. The time-dependent evolution of these nuclei has been systematically performed giving access to their quadrupole responses. It is shown that the mean-energy of the collective high energy state globally reproduces the experimental IS and IV collective e…
Large-amplitude dynamics of axial and triaxial quadrupole deformation in 24,26Mg, 24Ne, and 28Si is investigated on the basis of the quadrupole collective Hamiltonian constructed with use of the constrained Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov plus the local quasiparticle random phase approximation method. The calculation reproduces well properties of the ground rotational bands, and beta and gamma vibrations in 24Mg and 28Si. The gamma-softness in the collective states of 26Mg and 24Ne are discussed. Contributions of the neutrons and protons to the transition properties are also analyzed in connection wit…
In the present paper we demonstrate that there exists a fully microscopic shell-model counterpart of the Bohr-Mottelson model by embedding the latter in the microscopic shell-model theory of atomic nucleus within the framework of the recently proposed fully microscopic proton-neutron symplectic model (PNSM). For this purpose, another shell-model coupling scheme of the PNSM is considered in which the basis states are classified by the algebraic structure $SU(1,1) \otimes SO(6)$. It is shown that the configuration space of the PNSM contains a six-dimensional subspace that is closely related to t…
To discuss a possible observation of large-amplitude nuclear shape mixing by nuclear reaction, we employ a simple collective model and evaluate transition densities, with which the differential cross sections are obtained through the microscopic coupled-channel calculation. Assuming the spherical-to-prolate shape transition, we focus on large-amplitude shape mixing associated with the softness of the collective potential in the $β$ direction. We introduce a simple model based on the five-dimensional quadrupole collective Hamiltonian, which simulates a chain of isotopes that exhibit spherical-t…
In this work, we solve the eigenvalues problem with the Bohr collective Hamiltonian for triaxial nuclei within Deformation-Dependent Mass formalism (DDM) using the Hulthén potential. We shall call the solution developed here Z(5)-HDDM. Analytical expressions for energy spectra are derived by means of a recent version of the Asymptotic Iteration Method. The calculated numerical results are compared with the experimental data, and the model Z(5)-H using the Hulthén potential without DDM formalism as well as theoretical predictions of Z(5)-DDDM model with Davidson potential.
Properties of the ground and several collective excited states of the light nuclei ^{30,32,34}Mg are described in the framework of the angular momentum projected Generator Coordinate Method using the quadrupole moment as collective coordinate and the Gogny force as the effective interaction. The calculated excitation energies and B(E2) transition probabilities agree reasonably well with experiment. The results clearly indicate that both the restoration of the rotational symmetry and the quadrupole dynamics are key ingredients for the description of the properties of the above mentioned nuclei.
The spectral properties of a tractable collective model Hamiltonian are studied. The potential energy is truncated up to quartic terms in the quadrupole deformation variables, incorporating vibrational, $γ$-independent rotational and axially deformed rotational structures. These physically significant limits are analysed in detail and confronted with well-established approximation schemes. Furthermore, transitional Hamiltonians in between the limits are presented and discussed. All results are obtained within a recently presented Cartan-Weyl based framework to calculate $SU(1,1)\times SO(5)$ e…
Collective properties of the even-even 118-144Xe isotopes have been studied within a model employing the general Bohr Hamiltonian derived from the mean-field theory based on the UNEDF0 energy functional. The calculated low energy spectra and E2 transition probabilities are in good agreement with experimental data.
The coupled dynamics of low lying modes and various giant resonances are studied with the help of the Wigner Function Moments method on the basis of Time Dependent Hartree-Fock equations in the harmonic oscillator model including spin-orbit potential plus quadrupole-quadrupole and spin-spin residual interactions. New low lying spin dependent modes are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the spin scissors mode.
The observed properties of the low-lying collective states of $^{96}$Zr are investigated within the geometrical collective model. The quadrupole-collective Bohr Hamiltonian with the potential having spherical and axially-symmetric deformed minima is applied. The role of triaxiality is investigated by rotating the potential in $γ$-degree of freedom so that the deformed minimum occurs at various axially asymmetric shapes. The change of excitation energies and reduced matrix elements of quadrupole transitions with increase of triaxiliaty is analyzed.
The Bohr hamiltonian, also called collective hamiltonian, is one of the cornerstone of nuclear physics and a wealth of solutions (analytic or approximated) of the associated eigenvalue equation have been proposed over more than half a century (confining ourselves to the quadrupole degree of freedom). Each particular solution is associated with a peculiar form for the $V(β,γ)$ potential. The large number and the different details of the mathematical derivation of these solutions, as well as their increased and renewed importance for nuclear structure and spectroscopy, demand a thorough discussi…
The global correlation in the observed variation with mass number of the $E2$ and summed $M1$ transition strengths is examined for rare earth nuclei. It is shown that a theory of correlated $S$ and $D$ fermion pairs with a simple pairing plus quadrupole interaction leads naturally to this universality. Thus a unified and quantitative description emerges for low-lying quadrupole and dipole strengths.
A sixth order quadrupole boson Hamiltonian is treated through a time dependent variational principle approach choosing as trial function a coherent state with respect to zeroth $b^{\dagger}_0$ and second $b^{\dagger}_2+b^{\dagger}_{-2}$ components of the quadrupole bosons. The coefficients involved in the model Hamiltonian are chosen so that the classical effective potential energy term has two distinct minima. The equation of motion for the radial coordinate is analytically solved and the resulting trajectories are extensively studied. One distinguishes three energy regions exhibiting differe…
The mixed-symmetry collective modes are investigated in Cr-Fe nuclei, by analyzing the realistic shell-model wavefunctions via the H^n-cooling method. It is clarified that the relatively low-lying mixed-symmetry states behave like doorway states. For these nearly spherical nuclei, the lowest mixed-symmetry state is shown to have $J^P=2^+$. An indication of the mixed-symmetry 3^+ state is obtained. The sequence of the mixed-symmetry 2^+, 1^+ and 3^+ levels and its nucleus-dependence are discussed. Calculated M1 and M3 transitions in the low-energy region suggest that the mixed-symmetry 1^+ and …
