Modelling electron distributions within ESA's Gaia satellite CCD pixels to mitigate radiation damage
G. M. Seabroke, A. D. Holland, D. Burt, M. S. Robbins
备注：
12 pages, 6 figures, appearing in Proc. of SPIE Optics and Photonics Conference (Focal Plane Arrays for Space telescopes IV), 2-6 August 2009, San Diego, USA
The Gaia satellite is a high-precision astrometry, photometry and spectroscopic ESA cornerstone mission, currently scheduled for launch in 2012. Its primary science drivers are the composition, formation and evolution of the Galaxy. Gaia will achieve its unprecedented positional accuracy requirements with detailed calibration and correction for radiation damage. At L2, protons cause displacement damage in the silicon of CCDs. The resulting traps capture and emit electrons from passing charge packets in the CCD pixel, distorting the image PSF and biasing its centroid. Microscopic models of Gaia's CCDs are being developed to simulate this effect. The key to calculating the probability of an electron being captured by a trap is the 3D electron density within each CCD pixel. However, this has not been physically modelled for the Gaia CCD pixels. In Seabroke, Holland & Cropper (2008), the first paper of this series, we motivated the need for such specialised 3D device modelling and outlined how its future results will fit into Gaia's overall radiation calibration strategy. In this paper, the second of the series, we present our first results using Silvaco's physics-based, engineering software: the ATLAS device simulation framework. Inputting a doping profile, pixel geometry and materials into ATLAS and comparing the results to other simulations reveals that ATLAS has a free parameter, fixed oxide charge, that needs to be calibrated. ATLAS is successfully benchmarked against other simulations and measurements of a test device, identifying how to use it to model Gaia pixels and highlighting the effect of different doping approximations.
Gaia serial CTI modelling and radiation damage study
University of Leicester（莱斯特大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；HE Space Operations BV for ESA/ESAC（ESA/ESAC下属的HE Space Operations BV）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；The Open University（开放大学）
In situ cryogenic characterization of proton damage in thick p-channel skipper CCDs
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago（芝加哥大学卡弗里宇宙物理学研究所）；Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory（费米国家加速器实验室）；Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago（芝加哥大学天文学与天体物理系）；Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校航空航天工程系）；Département de Physique, Université de Montréal（蒙特利尔大学物理系）；Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室）；Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院核科学实验室）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；Universidad Nacional del Sur（南方国立大学）；Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica “Alfredo Desages”, CONICET（阿尔弗雷多·德萨格斯电气工程学院研究所，阿根廷国家科学研究委员会）；Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires（布宜诺斯艾利斯大学物理系）；Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires, Universidad de Buenos Aires/CONICET（布宜诺斯艾利斯物理研究所，布宜诺斯艾利斯大学/阿根廷国家科学研究委员会）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University（石溪大学物理与天文学系）；C.N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stony Brook University（石溪大学陈省身理论物理研究所）
Radiation damage to the Hubble Space Telescope during two Solar cycles, and correction of Charge Transfer Inefficiency using ArCTIc
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University（达勒姆大学计算宇宙学研究所）；Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London（帝国理工学院地球科学与工程系）；SETI Institute（SETI研究所）；Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室）；Physics Department, Newcastle University（纽卡斯尔大学物理系）
Radiation damage to the Hubble Space Telescope has been several years out of phase with the Solar cycle
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University（达勒姆大学计算宇宙学研究所）；Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室）；Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London（帝国理工学院地球科学与工程系）；Centre for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, University of Hertfordshire（赫特福德大学物理系天体物理学研究中心）；Physics Department, Newcastle University（纽卡斯尔大学物理系）；Centre for Electronic Imaging, The Open University（开放大学电子成像中心）；Laboratoire d’Astrophysique, EPFL（洛桑联邦理工学院天体物理学实验室）
