We show that the duals of Banach algebras of scalar-valued bounded holomorphic functions on the open unit ball $B_E$ of a Banach space $E$ lack weak$^*$-strongly exposed points. Consequently, we obtain that some Banach algebras of holomorphic functions on an arbitrary Banach space have the Daugavet property which extends the observation of P. Wojtaszczyk. Moreover, we present a new denseness result by proving that the set of norm-attaining vector-valued holomorphic functions on the open unit ball of a dual Banach space is dense provided that its predual space has the metric $π$-property. Besid…
We introduce a weakened notion of norm attainment for bounded linear operators between Banach spaces which we call \emph{quasi norm attaining operators}. An operator $T\colon X \longrightarrow Y$ between the Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$ is quasi norm attaining if there is a sequence $(x_n)$ of norm one elements in $X$ such that $(Tx_n)$ converges to some $u\in Y$ with $\|u\|=\|T\|$. Norm attaining operators in the usual sense (i.e.\ operators for which there is a point in the unit ball where the norm of its image equals the norm of the operator) and compact operators satisfy this definition. The …
We show that for every $1<n<\infty$, there exits a Banach space $X_n$ containing proximinal subspaces of codimension $n$ but no proximinal finite codimensional subspaces of higher codimension. Moreover, the set of norm-attaining functionals of $X_n$ contains $n$-dimensional subspaces, but no subspace of higher dimension. This gives a $n$-by-$n$ version of the solutions given by Read and Rmoutil to problems of Singer and Godefroy. We also study the existence of strongly proximinal subspaces of finite codimension, showing that for every $1<n<\infty$ and $1\leqslant k <n$, there is a Banach space…
We present a construction that enables one to find Banach spaces $X$ whose sets $NA(X)$ of norm attaining functionals do not contain two-dimensional subspaces and such that, consequently, $X$ does not contain proximinal subspaces of finite codimension greater than one, extending the results recently provided by Read and Rmoutil. Roughly speaking, we construct an equivalent renorming with the requested properties for every Banach space $X$ where the set $NA(X)$ for the original norm is not "too large". The construction can be applied to every Banach space containing $c_0$ and having a countable…
We establish a linear variational principle extending the Deville-Godefroy-Zizler's one. We use this variational principle to prove that if $X$ is a Banach space having property $(α)$ of Schachermayer and $Y$ is any banach space, then the set of all norm strongly attaining linear operators from $X$ into $Y$ is a complement of a $σ$-porous set. Moreover, the results of the paper applies also to an abstract class of (linear and nonlinear) operator spaces.
In this paper we study the structure of the set $\mbox{Hom}(X,\mathbb{R})$ of all lattice homomorphisms from a Banach lattice $X$ into $\mathbb{R}$. Using the relation among lattice homomorphisms and disjoint families, we prove that the topological dual of the free Banach lattice $FBL(A)$ generated by a set $A$ contains a disjoint family of cardinality $2^{|A|}$, answering a question of B. de Pagter and A.W. Wickstead. We also deal with norm-attaining lattice homomorphisms. For classical Banach lattices, as $c_0$, $L_p$-, and $C(K)$-spaces, every lattice homomorphism on it attains its norm, wh…
G. Godefroy asked whether, on any Banach space, the set of norm-attaining functionals contains a 2-dimensional linear subspace. We prove that a recent construction due to C.J. Read provides an example of a space which does not have this property. This is done through a study of the relation between the following two sentences where X is a Banach space and Y is a closed subspace of finite codimension in X: (A) Y is proximinal in X. (B) The annihilator of Y consists of norm-attaining functionals. We prove that these are equivalent if X is the Read's space. Moreover, we prove that any non-reflexi…
We study the relationship between the residuality of the set of norm attaining functionals on a Banach space and the residuality and the denseness of the set of norm attaining operators between Banach spaces. Our first main result says that if $C$ is a bounded subset of a Banach space $X$ which admit an LUR renorming satisfying that, for every Banach space $Y$, the operators $T$ from $X$ to $Y$ for which the supremum of $\|Tx\|$ with $x\in C$ is attained are dense, then the $G_δ$ set of those functionals which strongly exposes $C$ is dense in $X^*$. This extends previous results by J.\ Bourgai…
We show examples of compact linear operators between Banach spaces which cannot be approximated by norm attaining operators. This is the negative answer to an open question posed in the 1970's. Actually, any strictly convex Banach space failing the approximation property serves as the range space. On the other hand, there are examples in which the domain space has a Schauder basis.
Given two Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$, we introduce and study a concept of norm-attainment in the space of nuclear operators $\mathcal{N}(X,Y)$ and in the projective tensor product space $X \widehat{\otimes}_πY$. We exhibit positive and negative examples where both previous norm-attainment hold. We also study the problem of whether the class of elements which attain their norms in $\mathcal{N}(X,Y)$ and in $X\widehat{\otimes}_πY$ is dense or not. We prove that, for both concepts, the density of norm-attaining elements holds for a large class of Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$ which, in particular, cov…
We provide sufficient conditions on a Banach space $X$ in order that there exist norm attaining operators of rank at least two from $X$ into any Banach space of dimension at least two. For example, a rather weak such condition is the existence of a non-trivial cone consisting of norm attaining functionals on $X$. We go on to discuss density of norm attaining operators of finite rank among all operators of finite rank, which holds for instance when there is a dense linear subspace consisting of norm attaining functionals on $X$. In particular, we consider the case of Hilbert space valued operat…
We extend the (attaining of) strong diameter two property to infinite cardinals. In particular, a Banach space has the 1-norming attaining strong diameter two property with respect to $ω$ (1-ASD2P$_ω$ for short) if every convex series of slices of the unit ball intersects the unit sphere. We characterize $C(K)$ spaces and $L_1(μ)$ spaces having the 1-ASD2P$_ω$. We establish dual implications between the 1-ASD2P$_ω$, $ω$-octahedral norms and Banach spaces failing the $(-1)$-ball-covering property. The stability of these new properties under direct sums and tensor products is also investigated.
It is shown that if $1<p<\infty$ and $X$ is a subspace or a quotient of an $\ell_p$-direct sum of finite dimensional Banach spaces, then for any compact operator $T$ on $X$ such that $\|I+T\|>1$, the operator $I+T$ attains its norm. A reflexive Banach space $X$ and a bounded rank one operator $T$ on $X$ are constructed such that $\|I+T\|>1$ and $I+T$ does not attain its norm.
We study the structure of the space of coarse Lipschitz maps between Banach spaces. In particular we introduce the notion of norm attaining coarse Lipschitz maps. We extend to the case of norm attaining coarse Lipschitz equivalences, a result of G. Godefroy on Lipschitz equivalences. This leads us to include the non separable versions of classical results on the stability of the existence of asymptotically uniformly smooth norms under Lipschitz or coarse Lipschitz equivalences.
We consider a perturbation determinant for pairs of nonpositive (in a sense of Komatsu) operators on Banach space with nuclear difference and prove a generalization of the important formula for the logarithmic derivative of this determinant. To this end the Frechet differentiability of operator monotonic (negative complete Bernstein) functions of negative and nonpositive operators on Banach spaces is investigated. The results may be regarded as a contribution to the Hirsch functional calculus.
The main result of the paper shows that, for 1<p and 1<=q, a linear operator T from l_p to l_q attains its norm if, and only if, there exists a not weakly null maximizing sequence for T (counterexamples can be easily constructed when p=1). For 1<p (and q different from p), as a consequence of the previous result we show that any not weakly null maximizing sequence for a norm attaining operator T from l_p to l_q has a norm-convergent subsequence (and this result is sharp in the sense that it is not valid if p=q). We also investigate lineability of the sets of norm-attaining and non-norm attaini…
The main goal of this article is to show that for every (reflexive) infinite-dimensional Banach space $X$ there exists a reflexive Banach space $Y$ and $T, R \in \mathcal{L}(X,Y)$ such that $R$ is a rank-one operator, $\|T+R\|>\|T\|$ but $T+R$ does not attain its norm. This answers a question posed by S. Dantas and the first two authors. Furthermore, motivated by the parallelism exhibited in the literature between the $V$-property introduced by V.A. Khatskevich, M.I. Ostrovskii and V.S. Shulman and the weak maximizing property introduced by R.M. Aron, D. García, D. Pellegrino and E.V. Teixeira…
In this paper, we study geometric properties of the set of group invariant continuous linear operators between Banach spaces. In particular, we present group invariant versions of the Hahn-Banach separation theorems and elementary properties of the invariant operators. This allows us to contextualize our main applications in the theory of norm-attaining operators; we establish group invariant versions of the properties $α$ of Schachermayer and $β$ of Lindenstrauss, and present relevant results from this theory in this (much wider) setting. In particular, we generalize Bourgain's result, which …
Under certain hypotheses on the Banach space $X$, we prove that the set of analytic functions in $\mathcal{A}_u(X)$ (the algebra of all holomorphic and uniformly continuous functions in the ball of $X$) whose Aron-Berner extensions attain their norms, is dense in $\mathcal{A}_u(X)$. The result holds also for functions with values in a dual space or in a Banach space with the so-called property $(β)$. For this, we establish first a Lindenstrauss type theorem for continuous polynomials. We also present some counterexamples for the Bishop-Phelps theorem in the analytic and polynomial cases where …
Inspired by the recent work of Cascales et al., we introduce a generalized concept of ACK structure on Banach spaces. Using this property, which we call by the quasi-ACK structure, we are able to extend known universal properties on range spaces concerning the density of norm attaining operators. We provide sufficient conditions for quasi-ACK structure of spaces and results on the stability of quasi-ACK structure. As a consequence, we present new examples satisfying the (Lindenstrauss) property B$^k$, which have not been known previously. We also prove that property B$^k$ is stable under injec…
We classify several notions of norm attaining Lipschitz maps which were introduced previously, and present the relations among them in order to verify proper inclusions. We also analyze some results for the sets of Lipschitz maps satisfying each of these properties to be dense or not in $\Lip(X,Y)$. For instance, we characterize a Banach space $Y$ with the Radon-Nikodým property in terms of the denseness of norm attaining Lipschitz maps with values in $Y$. Further, we introduce a property called the local directional Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás property for Lipschitz compact maps, which extends the…
In this paper, we introduce a concept of norm-attainment in the projective symmetric tensor product $\widehat{\otimes}_{π,s,N} X$ of a Banach space $X$, which turns out to be naturally related to the classical norm-attainment of $N$-homogeneous polynomials on $X$. Due to this relation, we can prove that there exist symmetric tensors that do not attain their norms, which allows us to study the problem of when the set of norm-attaining elements in $\widehat{\otimes}_{π,s,N} X$ is dense. We show that the set of all norm-attaining symmetric tensors is dense in $\widehat{\otimes}_{π,s,N} X$ for a l…
We prove that for a given Banach space $X$, the subset of norm attaining Lipschitz functionals in $\mathrm{Lip}_0(X)$ is weakly dense but not strongly dense. Then we introduce a weaker concept of directional norm attainment and demonstrate that for a uniformly convex $X$ the set of directionally norm attaining Lipschitz functionals is strongly dense in $\mathrm{Lip}_0(X)$ and, moreover, that an analogue of the Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás theorem is valid.
We prove that if every bounded linear operator (or $N$-homogeneous polynomials) with the compact approximation property attains its numerical radius, then $X$ is a finite dimensional space. Moreover, we present an improvement of the polynomial James' theorem for numerical radius proved by Acosta, Becerra Guerrero and Gal$á$n in 2003. Finally, the denseness of weakly (uniformly) continuous $2$-homogeneous polynomials on a Banach space whose Aron-Berner extensions attain their numerical radii is obtained.
Let $X$ be a Banach space. We prove that, for a large class of Banach or quasi-Banach spaces $E$ of $X$-valued sequences, the sets $E-\bigcup _{q\inΓ}\ell_{q}(X)$, where $Γ$ is any subset of $(0,\infty]$, and $E-c_{0}(X)$ contain closed infinite-dimensional subspaces of $E$ (if non-empty, of course). This result is applied in several particular cases and it is also shown that the same technique can be used to improve a result on the existence of spaces formed by norm-attaining linear operators.
We provide some new consequences on the Lipschitz numerical radius and index which were introduced recently. More precisely, we give some renorming results on the Lipschitz numerical index, introduce a concept of Lipschitz numerical radius attaining functions in order to show that the denseness fails for an arbitrary Banach space, and study a Lipschitz version of Daugavet centers. Furthermore, we discuss the Lipschitz numerical index of vector-valued function spaces, absolute sums of Banach spaces, the Köthe-Bochner spaces, and Banach spaces which contain a dense union of increasing family of …
In this paper, we are interested in studying two properties related to the denseness of the operators which attain their numerical radius: the Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás point and operator properties for numerical radius (BPBpp-nu and BPBop-nu, respectively). We prove that every Banach space with micro-transitive norm and second numerical index strictly positive satisfy the BPBpp-nu and that, if the numerical index of $X$ is 1, only one-dimensional spaces enjoy it. On the other hand, we show that the BPBop-nu is a very restrictive property: under some general assumptions, it holds only for one-dim…
We characterize real Banach spaces $Y$ such that the pair $(\ell_\infty ^n, Y)$ has the Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás property for operators. To this purpose it is essential the use of an appropriate basis of the domain space $\R^n$. As a consequence of the mentioned characterization, we provide examples of spaces $Y$ satisfying such property. For instance, finite-dimensional spaces, uniformly convex spaces, uniform algebras and $L_1(μ)$ ($μ$ a positive measure) satisfy the previous property.
On each nonreflexive Banach space X there exists a positive continuous convex function f such that 1/f is not a d.c. function (i.e., a difference of two continuous convex functions). This result together with known ones implies that X is reflexive if and only if each everywhere defined quotient of two continuous convex functions is a d.c. function. Our construction gives also a stronger version of Klee's result concerning renormings of nonreflexive spaces and non-norm-attaining functionals.
It is well known that under certain conditions on a Banach space $X$, the set of bounded linear operators attaining their numerical radius is a dense subset. We prove in this paper that if $X$ is assumed to be uniformly convex and uniformly smooth then the set of bounded linear operators attaining their numerical radius is not only a dense subset but also the complement of a $σ$-porous subset. In fact, we generalize the notion of numerical radius to a large class $\mathcal{Z}$ of vector-valued operators defined from $X\times X^*$ into a Banach space $W$ and we prove that the set of all element…
Very recently, motivated by the result of Bhatia and Šemrl which characterizes the Birkhoff-James orthogonality of operators on a finite dimensional Hilbert space in terms of norm attaining points, the Bhatia-Šemrl property was introduced. The main purpose of this article is to study the denseness of the set of multilinear maps with the Bhatia-Šemrl property which is contained in the set of norm attaining ones. Contrary to the most of previous results which were shown for operators on real Banach spaces, we prove the denseness for multilinear maps on some complex Banach spaces. We also show th…
We study the density of the set $\operatorname{SNA}(M,Y)$ of those Lipschitz maps from a (complete pointed) metric space $M$ to a Banach space $Y$ which strongly attain their norm (i.e.\ the supremum defining the Lipschitz norm is actually a maximum). We present new and somehow counterintuitive examples, and we give some applications. First, we show that $\operatorname{SNA}(\mathbb T,Y)$ is not dense in ${\mathrm{Lip}}_0(\mathbb T,Y)$ for any Banach space $Y$, where $\mathbb T$ denotes the unit circle in the Euclidean plane. This provides the first example of a Gromov concave metric space (i.e…
We study the set $\operatorname{SNA}(M,Y)$ of those Lipschitz maps from a (complete pointed) metric space $M$ to a Banach space $Y$ which (strongly) attain their Lipschitz norm (i.e.\ the supremum defining the Lipschitz norm is a maximum). Extending previous results, we prove that this set is not norm dense when $M$ is a length space (or local) or when $M$ is a closed subset of $\mathbb{R}$ with positive Lebesgue measure, providing new examples which have very different topological properties than the previously known ones. On the other hand, we study the linear properties which are sufficient…
Using the variational method, it is shown that the set of all strong peak functions in a closed algebra $A$ of $C_b(K)$ is dense if and only if the set of all strong peak points is a norming subset of $A$. As a corollary we can induce the denseness of strong peak functions on other certain spaces. In case that a set of uniformly strongly exposed points of a Banach space $X$ is a norming subset of $\mathcal{P}({}^n X)$, then the set of all strongly norm attaining elements in $\mathcal{P}({}^n X)$ is dense. In particular, the set of all points at which the norm of $\mathcal{P}({}^n X)$ is Fréche…
In this paper we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of non-norm-attaining operators in $\mathcal{L}(E, F)$. By using a theorem due to Pfitzner on James boundaries, we show that if there exists a relatively compact set $K$ of $\mathcal{L}(E, F)$ (in the weak operator topology) such that $0$ is an element of its closure (in the weak operator topology) but it is not in its norm closed convex hull, then we can guarantee the existence of an operator which does not attain its norm. This allows us to provide the following generalization of results due to Holub and Mujica. I…
We prove an inequality of the Loéve-Young type for the Riemann-Stieltjes integrals driven by irregular signals attaining their values in Banach spaces and, as a result, we derive a new theorem on the existence of the Riemann-Stieltjes integrals driven by such signals. Also, for any $p\ge1$ we introduce the space of regulated signals $f:[a,b] \rightarrow W$ ($a<b$ are real numbers and $W$ is a Banach space), which may be uniformly approximated with accuracy $δ>0$ by signals whose total variation is of order $δ^{1-p}$ as $δ\rightarrow 0+$ and prove that they satisfy the assumptions of the theore…
It has been very recently discovered that there are compact linear operators between Banach spaces which cannot be approximated by norm attaining operators. The aim of this expository paper is to give an overview of those examples and also of sufficient conditions ensuring that compact linear operators can be approximated by norm attaining operators. To do so, we introduce the analogues for compact operators of Lindenstrauss properties A and B.
We consider the "order" analogues of some classical notions of Banach space geometry: extreme points and convex hulls. A Hahn-Banach type separation result is obtained, which allows us to establish an "order" Krein-Milman Theorem. We show that the unit ball of any infinite dimensional reflexive space contains uncountably many order extreme points, and investigate the set of positive norm-attaining functionals. Finally,we introduce the "solid" version of the Krein-Milman Property, and show it is equivalent to the Radon-Nikodym Property.
We study geometric properties of the Banach space $\mathcal{R}$ constructed recently by C.~Read (arXiv 1307.7958) which does not contain proximinal subspaces of finite codimension greater than or equal to two. Concretely, we show that the bidual of $\mathcal{R}$ is strictly convex, that the norm of the dual of $\mathcal{R}$ is rough, and that $\mathcal{R}$ is weakly locally uniformly rotund (but it is not locally uniformly rotund). Apart of the own interest of the results, they provide a simplification of the proof by M.~Rmoutil (J.\ Funct.\ Anal.\ 272 (2017), 918--928) that the set of norm-at…
In this paper we explore the properties of a bounded linear operator defined on a Banach space, in light of operator norm attainment. Using Birkhoff-James orthogonality techniques, we give a necessary condition for a bounded linear operator attaining norm at a particular point of the unit sphere. We prove a number of corollaries to establish the importance of our study. As part of our exploration, we also obtain a characterization of smooth Banach spaces in terms of operator norm attainment and Birkhoff-James orthogonality. Restricting our attention to $ l_{p}^{2} (p \in \mathbb{N}\setminus \{…
In this paper, we are interested in studying the set $\mathcal{A}_{\|\cdot\|}(X, Y)$ of all norm-attaining operators $T$ from $X$ into $Y$ satisfying the following: given $ε>0$, there exists $η$ such that if $\|Tx\| > 1 - η$, then there is $x_0$ such that $\| x_0 - x\| < ε$ and $T$ itself attains its norm at $x_0$. We show that every norm one functional on $c_0$ which attains its norm belongs to $\mathcal{A}_{\|\cdot\|}(c_0, \mathbb{K})$. Also, we prove that the analogous result holds neither for $\mathcal{A}_{\|\cdot\|}(\ell_1, \mathbb{K})$ nor $\mathcal{A}_{\|\cdot\|}(\ell_{\infty}, \mathbb{…