We study the denseness of Crawford number attaining operators on Banach spaces. Mainly, we prove that if a Banach space has the RNP, then the set of Crawford number attaining operators is dense in the space of bounded linear operators. We also see among others that the set of Crawford number attaining operators may be dense in the space of all bounded linear operators while they do not coincide, by observing the case of compact operators when the Banach space has a 1-unconditional basis. Furthermore, we show a Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás type property for the Crawford number for certain Banach spaces, and we finally discuss some difficulties and possible problems on the topic.
We completely characterize the Crawford number attainment set and the numerical radius attainment set of a bounded linear operator on a Hilbert space. We study the intersection properties of the corresponding attainment sets of numerical radius, Crawford number, norm, minimum norm of a bounded linear operator defined on a normed space. Our study illustrates the similarities and the differences of the extremal properties of a bounded linear operator on a Hilbert space and a general normed space.
In this article, we completely characterize absolutely norm attaining Hankel operators and absolutely minimum attaining Toeplitz operators. We also improve \cite[Theorem 2.1]{RGSSSTOE1}, by characterizing the absolutely norm attaining Toeplitz operator $T_φ$ in terms of the symbol $φ\in L^\infty$.
We study various inequalities for numerical radius and Berezin number of a bounded linear operator on a Hilbert space. It is proved that the numerical radius of a pure two-isometry is 1 and the Crawford number of a pure two-isometry is 0. In particular, we show that for any scalar-valuednon-constant inner function $θ$, the numerical radius and the Crawford number of a Toeplitz operator $T_θ$ on a Hardy space is 1 and 0, respectively. It is also shown that numerical radius is multiplicative for a class of isometries and sub-multiplicative for a class of commutants of a shift. We have illustrate…
In this article, we characterize absolutely norm attaining normal operators in terms of the essential spectrum. Later we prove a structure theorem for hyponormal absolutely norm attaining (or $\mathcal{AN}$-operators in short) and deduce conditions for the normality of the operator.
We introduce a weakened notion of norm attainment for bounded linear operators between Banach spaces which we call \emph{quasi norm attaining operators}. An operator $T\colon X \longrightarrow Y$ between the Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$ is quasi norm attaining if there is a sequence $(x_n)$ of norm one elements in $X$ such that $(Tx_n)$ converges to some $u\in Y$ with $\|u\|=\|T\|$. Norm attaining operators in the usual sense (i.e.\ operators for which there is a point in the unit ball where the norm of its image equals the norm of the operator) and compact operators satisfy this definition. The …
In this paper, we characterize absolute norm-attainability for compact hyponormal operators. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a bounded linear compact hyponormal operator on an infinite dimensional complex Hilbert space to be absolutely norm attaining. Moreover, we discuss the structure of compact hyponormal operators when they are self-adjoint and normal. Lastly, we discuss in general, other properties of compact hyponormal operators when they are absolutely norm attaining and their commutators.
Let $H_1,H_2$ be complex Hilbert spaces and $T$ be a densely defined closed linear operator (not necessarily bounded). It is proved that for each $ε>0$, there exists a bounded operator $S$ with $\|S\|\leq ε$ such that $T+S$ is minimum attaining. Further, if $T$ is bounded below, then $S$ can be chosen to be rank one.
Let $H_1$ and $H_2$ be complex Hilbert spaces and $T:H_1\rightarrow H_2$ be a bounded linear operator. We say $T$ to be norm attaining, if there exists $x\in H_1$ with $\|x\|=1$ such that $\|Tx\|=\|T\|$. If for every closed subspace $M$ of $H_1$, the restriction $T|_{M}:M\rightarrow H_2$ is norm attaining then, $T$ is called absolutely norm attaining operator or $\mathcal{AN}$-operator. If we replace the norm of the operator by the minimum modulus $m(T)=\inf{\{\|Tx\|:x\in H_1,\; \|x\|=1}\}$, then $T$ is called the minimum attaining and the absolutely minimum attaining operator (or $\mathcal{AM…
In this article, we give a representation of $\ast$-paranormal absolutely norm attaining operator. Explicitly saying, every $\ast$-paranormal absolutely norm attaining ($\mathcal{AN}$ in short) $T$ can be decomposed as $U\oplus D$, where $U$ is a direct sum of scalar multiple of unitary operators and $D$ is a $2\times 2$ upper diagonal operator matrix. By the representation it is clear that the class of $\ast$-paranormal $\mathcal{AN}$-operators is bigger than the class of normal $\mathcal{AN}$-operators but here we observe that a $\ast$-paranormal $\mathcal{AN}$-operator is normal if either i…
We establish a linear variational principle extending the Deville-Godefroy-Zizler's one. We use this variational principle to prove that if $X$ is a Banach space having property $(α)$ of Schachermayer and $Y$ is any banach space, then the set of all norm strongly attaining linear operators from $X$ into $Y$ is a complement of a $σ$-porous set. Moreover, the results of the paper applies also to an abstract class of (linear and nonlinear) operator spaces.
We show examples of compact linear operators between Banach spaces which cannot be approximated by norm attaining operators. This is the negative answer to an open question posed in the 1970's. Actually, any strictly convex Banach space failing the approximation property serves as the range space. On the other hand, there are examples in which the domain space has a Schauder basis.
We provide sufficient conditions on a Banach space $X$ in order that there exist norm attaining operators of rank at least two from $X$ into any Banach space of dimension at least two. For example, a rather weak such condition is the existence of a non-trivial cone consisting of norm attaining functionals on $X$. We go on to discuss density of norm attaining operators of finite rank among all operators of finite rank, which holds for instance when there is a dense linear subspace consisting of norm attaining functionals on $X$. In particular, we consider the case of Hilbert space valued operat…
It is shown that if $1<p<\infty$ and $X$ is a subspace or a quotient of an $\ell_p$-direct sum of finite dimensional Banach spaces, then for any compact operator $T$ on $X$ such that $\|I+T\|>1$, the operator $I+T$ attains its norm. A reflexive Banach space $X$ and a bounded rank one operator $T$ on $X$ are constructed such that $\|I+T\|>1$ and $I+T$ does not attain its norm.
In this paper, we study geometric properties of the set of group invariant continuous linear operators between Banach spaces. In particular, we present group invariant versions of the Hahn-Banach separation theorems and elementary properties of the invariant operators. This allows us to contextualize our main applications in the theory of norm-attaining operators; we establish group invariant versions of the properties $α$ of Schachermayer and $β$ of Lindenstrauss, and present relevant results from this theory in this (much wider) setting. In particular, we generalize Bourgain's result, which …
Let $T:D(T)\rightarrow H_2$ be a densely defined closed operator with domain $D(T)\subset H_1$. We say $T$ to be absolutely minimum attaining if for every closed subspace $M$ of $H_1$, the restriction operator $T|_M:D(T)\cap M\rightarrow H_2$ attains its minimum modulus $m(T|_{M})$. That is, there exists $x \in D(T)\cap M$ with $\|x\|= 1$ and $\|T(x)\| = \inf \{\|T(m)\|: m \in D(T) \cap M: \|m\|=1\}$. In this article, we prove several characterizations of this class of operators and show that every operator in this class has a nontrivial hyperinvariant subspace. We also prove a spectral theore…
The main goal of this article is to show that for every (reflexive) infinite-dimensional Banach space $X$ there exists a reflexive Banach space $Y$ and $T, R \in \mathcal{L}(X,Y)$ such that $R$ is a rank-one operator, $\|T+R\|>\|T\|$ but $T+R$ does not attain its norm. This answers a question posed by S. Dantas and the first two authors. Furthermore, motivated by the parallelism exhibited in the literature between the $V$-property introduced by V.A. Khatskevich, M.I. Ostrovskii and V.S. Shulman and the weak maximizing property introduced by R.M. Aron, D. García, D. Pellegrino and E.V. Teixeira…
In this paper we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of non-norm-attaining operators in $\mathcal{L}(E, F)$. By using a theorem due to Pfitzner on James boundaries, we show that if there exists a relatively compact set $K$ of $\mathcal{L}(E, F)$ (in the weak operator topology) such that $0$ is an element of its closure (in the weak operator topology) but it is not in its norm closed convex hull, then we can guarantee the existence of an operator which does not attain its norm. This allows us to provide the following generalization of results due to Holub and Mujica. I…
In this article, we first prove the existence of an invariant subspace for a norm-attaining $\ast$-paranormal operator. Then give a representation for $\ast$-paranormal operators in the closure of absolutely norm-attaining operators and further study a few sufficient conditions for the normality of such operators. Finally, we discuss Toeplitz and Hankel $\ast$-paranormal operators in the closure of absolutely norm-attaining operators on the Hardy space.
Inspired by the recent work of Cascales et al., we introduce a generalized concept of ACK structure on Banach spaces. Using this property, which we call by the quasi-ACK structure, we are able to extend known universal properties on range spaces concerning the density of norm attaining operators. We provide sufficient conditions for quasi-ACK structure of spaces and results on the stability of quasi-ACK structure. As a consequence, we present new examples satisfying the (Lindenstrauss) property B$^k$, which have not been known previously. We also prove that property B$^k$ is stable under injec…
Given two Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$, we introduce and study a concept of norm-attainment in the space of nuclear operators $\mathcal{N}(X,Y)$ and in the projective tensor product space $X \widehat{\otimes}_πY$. We exhibit positive and negative examples where both previous norm-attainment hold. We also study the problem of whether the class of elements which attain their norms in $\mathcal{N}(X,Y)$ and in $X\widehat{\otimes}_πY$ is dense or not. We prove that, for both concepts, the density of norm-attaining elements holds for a large class of Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$ which, in particular, cov…
We characterize real Banach spaces $Y$ such that the pair $(\ell_\infty ^n, Y)$ has the Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás property for operators. To this purpose it is essential the use of an appropriate basis of the domain space $\R^n$. As a consequence of the mentioned characterization, we provide examples of spaces $Y$ satisfying such property. For instance, finite-dimensional spaces, uniformly convex spaces, uniform algebras and $L_1(μ)$ ($μ$ a positive measure) satisfy the previous property.
We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a bounded operator defined between complex Hilbert spaces to be absolutely norm attaining. We discuss structure of such operators in the case of self-adjoint and normal operators separately. Finally, we discuss several properties of absolutely norm attaining operators.
We study the relationship between the residuality of the set of norm attaining functionals on a Banach space and the residuality and the denseness of the set of norm attaining operators between Banach spaces. Our first main result says that if $C$ is a bounded subset of a Banach space $X$ which admit an LUR renorming satisfying that, for every Banach space $Y$, the operators $T$ from $X$ to $Y$ for which the supremum of $\|Tx\|$ with $x\in C$ is attained are dense, then the $G_δ$ set of those functionals which strongly exposes $C$ is dense in $X^*$. This extends previous results by J.\ Bourgai…
We show that positive absolutely norm attaining operators can be characterized by a simple property of their spectra. This result clarifies and simplifies a result of Ramesh. As an application we characterize weighted shift operators which are absolutely norm attaining.
We study the spectral properties of positive absolutely minimum attaining operators defined on infinite dimensional complex Hilbert spaces and using that derive a characterization theorem for such type of operators. We construct several examples and discuss some of the properties of this class. Also, we extend this characterization theorem for general absolutely minimum attaining operators by means of the polar decomposition theorem.
Let $T:H_1\rightarrow H_2$ be a bounded linear operator defined between complex Hilbert spaces $H_1$ and $H_2$. We say $T$ to be \textit{minimum attaining} if there exists a unit vector $x\in H_1$ such that $\|Tx\|=m(T)$, where $m(T):=\inf{\{\|Tx\|:x\in H_1,\; \|x\|=1}\}$ is the \textit{minimum modulus} of $T$. We say $T$ to be \textit{absolutely minimum attaining} ($\mathcal{AM}$-operators in short), if for any closed subspace $M$ of $H_1$ the restriction operator $T|_M:M\rightarrow H_2$ is minimum attaining. In this paper, we give a new characterization of positive absolutely minimum attaini…
It is well known that under certain conditions on a Banach space $X$, the set of bounded linear operators attaining their numerical radius is a dense subset. We prove in this paper that if $X$ is assumed to be uniformly convex and uniformly smooth then the set of bounded linear operators attaining their numerical radius is not only a dense subset but also the complement of a $σ$-porous subset. In fact, we generalize the notion of numerical radius to a large class $\mathcal{Z}$ of vector-valued operators defined from $X\times X^*$ into a Banach space $W$ and we prove that the set of all element…
We define and discuss properties of the class of unbounded operators which attain minimum modulus. We establish a relationship between this class and the class of norm attaining bounded operators and compare the properties of both. Also we define absolutely minimum attaining operators (possibly unbounded) and characterize injective absolutely minimum attaining operators as those with compact generalized inverse. We give several consequences, one of them is that every such operator has a non trivial hyperinvariant subspace.
The main result of the paper shows that, for 1<p and 1<=q, a linear operator T from l_p to l_q attains its norm if, and only if, there exists a not weakly null maximizing sequence for T (counterexamples can be easily constructed when p=1). For 1<p (and q different from p), as a consequence of the previous result we show that any not weakly null maximizing sequence for a norm attaining operator T from l_p to l_q has a norm-convergent subsequence (and this result is sharp in the sense that it is not valid if p=q). We also investigate lineability of the sets of norm-attaining and non-norm attaini…
In this paper, we are interested in studying the set $\mathcal{A}_{\|\cdot\|}(X, Y)$ of all norm-attaining operators $T$ from $X$ into $Y$ satisfying the following: given $ε>0$, there exists $η$ such that if $\|Tx\| > 1 - η$, then there is $x_0$ such that $\| x_0 - x\| < ε$ and $T$ itself attains its norm at $x_0$. We show that every norm one functional on $c_0$ which attains its norm belongs to $\mathcal{A}_{\|\cdot\|}(c_0, \mathbb{K})$. Also, we prove that the analogous result holds neither for $\mathcal{A}_{\|\cdot\|}(\ell_1, \mathbb{K})$ nor $\mathcal{A}_{\|\cdot\|}(\ell_{\infty}, \mathbb{…
It has been very recently discovered that there are compact linear operators between Banach spaces which cannot be approximated by norm attaining operators. The aim of this expository paper is to give an overview of those examples and also of sufficient conditions ensuring that compact linear operators can be approximated by norm attaining operators. To do so, we introduce the analogues for compact operators of Lindenstrauss properties A and B.
We prove that if every bounded linear operator (or $N$-homogeneous polynomials) with the compact approximation property attains its numerical radius, then $X$ is a finite dimensional space. Moreover, we present an improvement of the polynomial James' theorem for numerical radius proved by Acosta, Becerra Guerrero and Gal$á$n in 2003. Finally, the denseness of weakly (uniformly) continuous $2$-homogeneous polynomials on a Banach space whose Aron-Berner extensions attain their numerical radii is obtained.
Let $H_1$, $H_2$ be complex Hilbert spaces. A bounded linear operator $T : H_1 \to H_2$ is said to be norm attaining if there exists a unit vector $x \in H_1$ such that $\|Tx\| = \|T\|$. If $T|_{M} : M \to H_2$ is norm attaining for every closed subspace $M$ of $H_1$, then we say that $T$ is an absolutely norm attaining ($\mathcal{AN}$-operator). If the norm of the operator is replaced by the minimum modulus $m(T) = \inf\{\|Tx\| : x \in H_1, \|x\| =1\}$, then $T$ is said to be a minimum attaining and an absolutely minimum attaining operator ($\mathcal{AM}$-operator), respectively. In this arti…
In this paper, we are interested in studying two properties related to the denseness of the operators which attain their numerical radius: the Bishop-Phelps-Bollobás point and operator properties for numerical radius (BPBpp-nu and BPBop-nu, respectively). We prove that every Banach space with micro-transitive norm and second numerical index strictly positive satisfy the BPBpp-nu and that, if the numerical index of $X$ is 1, only one-dimensional spaces enjoy it. On the other hand, we show that the BPBop-nu is a very restrictive property: under some general assumptions, it holds only for one-dim…
We introduce and explore a new property related to reflexivity that plays an important role in the characterization of norm attaining operators. We also present an application to the theory of compact perturbations of linear operators and characterize norm attaining scalar-valued continuous $2$-homogeneous polynomials on $\ell_{2}$.
We study the density of the set $\operatorname{SNA}(M,Y)$ of those Lipschitz maps from a (complete pointed) metric space $M$ to a Banach space $Y$ which strongly attain their norm (i.e.\ the supremum defining the Lipschitz norm is actually a maximum). We present new and somehow counterintuitive examples, and we give some applications. First, we show that $\operatorname{SNA}(\mathbb T,Y)$ is not dense in ${\mathrm{Lip}}_0(\mathbb T,Y)$ for any Banach space $Y$, where $\mathbb T$ denotes the unit circle in the Euclidean plane. This provides the first example of a Gromov concave metric space (i.e…
We study idempotent, model, and Toeplitz operators that attain the norm. Notably, we prove that if $\mathcal{Q}$ is a backward shift invariant subspace of the Hardy space $H^2(\mathbb{D})$, then the model operator $S_{\mathcal{Q}}$ attains its norm. Here $S_{\mathcal{Q}} = P_{\mathcal{Q}}M_z|_{\mathcal{Q}}$, the compression of the shift $M_z$ on the Hardy space $H^2(\mathbb{D})$ to $\mathcal{Q}$.
We study the set $\operatorname{SNA}(M,Y)$ of those Lipschitz maps from a (complete pointed) metric space $M$ to a Banach space $Y$ which (strongly) attain their Lipschitz norm (i.e.\ the supremum defining the Lipschitz norm is a maximum). Extending previous results, we prove that this set is not norm dense when $M$ is a length space (or local) or when $M$ is a closed subset of $\mathbb{R}$ with positive Lebesgue measure, providing new examples which have very different topological properties than the previously known ones. On the other hand, we study the linear properties which are sufficient…
The aim of this note is to obtain results about when the norm of a projective tensor product is strongly subdifferentiable. We prove that if $X\hat{\otimes}_πY$ is strongly subdifferentiable and either $X$ or $Y$ has the metric approximation property then every bounded operator from $X$ to $Y^*$ is compact. We also prove that $(\ell_p(I)\hat{\otimes}_π\ell_q(J))^*$ has the $w^*$-Kadec-Klee property for every non-empty sets $I,J$ and every $2<p,q<\infty$, obtaining in particular that the norm of the space $\ell_p(I)\hat{\otimes}_π\ell_q(J)$ is strongly subdifferentiable. This extends several re…
