A Redetermination of the Hubble Constant with the Hubble Space Telescope from a Differential Distance Ladder
Adam G. Riess, Lucas Macri, Stefano Casertano, Megan Sosey, Hubert Lampeitl, Henry C. Ferguson, Alexei V. Filippenko, Saurabh W. Jha, Weidong Li, Ryan Chornock, Devdeep Sarkar
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60 pages, 15 figures Accepted for Publication, ApJ. This is the second of two papers reporting results from a program to determine the Hubble constant to 5% precision from a refurbished distance ladder based on extensive use of differential measurements
We report observations of 240 Cepheid variables obtained with the Near Infrared Camera (NICMOS) through the F160W filter on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The Cepheids are distributed across six recent hosts of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and the "maser galaxy" NGC 4258, allowing us to directly calibrate the peak luminosities of the SNe Ia from the precise, geometric distance measurements provided by the masers. New features of our measurement include the use of the same instrument for all Cepheid measurements across the distance ladder and homogeneity of the Cepheid periods and metallicities thus necessitating only a differential measurement of Cepheid fluxes and reducing the largest systematic uncertainties in the determination of the fiducial SN Ia luminosity. The NICMOS measurements reduce differential extinction in the host galaxies by a factor of 5 over past optical data. Combined with an expanded of 240 SNe Ia at z<0.1 which define their magnitude-redshift relation, we find H_0=74.2 +/-3.6, a 4.8% uncertainty including both statistical and systematic errors. We show that the factor of 2.2 improvement in the precision of H_0 is a significant aid to the determination of the equation-of-state of dark energy, w = P/(rho c^2). Combined with the WMAP 5-year measurement of Omega_M h^2, we find w= -1.12 +/- 0.12 independent of high-redshift SNe Ia or baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). This result is also consistent with analyses based on the combination of high-z SNe Ia and BAO. The constraints on w(z) now with high-z SNe Ia and BAO are consistent with a cosmological constant and improved by a factor of 3 from the refinement in H_0 alone. We show future improvements in H_0 are likely and will further contribute to multi-technique studies of dark energy.
Future precision measurements of CMB polarizations can shed new light on the problem so called Hubble tension. The Hubble tension comes from the difference of the evolutions of the Hubble parameter which are determined with two different distance ladders. The standard distance ladder with the observation of Cepheid variables and type Ia supernovae gives larger values of the Hubble constant, and the inverse distance ladder with the observation of the baryon acoustic oscillations both in the CMB and in the clustering of galaxies gives smaller values of the Hubble constant. These different evolut…
Context. The precise determination of the present-day expansion rate of the Universe, expressed through the Hubble constant $H_0$, is one of the most pressing challenges in modern cosmology. Assuming flat $Λ$CDM, $H_0$ inference at high redshift using cosmic-microwave-background data from Planck disagrees at the 4.4$σ$ level with measurements based on the local distance ladder made up of parallaxes, Cepheids and Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), often referred to as "Hubble tension". Independent, cosmological-model-insensitive ways to infer $H_0$ are of critical importance. Aims. We apply an invers…
The three rung distance ladder, which calibrates Type Ia supernovae through stellar distances linked to geometric measurements, provides the highest precision direct measurement of the Hubble constant. In light of the Hubble tension, it is important to test the individual components of the distance ladder. For this purpose, we report a measurement of the Hubble constant from 35 extragalactic Cepheid hosts measured by the SH0ES team, using their distances and redshifts at cz < 3300 km /s , instead of any, more distant Type Ia supernovae, to measure the Hubble flow. The Cepheid distances are cal…
Estimates of the Hubble constant, $H_0$, from the distance ladder and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) differ at the $\sim$3-$σ$ level, indicating a potential issue with the standard $Λ$CDM cosmology. Interpreting this tension correctly requires a model comparison calculation depending on not only the traditional `$n$-$σ$' mismatch but also the tails of the likelihoods. Determining the form of the tails of the local $H_0$ likelihood is impossible with the standard Gaussian least-squares approximation, as it requires using non-Gaussian distributions to faithfully represent anchor likelihoo…
Recent determination of the Hubble constant via Cepheid-calibrated supernovae by \citet{riess_2.4_2016} (R16) find $\sim 3σ$ tension with inferences based on cosmic microwave background temperature and polarization measurements from $Planck$. This tension could be an indication of inadequacies in the concordance $Λ$CDM model. Here we investigate the possibility that the discrepancy could instead be due to systematic bias or uncertainty in the Cepheid calibration step of the distance ladder measurement by R16. We consider variations in total-to-selective extinction of Cepheid flux as a function…
How does a smooth cosmic distance ladder emerge from observations made from a single location in a lumpy Universe? Distances to Type Ia supernovae in the Hubble flow are anchored on local distance measurements to sources that are very nearby. We described how this configuration could be built in a perturbed universe where lumpiness is described as small perturbations on top of a flat Friedmann-Lemaıtre Robertson-Walker spacetime. We show that there is a non-negligible modification (about 11\%) to the background Friedmann-Lemaıtre Robertson-Walker area distance due to the presence of inhomogene…
The Hubble tension seems to be a crisis with $\sim5σ$ discrepancy between the most recent local distance ladder measurement from type Ia supernovae calibrated by Cepheids and the global fitting constraint from the cosmic microwave background data. To narrow down the possible late-time solutions to the Hubble tension, we have used in a recent study [Phys. Rev. D 105, L021301 (2022)] an improved inverse distance ladder method calibrated by the absolute measurements of the Hubble expansion rate at high redshifts from the cosmic chronometer data, and found no appealing evidence for new physics at …
The Hubble constant ($H_0$) estimated from the local Cepheid-supernova (SN) distance ladder is in 3-$σ$ tension with the value extrapolated from cosmic microwave background (CMB) data assuming the standard cosmological model. Whether this tension represents new physics or systematic effects is the subject of intense debate. Here, we investigate how new, independent $H_0$ estimates can arbitrate this tension, assessing whether the measurements are consistent with being derived from the same model using the posterior predictive distribution (PPD). We show that, with existing data, the inverse di…
The measurements of the Hubble constant reveal a tension between high-redshift (CMB) and low-redshift (distance ladder) constraints. So far neither observational systematics nor new physics has been successfully implemented to explain this tension away. This paper present a new solution to the Hubble constant problem. The solution is based on the Simsilun simulation (relativistic simulation of the large scale structure of the Universe) with the ray-tracing algorithm implemented. The initial conditions for the Simsilun simulation were set up as perturbations around the $Λ$CDM model. However, un…
In a recent paper, we investigated possible systematic uncertainties related to the Cepheid color-luminosity calibration method and their influence on the tension between the Hubble constant as inferred from distances to Type Ia supernovae and the cosmic microwave background as measured with the Planck satellite. Here, we study the impact of other sources of uncertainty in the supernova distance ladder, including Cepheid temperature and metallicity variations, supernova magnitudes and GAIA parallax distances. Using Cepheid data in 19 Type Ia supernova host galaxies from Riess et al (2016), anc…
In the era of precision cosmology it has became crucial to find new and competitive probes to estimate cosmological parameters, in an effort of finding answers to the current cosmological tensions/discrepancies. In this work, we show the possibility of using observations of Super Massive Black Hole (SMBH) shadows as an anchor for the distance ladder, substituting the sources usually exploited for such purpose, such as Cepheid variable stars. Compared to the standard approaches, the use of SMBH has the advantage of not needing to be anchored with distance calibrators outside the Hubble flow sin…
Distance-Ladder Measurements of the Hubble Constant: Recent Progress, Systematics, and Prospects
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家天文台）；Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学前沿交叉科学研究院）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院）
We present an overview of the Carnegie-Chicago Hubble Program, an ongoing program to obtain a 3 per cent measurement of the Hubble constant using alternative methods to the traditional Cepheid distance scale. We aim to establish a completely independent route to the Hubble constant using RR Lyrae variables, the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB), and Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). This alternative distance ladder can be applied to galaxies of any Hubble Type, of any inclination, and, utilizing old stars in low density environments, is robust to the degenerate effects of metallicity and interstel…
The discrepancy between the values of the Hubble constant $H_0$ derived from the local distance ladder and the cosmic microwave background provides a tantalising hint of new physics. We explore a potential resolution involving screened fifth forces in the local Universe, which alter the Cepheid calibration of supernova distances. In particular, if the Cepheids with direct distance measurements from parallax or water masers are screened but a significant fraction of those in other galaxies are not, neglecting the difference between their underlying period--luminosity relations biases the local …
The determination of the Hubble constant has been a central goal in observational astrophysics for nearly 100 years. Extraordinary progress has occurred in recent years on two fronts: the cosmic distance ladder measurements at low redshift and cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements at high redshift. The CMB is used to predict the current expansion rate through a best-fit cosmological model. Complementary progress has been made with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements at relatively low redshifts. While BAO data do not independently determine a Hubble constant, they are import…
We use the largest sample to date of spectroscopic SN Ia distances and redshifts to look for evidence in the Hubble diagram of large scale outflows caused by local voids suggested to exist at z<0.15. Our sample combines data from the Pantheon sample with the Foundation survey and the most recent release of lightcurves from the Carnegie Supernova Project to create a sample of 1295 SNe over a redshift range of 0.01<z<2.26. We make use of an inhomogeneous and isotropic Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi metric to model a void in the SN Ia distance-redshift relation. We conclude that the SN luminosity distance…
The observed tension ($\sim 9\%$ difference) between the local distance ladder measurement of the Hubble constant, $H_0$, and its value inferred from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) could hint at new, exotic, cosmological physics. We test the impact of the assumption about the expansion history of the universe ($0.01<z<2.3$) on the local distance ladder estimate of $H_0$. In the fiducial analysis, the Hubble flow Type Ia supernova (SN~Ia) sample is truncated to $z < 0.15$ and the deceleration parameter ($q_0$) fixed to -0.55. We create realistic simulations of the calibrator and Pantheon…
We examine the impact of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale measurements on the discrepancy between the value of the Hubble constant ($H_0$) inferred from the local distance ladder and from Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. While the BAO data alone cannot constrain $H_0$, we show that combining the latest BAO results with WMAP, Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), or South Pole Telescope (SPT) CMB data produces values of $H_0$ that are $2.4-3.1σ$ lower than the distance ladder, independent of Planck, and that this downward pull was less apparent in some earlier analyses that us…
An anisotropic measurement of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) feature fixes the product of the Hubble constant and the acoustic scale $H_0 r_d$. Therefore, regardless of the dark energy dynamics, to accommodate a higher value of $H_0$ one needs a lower $r_d$ and so necessarily a modification of early time cosmology. One must either reduce the age of the Universe at the drag epoch or else the speed of sound in the primordial plasma. The first can be achieved, for example, with dark radiation or very early dark energy, automatically preserving the angular size of the acoustic scale in the …
The current tension between the direct and the early Universe measurements of the Hubble Constant, $H_0$, requires detailed scrutiny of all the data and methods used in the studies on both sides of the debate. The Cepheids in the type Ia supernova (SNIa) host galaxy NGC 5584 played a key role in the local measurement of $H_0$. The SH0ES project used the observations of this galaxy to derive a relation between Cepheids' periods and ratios of their amplitudes in different optical bands of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and used these relations to analyse the light curves of the Cepheids in ar…
Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distances to NGC 1316, NGC 1380, NGC 1404, & NGC 4457: A Pilot Study of a Parallel Distance Ladder Using Type Ia Supernovae in Early-Type Host Galaxies
本研究利用红巨星支尖距离校准大质量宁静早型星系中的Ia型超新星，构建平行距离阶梯，测得哈勃常数为75.3±2.9 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹，验证了属性匹配子样本在宇宙学研究中的应用潜力。
The E-mode (EE) CMB power spectra measured by Planck, ACTPol, and SPTpol constrain the Hubble constant to be $70.0\pm2.7$, $72.4^{+3.9}_{-4.8}$, and $73.1^{+3.3}_{-3.9}$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ within the standard $Λ$CDM model (posterior mean and central 68% interval bounds). These values are higher than the constraints from the Planck temperature (TT) power spectrum, and consistent with the Cepheid-supernova distance ladder measurement $H_0=73.2\pm1.3$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$. If this preference for a higher value was strengthened in a joint analysis it could provide an intriguing hint at the r…
This paper investigates whether changes to late time physics can resolve the `Hubble tension'. It is argued that many of the claims in the literature favouring such solutions are caused by a misunderstanding of how distance ladder measurements actually work and, in particular, by the inappropriate use of a distance ladder H0 prior. A dynamics-free inverse distance ladder shows that changes to late time physics are strongly constrained observationally and cannot resolve the discrepancy between the SH0ES data and the base LCDM cosmology inferred from Planck. We propose a statistically rigorous s…
Gravitational wave coalescence events provide an entirely new way to determine the Hubble constant, with the absolute distance calibration provided by the theory of general relativity. This standard siren method was utilized to measure the Hubble constant using LIGO-Virgo's detection of the binary neutron-star merger GW170817, as well as optical identifications of the host galaxy, NGC 4993. The novel and independent measurement is of particular interest given the existing tension between the value of the Hubble constant determined using Type Ia supernovae via the local distance ladder ($73.24 …
Different measurements of the Hubble constant ($H_{0}$) are not consistent and a tension between the CMB based methods and cosmic distance ladder based methods has been observed. Measurements from various distance based methods are also inconsistent. To aggravate the problem, same cosmological probe (Type Ia SNe for instance) calibrated through different methods also provide different value of $H_{0}$. We compare various distance ladder based methods through the already available unique data obtained from Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Our analysis is based on parametric (T-test) as well as non…
Ningbo University（宁波大学）；Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)（中国科学院理论物理研究所）；Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics (APCTP)（亚太理论物理中心）
We present an expanded sample of 75 Milky Way Cepheids with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photometry and Gaia EDR3 parallaxes which we use to recalibrate the extragalactic distance ladder and refine the determination of the Hubble constant. All HST observations were obtained with the same instrument (WFC3) and filters (F555W, F814W, F160W) used for imaging of extragalactic Cepheids in Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) hosts. The HST observations used the WFC3 spatial scanning mode to mitigate saturation and reduce pixel-to-pixel calibration errors, reaching a mean photometric error of 5 millimags per o…
This is the first of two papers reporting measurements from a program to determine the Hubble constant to 5% precision from a refurbished distance ladder. We present new observations of 110 Cepheid variables in the host galaxies of two recent Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), NGC 1309 and NGC 3021, using the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We also present new observations of the hosts previously observed with HST whose SNe Ia provide the most precise luminosity calibrations: SN 1994ae in NGC 3370, SN 1998aq in NGC 3982, SN 1990N in NGC 4639, and SN 1981B in NGC 4536…
Recent distance ladder determinations of the Hubble constant $H_0$ disagree at about the $3.5σ$ level with the value determined from Planck measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) assuming a $Λ$CDM cosmology. This discrepancy has prompted speculation that new physics might be required beyond that assumed in the $Λ$CDM model. In this paper, we apply the inverse distance ladder to fit a parametric form of $H(z)$ to baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) and Type Ia supernova data together with priors on the sound horizon at the end of the radiation drag epoch, $r_d$. We apply priors on …
Using sedimentary and eclipse-based measurements of the lunar recession velocity, we derive a new local-Universe measurement of the Hubble constant ($H_0$) from the recession rate of Earth's Moon. Taking into account the effects of tides, we find a value of $H_{0}$ = 63.01 $\pm$ 1.79 km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$, which is in approximate agreement with the Planck space mission's measurement using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and base $Λ$CDM. Our new measurement represents the first ever model-independent, single-step measurement of the Universe's current expansion rate. This is also the firs…
The current Cepheid-calibrated distance ladder measurement of $H_0$ is reported to be in tension with the values inferred from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), assuming standard cosmology. However, some tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) estimates report $H_0$ in better agreement with the CMB. Hence, it is critical to reduce systematic uncertainties in local measurements to understand the Hubble tension. In this paper, we propose a uniform distance ladder between the second and third rungs, combining SNe~Ia observed by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) with a TRGB calibration of their …
Late times dark energy transitions at redshifts $z \ll 0.1$ can raise the predicted value of the Hubble constant to the SH0ES value, $74.03\pm 1.42$ (km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1})$ or more, while providing an equally good fit as $Λ$CDM at $67.73 \pm 0.41$ to higher redshift data, in particular from the cosmic microwave background and baryon acoustic oscillations. These models however do not fully resolve the true source of tension between the distance ladder and high redshift observations: the local calibration of supernovae luminosities well out into the Hubble flow. When tested in this manner by tr…
We investigate constraints on the Hubble constant ($H_0$) using Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) and baryon density measurements from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). We start by investigating the tension between galaxy BAO measurements and those using the Lyman-$α$ forest, within a Bayesian framework. Using the latest results from eBOSS DR14 we find that the probability of this tension being statistical is $\simeq6.3\%$ assuming flat $Λ$CDM. We measure $H_0 = 67.6\pm1.1$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$, with a weak dependence on the BBN prior used, in agreement with results from Planck Cosmic Microwa…
The $L-σ$ relation of HII galaxies (HIIGx) calibrated by a distance indicator is a reliable standard candle for measuring the Hubble constant $H_0$. The most straightforward calibration technique anchors them with the first tier of distance ladders from the same galaxies. Recently another promising method that uses the cosmological model-independent Cosmic Chronometers (CC) as a calibrator has been proposed. We promote this technique by removing the assumptions about the cosmic flatness and using a non-parametric Artificial Neural Network for the data reconstruction process. We observe a corre…
