走出阴影：用黑洞图像构建距离阶梯
Climbing out of the shadows: building the distance ladder with black hole images
摘要：
在精确宇宙学的时代，找到新的和有竞争力的探测器来估计宇宙学参数变得至关重要，以努力找到当前宇宙学紧张/差异的答案。在这项工作中，我们展示了使用超大质量黑洞（SMBH）阴影的观测作为距离阶梯的锚的可能性，替代通常用于此目的的源，如造父变星。与标准方法相比，使用SMBH的优点是不需要在哈勃流之外锚定距离校准器，因为阴影的物理大小可以在知道SMBH质量的情况下估计。此外，SMBH应该居住在所有星系的中心，原则上，这意味着我们可以测量任何Ia型超新星宿主星系中阴影的大小。假设SMBH的质量可以准确可靠地估计，我们发现，哈勃常数可以约束与$\approx10\%$精度，即使考虑目前的实验设计的地基干涉仪。通过构建一个SMBH目录的特定选择的SMBH质量函数（BHMF）的基础上，我们预测的哈勃常数的约束，发现$\approx4\%$的精度可能在未来的干涉仪。
英文摘要：
In the era of precision cosmology it has became crucial to find new and competitive probes to estimate cosmological parameters, in an effort of finding answers to the current cosmological tensions/discrepancies. In this work, we show the possibility of using observations of Super Massive Black Hole (SMBH) shadows as an anchor for the distance ladder, substituting the sources usually exploited for such purpose, such as Cepheid variable stars. Compared to the standard approaches, the use of SMBH has the advantage of not needing to be anchored with distance calibrators outside the Hubble flow since the shadows physical size can be estimated knowing the mass of the SMBH. Furthermore, SMBH are supposed to inhabit the center of all galaxies which, in principle, means that we can measure the size of the shadows in any Supernova type Ia host galaxy. Under the assumption that the mass of the SMBH can be accurately and reliably estimated, we find that the Hubble constant can be constrained with a $\approx10\%$ precision even considering current experimental design of ground-based interferometers. By constructing a SMBH catalogue based on a specific choice of the SMBH Mass Function (BHMF), we forecast the constraints on the Hubble constant, finding that a precision of $\approx4\%$ may be within reach of future interferometers.
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