This article sets out to serve a dual purpose. On the one hand, we give an explicit description of the Lagrangian submanifolds of the nearly Kaehler 6-sphere which are ruled by circles of constant radius using Weierstrass formulae. On the other, we recognise all previous known examples of these Lagrangians as being ruled by such circles. Therefore, we describe all families of Lagrangians in the 6-sphere whose second fundamental form satisfies natural pointwise conditions: so-called second order families.
The deformability condition for submanifolds of fixed degree immersed in a graded manifold can be expressed as a system of first order PDEs. In the particular but important case of ruled submanifolds, we introduce a natural choice of coordinates, which allows to deeply simplify the formal expression of the system, and reduce it to a system of ODEs along a characteristic direction. We introduce a notion of higher dimensional holonomy map in analogy with the one-dimensional case [J. Differential Geom., 36(3):551-589, 1992], and we provide a characterization for singularities as well as a deforma…
We classify 4-dimensional austere submanifolds in Euclidean space ruled by 2-planes. The algebraic possibilities for second fundamental forms of an austere 4-fold M were classified by Bryant, falling into three types which we label A, B, and C. We show that if M is 2-ruled of Type A, then the ruling map from M into the Grassmannian of 2-planes in R^n is holomorphic, and we give a construction for M starting with a holomorphic curve in an appropriate twistor space. If M is 2-ruled of Type B, then M is either a generalized helicoid in R^6 or the product of two classical helicoids in R^3. If M is…
We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a Lagrangian submanifold of a Kähler manifold to be biharmonic. Furthermore, we classify biharmonic PNMC Lagrangian submanifolds in the complex space forms.
In this article the framework created by Cartan to produce local differential invariants for submanifolds of homogeneous spaces is applied to classify all totally geodesic Lagrangian submanifolds and all homogeneous Lagrangian submanifolds of the nearly Kähler manifold of full flags in $\mathbb{C}^3$.
We fully classify all Lagrangian submanifolds of a complex Grassmannian which are an orbit of a compact group of isometries and have positive Euler characteristic.
In this paper we generalize examples of Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifolds constructed by Lee and Wang in $\mathbb{C}^m$ to toric almost Calabi-Yau manifolds. We construct examples of weighted Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian submanifolds in toric almost Calabi-Yau manifolds and solutions of generalized Lagrangian mean curvature flows starting from these examples. We allow these flows to have some singularities and topological changes.
Butscher, D. Lee, Y. Lee, and Joyce constructed a special Lagrangian submanifold by gluing a Lawlor neck into a transverse intersection point of two special Lagrangian submanifolds. We prove a uniqueness theorem for the gluing of flat special Lagrangian tori of real dimension 3 in a flat complex torus of complex dimension 3.
By establishing two general quadratic inequalities, we obtain some inequalities related to Ricci curvatures for Lagrangian submanifolds of K$\ddot{\mathrm{a}}$hler QCH-manifolds, which generalize some results for Lagrangian submanifolds of complex space forms.
$H$-umbilicity was introduced as an analogue of total umbilicity for Lagrangian submanifolds since, in some relevant cases, totally umbilical Lagrangian submanifolds are automatically totally geodesic. In this paper, we show that in the homogeneous nearly Kähler $\mathbb{S}^3\times\mathbb{S}^3$, also $H$-umbilical Lagrangian submanifolds are automatically totally geodesic.
The authors obtained the classification theorem for Lagrangian H-umbilical submanifolds in quaternion Euclidean spaces using the idea of quaternion extensors.
We show that Lagrangian submanifolds in six-dimensional nearly Kähler (non Kähler) manifolds and in twistor spaces $Z\sp{4n+2}$ over quaternionic Kähler manifolds $Q\sp{4n}$ are minimal. Moreover, we will prove that any Lagrangian submanifold $L$ in a nearly Kähler manifold $M$ splits into a product of two Lagrangian submanifolds for which one factor is Lagrangian in the strict nearly Kähler part of $M$ and the second factor is Lagrangian in the Kähler part of $M$. Using this splitting theorem we then describe Lagrangian submanifolds in nearly Kähler manifolds of dimensions six, eight and ten.
We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a special Lagrangian submanifold in C^n constructed by Lawlor being also special Lagrangian in C^n with the Fubini-Study form.
In this paper, we prove some differentiable sphere theorems and topological sphere theorems for Lagrangian submanifolds in Kähler manifold and Legendrian submanifolds in Sasaki space form.
We prove a conjecture formulated by Pablo M. Chacon and Guillermo A. Lobos in [Pseudo-parallel Lagrangian submanifolds in complex space forms, Differential Geom. Appl.] stating that every Lagrangian pseudo-parallel submanifold of a complex space form of dimension at least 3 is semi-parallel.
In this paper we extend the well-know normal form theorem for Lagrangian submanifolds proved by A. Weinstein in symplectic geometry to the setting of k-symplectic manifolds.
We construct smooth families of compact special Lagrangian submanifolds embedded in some toric hyper-K\"ahler manifolds, which never become holomorphic Lagrangian submanifolds via any hyper-Kähler rotations. These families converge to special Lagrangian immersions with self-intersection points in the sense of current. To construct them, we apply the desingularization method developed by Joyce.
Using the idea of special Legendre curves, the authors obtained the explicit description of flat Lagrangian H-umbilical submanifolds in quaternion Euclidean spaces.
Recently Oprea gave an improved version of Chen's inequality for Lagrangian submanifolds of $\mathbb CP^n(4)$. For minimal submanifolds this inequality coincides with the original previously proved version. We consider here those non minimal 3-dimensional Lagrangian submanifolds in $\mathbb CP^3 (4)$ attaining at all points equality in the improved Chen inequality. We show how all such submanifolds may be obtained starting from a minimal Lagrangian surface in $\mathbb CP^2(4)$ and a suitable horizontal curve in $S^3(1)$.
In this paper a bijective correspondence between superminimal surfaces of an oriented Riemannian $4$-manifold and particular Lagrangian submanifolds of the twistor space over the $4$-manifold is proven. More explicitly, for every superminimal surface a submanifold of the twistor space is constructed which is Lagrangian for all the natural almost Hermitian structures on the twistor space. The twistor fibration restricted to the constructed Lagrangian gives a circle bundle over the superminimal surface. Conversely, if a submanifold of the twistor space is Lagrangian for all the natural almost He…
We study Lagrangian submanifolds foliated by (n-1)-spheres in R^2n for n>2. We give a parametrization valid for such submanifolds, and refine that description when the submanifold is special Lagrangian, self-similar or Hamiltonian stationary. In all these cases, the submanifold is centered, i.e. invariant under the action of SO(n). It suffices then to solve a simple ODE in two variables to describe the geometry of the solutions.
Consider the complex linear space C^n endowed with the canonical pseudo-Hermitian form of signature (2p,2(n-p)). This yields both a pseudo-Riemannian and a symplectic structure on C^n. We prove that those submanifolds which are both Lagrangian and minimal with respect to these structures minimize the volume in their Lagrangian homology class. We also describe several families of minimal Lagrangian submanifolds. In particular, we characterize the minimal Lagrangian surfaces in C^2 endowed with its natural neutral metric and the equivariant minimal Lagrangian submanifolds of C^n with arbitrary s…
In this paper we consider minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in $n$-dimensional complex space forms. More precisely, we study such submanifolds which, endowed with the induced metrics, write as a Riemannian product of two Riemannian manifolds, each having constant sectional curvature. As the main result, we give a complete classification of these submanifolds.
In this paper, we investigate Lagrangian submanifolds in the nearly Kaehler $S^3 \times S^3$. We construct a new example which is a at Lagrangian torus. We give a complete classification of all the Lagrangian immersions of spaces of constant sectional curvature in the nearly Kaehler $S^3\times S^3$.
The purpose of this short note is to prove the uniqueness of Hamiltonian volume minimizing Lagrangian submanifolds which are Hamiltonian isotopic to RP^n in CP^n modulo isometric group actions.
The aim of this paper is to study variational properties for $f$-minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in Kähler manifolds with real holomorphy potentials. Examples of submanifolds of this kind incuding soliton solutions for Lagrangian mean curvature flow (LMCF). We derive second variation formula for $f$-minimal Lagrangians as a generalization of Chen and Oh's formula for minimal Lagrangians. As a corollary, we obtain stability of expanding and translating solitons for LMCF. We also define calibrated submanifolds with respect to $f$-volume in gradient steady Kähler--Ricci solitons as generalization…
In this paper, the relationship between the existence of special lagrangian submanifolds and the collapsing of Calabi-Yau manifolds is studied. First, special lagrangian fibrations are constructed on some regions of bounded curvature and sufficiently collapsed in Ricci-flat Calabi-Yau manifolds. Then, in the opposite direction,it is shown that the existence of special lagrangian submanifolds with small volume implies the collapsing of some regions in the ambient Calabi-Yau manifolds.
In this paper we construct new examples of minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in the complex hyperbolic space with large symmetry groups, obtaining three 1-parameter families with cohomegeneity one. We characterize them as the only minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in CH^n foliated by umbilical hypersurfaces of Lagrangian subspaces RH^n of CH^n. Several suitable generalizations of the above construction allow us to get new families of minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in CH^n from curves in CH^1 and (n-1)-dimensional minimal Lagrangian submanifolds of the complex space forms CP^n-1, CH^n-1 and C^n-1.…
We address the study of some curvature equations for distinguished submanifolds in para-Kähler geometry. We first observe that a para-complex submanifold of a para-Kähler manifold is minimal. Next we describe the extrinsic geometry of Lagrangian submanifolds in the para-complex Euclidean space D^n and discuss a number of examples, such as graphs and normal bundles. We also characterize those Lagrangian surfaces of D^2 which are minimal and have indefinite metric. Finally we describe the Lagrangian self-similar solutions of the Mean Curvature Flow which are SO(n)-equivariant.
We consider the evolution by mean curvature flow of Lagrangian submanifolds of the complex projective space CP^n. We prove that, if the initial value satisfies a suitable pinching condition, then the flow exists for all times and the manifold converges to a totally geodesic submanifold. As a corollary, we obtain that a Lagrangian submanifold satisfying our pinching condition is diffeomorphic to a real projective space.
We apply the concept of castling transform of prehomogeneous vector spaces to produce new examples of minimal homogeneous Lagrangian submanifolds in the complex projective space. Furthermore we verify the Hamiltonian stability of a low dimensional example that can be obtained in this way.
We study a natural Dirac operator on a Lagrangian submanifold of a Kähler manifold. We first show that its square coincides with the Hodge-de Rham Laplacian provided the complex structure identifies the Spin structures of the tangent and normal bundles of the submanifold. We then give extrinsic estimates for the eigenvalues of that operator and discuss some examples.
We introduce a structural approach to study Lagrangian submanifolds of the complex hyperquadric in arbitrary dimension by using its family of non-integrable almost product structures. In particular, we define local angle functions encoding the geometry of the Lagrangian submanifold at hand. We prove that these functions are constant in the special case that the Lagrangian immersion is the Gauss map of an isoparametric hypersurface of a sphere and give the relation with the constant principal curvatures of the hypersurface. We also use our techniques to classify all minimal Lagrangian submanifo…
We show a method to construct a special Lagrangian submanifold L' from a given special Lagrangian submanifold L in a Calabi-Yau manifold with the use of generalized perpendicular symmetries. We use moment maps of the actions of Lie groups, which are not necessarily abelian. By our method, we construct some non-trivial examples in the cotangent bundles of the spheres which are non-flat Calabi-Yau manifolds equipped with the Stenzel metrics.
Lagrangian submanifolds in strict nearly Kähler 6-manifolds are related to special Lagrangian submanifolds in Calabi-Yau 6-manifolds and coassociative cones in $G_2$-manifolds. We prove that the mean curvature of a Lagrangian submanifold $L$ in a nearly Kähler manifold $(M^{2n}, J, g)$ is symplectically dual to the Maslov 1-form on $L$. Using relative calibrations, we derive a formula for the second variation of the volume of a Lagrangian submanifold $L^3$ in a strict nearly Kähler manifold $(M^6, J, g)$. This formula implies, in particular, that any formal infinitesimal Lagrangian deformation…
An isometric immersion $f:M^n\to \tilde M^n$ from a Riemannian $n$-manifold $M^n$ into a Kähler $n$-manifold $\tilde M^n$ is called {\it Lagrangian} if the complex structure $J$ of the ambient manifold $\tilde M^n$ interchanges each tangent space of $M^n$ with the corresponding normal space. In this paper, we completely classify spherical Lagrangian submanifolds in complex Euclidean spaces. Furthermore, we also provide two corresponding classification theorems for Lagrangian submanifolds in the complex pseudo-Euclidean spaces with arbitrary complex index.
We describe several families of Lagrangian submanifolds in the complex Euclidean space which are H-minimal, i.e. critical points of the volume functional restricted to Hamiltonian variations. We make use of various constructions involving planar, spherical and hyperbolic curves, as well as Legendrian submanifolds of the odd-dimensional unit sphere.
We study those Lagrangian surfaces in complex Euclidean space which are foliated by circles or by straight lines. The former, which we call cyclic, come in three types, each one being described by means of, respectively, a planar curve, a Legendrian curve of the 3-sphere or a Legendrian curve of the anti de Sitter 3-space. We also describe ruled Lagrangian surfaces. Finally we characterize those cyclic and ruled Lagrangian surfaces which are solutions to the self-similar equation of the Mean Curvature Flow. Finally, we give a partial result in the case of Hamiltonian stationary cyclic surfaces…
In this paper, we show that isotropic Lagrangian submanifolds in a $6$-dimensional strict nearly Kähler manifold are totally geodesic. Moreover, under some weaker conditions, a complete classification of the $J$-isotropic Lagrangian submanifolds in the homogeneous nearly Kähler $\mathbb{S}^3\times \mathbb{S}^3$ is also obtained. Here, a Lagrangian submanifold is called $J$-isotropic, if there exists a function $λ$, such that $g((\nabla h)(v,v,v),Jv)=λ$ holds for all unit tangent vector $v$.
It is proved that the moduli space of all connected compact orientable embedded minimal affine Lagrangian submanifolds of a complex equiaffine space constitutes an infinite dimensional Frechet manifold (if it is not the empty set). The moduli space of all connected compact orientable metric Lagrangian embedded surfaces in an almost Kaehler 4-dimensional manifold forms an infinite dimensional Frechet manifold (if it is not the empty set).
Using Legendrian immersions and, in particular, Legendre curves in odd dimensional spheres and anti De Sitter spaces, we provide a method of construction of new examples of Hamiltonian-minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in complex projective and hyperbolic spaces, including explicit one parameter families of embeddings of quotients of certain product manifolds. In addition, new examples of minimal Lagrangian submanifolds in complex projective and hyperbolic spaces also appear. Making use of all of them, we get Hamiltonian-minimal and special Lagrangian cones in complex Euclidean space too.
We construct examples of cohomogeneity one special Lagrangian submanifolds in the cotangent bundle over the complex projective space, whose Calabi-Yau structure was given by Stenzel. For each example, we describe the condition of special Lagrangian as an ordinary differential equation. Our method is based on a moment map technique and the classification of cohomogeneity one actions on the complex projective space classified by Takagi.
It is classically known that closed geodesics on a compact Riemann surface with a metric of negative curvature strictly minimize length in their free homotopy class. We'd like to generalize this to Lagrangian submanifolds in Kähler manifolds of negative Ricci curvature. The only known result in this direction is a theorem on Y.I. Lee for certain Lagrangian submanifolds in a product of two Riemann surfaces of constant negative curvature. We develop an approach to study this problem in higher dimensions. Along the way we prove some weak results (volume-minimization outside of a divisor) and give…
We classify Lagrangian submanifolds of complex space forms, whose second fundamental form can be written in a certain way, depending on a real parameter. For some special values of this parameter, the resulting submanifolds are ideal in the sense that they realize equality in an inequality for a Chen's delta-curvature.
Given a minimal Lagrangian submanifold L in a negative Kaehler--Einstein manifold M, we show that any small Kaehler--Einstein perturbation of M induces a deformation of L which is minimal Lagrangian with respect to the new structure. This provides a new source of examples of minimal Lagrangians. More generally, the same is true for the larger class of totally real J-minimal submanifolds in Kaehler manifolds with negative definite Ricci curvature.
We study non-totally geodesic Lagrangian submanifolds of the nearly Kähler $\mathbb{S}^3 \times \mathbb{S}^3$ for which the projection on the first component is nowhere of maximal rank. We show that this property can be expressed in terms of the so called angle functions and that such Lagrangian submanifolds are closely related to minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{S}^3$. Indeed, starting from an arbitrary minimal surface, we can construct locally a large family of such Lagrangian immersions, including one exceptional example.
We study Lagrangian submanifolds of the nearly Kähler $\mathbb{S}^3\times\mathbb{S}^3$ with respect to their, so called, angle functions. We show that if all angle functions are constant, then the submanifold is either totally geodesic or has constant sectional curvature and there is a classification theorem that follows from a recent paper of B. Dioos, L. Vrancken and X. Wang (arXiv:1604.05060). Moreover, we show that if precisely one angle function is constant, then it must be equal to $0,\fracπ{3}$ or $\frac{2π}{3}$. Using then two remarkable constructions together with the classification o…
This paper extends to dimension 4 the results in the article "Second Order Families of Special Lagrangian 3-folds" by Robert Bryant. We consider the problem of classifying the special Lagrangian 4-folds in C^4 whose fundamental cubic at each point has a nontrivial stabilizer in SO(4). Points on special Lagrangian 4-folds where the SO(4)-stabilizer is nontrivial are the analogs of the umbilical points in the classical theory of surfaces. In proving existence for the families of special Lagrangian 4-folds, we used the method of exterior differential systems in Cartan-Kahler theory. This method i…
We consider a connected symplectic manifold $M$ acted on properly and in a Hamiltonian fashion by a connected Lie group $G$. Inspired to the recent paper \cite{gb2}, see also \cite{ch} and \cite{pacini}, we study Lagrangian orbits of Hamiltonian actions. The dimension of the moduli space of the Lagrangian orbits is given and we also describe under which condition a Lagrangian orbit is isolated. If $M$ is a compact Kähler manifold we give a necessary and sufficient condition to an isometric action admits a Lagrangian orbit. Then we investigate Lagrangian homogeneous submanifolds on the symplect…
We consider the complex hyperbolic quadric ${Q^*}^n$ as a complex hypersurface of complex anti-de Sitter space. Shape operators of this submanifold give rise to a family of local almost product structures on ${Q^*}^n$, which are then used to define local angle functions on any Lagrangian submanifold of ${Q^*}^n$. We prove that a Lagrangian immersion into ${Q^*}^n$ can be seen as the Gauss map of a spacelike hypersurface of (real) anti-de Sitter space and relate the angle functions to the principal curvatures of this hypersurface. We also give a formula relating the mean curvature of the Lagran…
Let $M$ be a Fano manifold equipped with a Kähler form $ω\in 2πc_1(M)$ and $K$ a connected compact Lie group acting on $M$ as holomorphic isometries. In this paper, we show the minimality of a $K$-invariant Lagrangian submanifold $L$ in $M$ w.r.t. a globally conformal Kähler metric is equivalent to the minimality of the reduced Lagrangian submanifold $L_0=L/K$ in a Kähler quotient $M_0$ w.r.t. the Hsiang-Lawson metric. Furthermore, we give some examples of Kähler reductions by using a circle action obtained from a cohomogenenity one action on a Kähler-Einstein manifold of positive Ricci curvat…
In this paper, we study Lagrangian submanifolds of the homogeneous nearly Kähler $6$-dimensional unit sphere $\mathbb{S}^6(1)$. As the main result, we derive a Simons' type integral inequality in terms of the second fundamental form for compact Lagrangian submanifolds of $\mathbb{S}^6(1)$. Moreover, we show that the equality sign occurs if and only if the Lagrangian submanifold is either the totally geodesic $\mathbb{S}^3(1)$ or the Dillen-Verstraelen-Vrancken's Berger sphere $S^3$ discribed in J Math Soc Japan, 42: 565-584, 1990.
The Gauss map of a hypersurface of a unit sphere $S^{n+1}(1)$ is a Lagrangian immersion into the complex quadric $Q^n$ and, conversely, every Lagrangian submanifold of $Q^n$ is locally the image under the Gauss map of several hypersurfaces of $S^{n+1}(1)$. In this paper, we give explicit constructions for these correspondences and we prove a relation between the principal curvatures of a hypersurface of $S^{n+1}(1)$ and the local angle functions of the corresponding Lagrangian submanifold of $Q^n$. The existence of such a relation is remarkable since the definition of the angle functions depen…
The purpose of this note is to establish the following theorem: Let N be a Kahler manifold, L be a compact oriented immersed minimal Lagrangian submanifold in N and V be a holomorphic vector field in a neighbourhood of L in N. Let div(V) be the (complex) divergence of V. Then the integral of div(V) over L is 0. Vice versa let N^2n be Kahler-Einstein with non-zero scalar curvature and L^n be a totally real oriented embedded n-dimensional real-analytic submanifold of N s.t. the divergence of any holomorphic vector field defined in a neighbourhood of L in N integrates to 0 on L. Then L is a minim…
