A new method based on the concept of probability distribution is proposed to analyze the finite volume energy spectrum in lattice QCD. Using synthetic lattice data, we demonstrate that for the channel with quantum numbers of the Delta-resonance a clear resonance structure emerges in such an analysis. Consequently, measuring the volume-dependence of the energy levels in lattice QCD will allow to determine the mass and the width of the Delta with reasonable accuracy.
In present work, we explore and experiment an alternative approach of studying resonance properties in finite volume. By analytic continuing finite lattice size $L$ into complex plane, the oscillating behavior of finite volume Green's function is mapped into infinite volume Green's function corrected by exponentially decaying finite volume effect. The analytic continuation technique thus can be applied to study resonance properties directly in finite volume dynamical equations.
Under the assumption of separable interactions, we illustrate how the few-body quantization condition may be formulated in terms of phase shifts in general, which may be useful for describing and modeling of few-body resonances in finite volume.
We calculate the self-energy of the Delta (1232) resonance in a finite volume, using chiral effective field theory with explicit spin-3/2 fields. The calculations are performed up-to-and-including fourth order in the small scale expansion and yield an explicit parameterization of the energy spectrum of the interacting pion-nucleon pair in a finite box in terms of both the quark mass and the box size L. It is shown that finite-volume corrections can be sizeable at small quark masses.
We calculate the energy levels corresponding to the Roper resonance based on a two-flavor chiral effective Lagrangian for pions, nucleons, deltas and the Roper resonance at leading one-loop order. We show that the Roper mass can be extracted from these levels for not too large lattice volumes.
Spectral weight functions are easily obtained from two-point correlation functions and they might be used to distinguish single-particle from multi-particle states in a finite-volume lattice calculation, a problem crucial for many lattice QCD simulations. In previous studies, it is shown that the spectral weight function for a broad resonance shares the typical volume dependence of a two-particle scattering state i.e. proportional to $1/L^3$ in a large cubic box of size $L$ while the narrow resonance case requires further investigation. In this paper, a generalized formula is found for the spe…
An SU(4) extrapolation of the chiral unitary theory in coupled channels done to study the scalar mesons in the charm sector is extended to produce results in finite volume. The theory in the infinite volume produces dynamically the $D_{s^*0}(2317)$ resonance by means of the coupled channels $KD$, $ηD_s$. Energy levels in the finite box are evaluated and, assuming that they would correspond to lattice results, the inverse problem of determining the bound states and phase shifts in the infinite volume from the lattice data is addressed. We observe that it is possible to obtain accurate $KD$ phas…
The finite-volume energy levels corresponding to the Roper resonance based on a two-flavor chiral effective Lagrangian at leading one-loop order are investigated. It is shown that the Roper mass can be extracted from these levels for not too large lattice volumes. Further, to include three-body $N ππ$ dynamics, a non-relativistic effective field theory for the Roper resonance within a covariant particle-dimer picture is introduced. This particle-dimer approach is a suitable framework to investigate three-particle scattering relevant for the Roper channel. The appearing dimer fields are analyze…
General Hamiltonian Approach to the $\mathbf{N}$-Body Finite-Volume Formalism: Extracting the $\mathbfω$ Resonance Parameters from Lattice QCD
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)（中国科学院大学）；Adelaide University（阿德莱德大学）；High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)（高能加速器研究机构）；University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）
We study the extraction of Delta-resonance parameters from lattice data for small quark masses, corresponding to the case of an unstable Delta. To this end, we calculate the spectrum of the correlator of two Delta-fields in a finite Euclidian box up-to-and-including O(epsilon^3) in the small scale expansion using infrared regularization. On the basis of our numerical study, we argue that the extraction of the parameters of the Delta-resonance (in particular, of the mass and the pion-nucleon-delta coupling constant) from the measured volume dependence of the lowest energy levels should be feasi…
We present a way to evaluate the scattering of unstable particles quantized in a finite volume with the aim of extracting physical observables for infinite volume from lattice data. We illustrate the method with the $πρ$ scattering which generates dynamically the axial-vector $a_1(1260)$ resonance. Energy levels in a finite box are evaluated both considering the $ρ$ as a stable and unstable resonance and we find significant differences between both cases. We discuss how to solve the problem to get the physical scattering amplitudes in the infinite volume, and hence phase shifts, from possible …
Excited hadrons are seen as resonances in the scattering of lighter stable hadrons like $π$, $K$ and $η$. Many decay into multiple final states necessitating coupled-channel analyses. Recently it has become possible to obtain coupled-channel scattering amplitudes from lattice QCD. Using large diverse bases of operators it is possible to obtain reliable finite volume spectra at energies where multiple channels are open. Utilising the finite volume formalism proposed by Lüscher and extended by several others, scattering amplitudes can be extracted from the finite volume spectra. Recent applicati…
In a finite volume, resonances and multi-hadron states are identified by discrete energy levels. When comparing the results of lattice QCD calculations to scattering experiments, it is important to have a way of associating the energy spectrum of the finite-volume lattice with the asymptotic behaviour of the S-matrix. A new technique for comparing energy eigenvalues with scattering phase shifts is introduced, which involves the construction of an exactly solvable matrix Hamiltonian model. The model framework is applied to the case of $Δ\rightarrow Nπ$ decay, but is easily generalized to includ…
Simulating the kappa(800) on the lattice is a challenging task that starts to become feasible due to the rapid progress in recent-years lattice QCD calculations. As the resonance is broad, special attention to finite-volume effects has to be paid, because no sharp resonance signal as from avoided level crossing can be expected. In the present article, we investigate the finite volume effects in the framework of unitarized chiral perturbation theory using next-to-leading order terms. After a fit to meson-meson partial wave data, lattice levels for piK scattering are predicted. In addition, leve…
A novel method for the extraction of form factors of unstable particles on the lattice is proposed. The approach is based on the study of two-particle scattering in a static, spatially periodic external field by using a generalization of the Lüscher method in the presence of such a field. It is shown that the resonance form factor is given by the derivative of the resonance pole position in the complex plane with respect to the coupling constant to the external field. Unlike the standard approach, this proposal does not suffer from problems caused by the presence of the triangle diagram.
An approach for relating the nucleon resonances extracted from $πN$ reaction data to lattice QCD calculations has been developed by using the finite-volume Hamiltonian method. Within models of $πN$ reactions, bare states are introduced to parametrize the intrinsic excitations of the nucleon. We show that the resonance pole positions can be related to the probability $P_{N^*}(E)$ of finding the bare state, $N^*$, in the $πN$ scattering states in infinite volume. We further demonstrate that the probability $P_{N^*}^V(E)$ of finding the same bare states in the eigenfunctions of the underlying Ham…
We confront lattice QCD results on the transition from the hadronic phase to the quark--gluon plasma with hadron resonance gas and percolation models. We argue that for T < T_c the equation of state derived from Monte--Carlo simulations of (2+1) quark--flavor QCD can be well described by a hadron resonance gas. We examine the quark mass dependence of the hadron spectrum on the lattice and discuss its description in terms of the MIT bag model. This is used to formulate a resonance gas model for arbitrary quark masses which can be compared to lattice calculations. We finally apply this model to …
We present the first lattice QCD calculation of coupled $πω$ and $πϕ$ scattering, incorporating coupled $S$ and $D$-wave $πω$ in $J^P=1^+$. Finite-volume spectra in three volumes are determined via a variational analysis of matrices of two-point correlation functions, computed using large bases of operators resembling single-meson, two-meson and three-meson structures, with the light-quark mass corresponding to a pion mass of $m_π\approx 391$ MeV. Utilizing the relationship between the discrete spectrum of finite-volume energies and infinite-volume scattering amplitudes, we find a narrow axial…
The structures of the hyperon resonance $Λ(1405)$ and the scalar mesons $σ$, $f_{0}(980)$, and $a_{0}(980)$ are investigated based on the coupled-channels chiral dynamics with finite volume effect. The finite volume effect is utilized to extract the coupling constant, compositeness, and mean squared distance between two constituents of a Feshbach resonance state as well as a stable bound state. In this framework, the real-valued size of the resonance can be defined from the downward shift of the resonance pole according to the decreasing finite box size $L$ on a given closed channel. As a resu…
We develop a scheme for the extraction of the properties of the scalar mesons $f_0(600)$, $f_0(980)$, and $a_0(980)$ from lattice QCD data. This scheme is based on a two-channel chiral unitary approach with fully relativistic propagators in a finite volume. In order to discuss the feasibility of finding the mass and width of the scalar resonances, we analyze synthetic lattice data with a fixed error assigned, and show that the framework can be indeed used for an accurate determination of resonance pole positions in the multi-channel scattering.
Most strong-interaction resonances have decay channels involving three or more particles, including many of the recently discovered $X$, $Y$ and $Z$ resonances. In order to study such resonances from first principles using lattice QCD, one must understand finite-volume effects for three particles in the cubic box used in calculations. Here we review efforts to develop a three-particle quantization condition that relates finite-volume energies to infinite-volume scattering amplitudes. We describe in detail the three approaches that have been followed, and present new results on the relationship…
We evaluate energy levels of the K-pi system in the K* channel in finite volume using chiral unitary theory. We use these energy levels to obtain K-pi phase shifts, and then obtain the K* mass and its decay width. We investigate their dependence on the pion mass and compare this with Lattice QCD calculations. We also compare our method with the standard Luscher approach, and solve the inverse problem to obtain the K-pi phase shifts from these "synthetic" lattice data.
Lattice QCD studies of the $Δ$ baryon resonance and the $K_0^\ast(700)$ and $a_0(980)$ meson resonances: the role of exotic operators in determining the finite-volume spectrum
Many low energy hadrons, such as the rho, can be observed as resonances in scattering experiments. A proposal by Lüscher enables one to determine infinite volume elastic scattering phases from the two-particle energy spectrum measured from finite periodic lattices. In this work, we generalize the formalism to the case where the total momentum of the particles is non-zero; i.e. the lattice frame is not the center-of-mass frame of the scattering particles. There are several advantages to this procedure including making a wider variety of center of mass energies accessible with a fixed lattice vo…
Phase shifts and resonance parameters can be obtained from finite-volume lattice spectra for interacting pairs of particles, moving with nonzero total momentum. We present a simple derivation of the method that is subsequently applied to obtain the pi pi and pi K phase shifts in the sectors with total isospin I=0 and I=1/2, respectively. Considering different total momenta, one obtains extra data points for a given volume that allow for a very efficient extraction of the resonance parameters in the infinite-volume limit. Corrections due to the mixing of partial waves are provided. We expect th…
The standard approach to determine the parameters of a resonance is based on the study of the volume dependence of the energy spectrum. In this work we study a non-linear sigma model coupled to a scalar field in which a resonance emerges. Using an analysis method introduced recently, based on the concept of probability distribution, it is possible to determine the mass and the width of the resonance.
In this work the interaction of the coupled channels $DN$ and $πΣ_c$ in an SU(4) extrapolation of the chiral unitary theory, where the $Λ_c(2595)$ resonance appears as dynamically generated from that interaction, is extended to produce results in finite volume. Energy levels in the finite box are evaluated and, assuming that they would correspond to lattice results, the inverse problem of determining the phase shifts in the infinite volume from the lattice results is solved. We observe that it is possible to obtain accurate $πΣ_c$ phase shifts and the position of the $Λ_c(2595)$ resonance, but…
We study systems of bosons and fermions in finite periodic boxes and show how the existence and properties of few-body resonances can be extracted from studying the volume dependence of the calculated energy spectra. Using a plane-wave-based discrete variable representation to conveniently implement periodic boundary conditions, we establish that avoided level crossings occur in the spectra of up to four particles and can be linked to the existence of multi-body resonances. To benchmark our method we use two-body calculations, where resonance properties can be determined with other methods, as…
Since the pioneering work of Lüscher in the 1980s it is well known that considering quantum systems in finite volume, specifically, finite periodic boxes, can be used as a powerful computational tool to extract physical observables. While this formalism has been worked out in great detail in the two-body sector, much effort is currently being invested into deriving analogous relations for systems with more constituents. This work is relevant not only for nuclear physics, where lattice methods are now able to calculate few- and many-nucleon states, but also for other fields such as simulations …
For resonances decaying in a finite volume, the simple identification of state and eigenvalue is lost. The extraction of the scattering amplitude is a major challenge as we demonstrate by extrapolating the physical S_{11} amplitude of pion-nucleon scattering to the finite volume and unphysical quark masses, using a unitarized chiral framework including all next-to-leading order contact terms. We show that the pole movement of the resonances N(1535)1/2^- and N(1650)1/2^- with varying quark masses is non-trivial. In addition, there are several strongly coupled S-wave thresholds that induce a sim…
We present a simple toy model for a scalar-isoscalar two-point correlator, which can serve as a testing ground for the extraction of resonance parameters from Lattice QCD calculations. We discuss in detail how the model correlator behaves when it is restricted to a finite spatial volume, and how the finite-volume data can be used to reconstruct the spectral function of the correlator in the infinite volume, which allows to extract properties of the resonance from such data.
The Monte Carlo results in lattice QCD for the pressure and energy density at small temperature $T < 155$ MeV and zero baryonic chemical potential are analyzed within the hadron resonance gas model. Two extensions of the ideal hadron resonance gas are considered: the excluded volume model which describes a repulsion of hadrons at short distances and Hagedorn model with the exponential mass spectrum. Considering both of these models one by one we do not find the conclusive evidences in favor of any of them. The controversial results appear because of rather different sensitivities of the pressu…
We prove a theorem in QCD stating that in the limit of strong coupling, $g\to\infty$, the observed spectrum of glueballs in QCD is the same of a pure Yang-Mills theory, being mixing effects due to the next-to-leading order. A full effective theory for QCD is obtained and the width of the $σ$ resonance decay is straightforwardly computed. This appears as the lowest glueball state. Vacuum gluon condensate is computed that consistently support studies on the identification of this meson as a glueball.
Drawing on experimental data for baryon resonances, Hamiltonian effective field theory (HEFT) is used to predict the positions of the finite-volume energy levels to be observed in lattice QCD simulations of the lowest-lying $J^P=1/2^-$ nucleon excitation. In the initial analysis, the phenomenological parameters of the Hamiltonian model are constrained by experiment and the finite-volume eigenstate energies are a prediction of the model. The agreement between HEFT predictions and lattice QCD results obtained on volumes with spatial lengths of 2 and 3 fm is excellent. These lattice results also …
Volume dependence of the spectral weight is usually used as a simple criteria to distinguish single-particle states from multi-particle states in lattice QCD calculations. Within a solvable model, the Lee model, we show that this criteria is in principle only valid for a stable particle or a narrow resonance. If the resonance being studied is broad, then the volume dependence of the corresponding spectral weight resembles that of a multi-particle state instead of a single-particle one. For an unstable $V$-particle in the Lee model, the transition from single-particle to multi-particle volume d…
The standard numerical approach to determining matrix elements of local operators and width of resonances uses the finite volume dependence of energy levels and matrix elements. Finite size corrections that decay exponentially in the volume are usually neglected or taken into account using perturbation expansion in effective field theory. Using two-dimensional sine-Gordon field theory as "toy model" it is shown that some exponential finite size effects could be much larger than previously thought, potentially spoiling the determination of matrix elements in frameworks such as lattice QCD. The …
We examine the phase shifts and inelasticities associated with the $N^*(1440)$ Roper resonance and connect these infinite-volume observables to the finite-volume spectrum of lattice QCD using Hamiltonian effective field theory. We explore three hypotheses for the structure of the Roper resonance. All three hypotheses are able to describe the scattering data well. In the third hypothesis the Roper resonance couples the low-lying bare basis-state component associated with the ground state nucleon with the virtual meson-baryon contributions. Here the non-trivial superpositions of the meson-baryon…
Two different descriptions of the existing pion-nucleon scattering data in the region of the Roper resonance are constructed. Both descriptions fit the experimental data very well. In one scenario the resonance is the result of strong rescattering between coupled meson-baryon channels, while in the other scenario, the resonance has a large bare-baryon (or quark-model like) component. The predictions of these two scenarios are compared with the latest lattice QCD simulation results in this channel. Consideration of the finite volume spectra, the manner in which the states are excited from the v…
Random matrix theory and chiral Lagrangians offer a convenient tool for the exact calculation of microscopic spectral correlators of the Dirac operator in a well-defined finite-volume scaling regime.
We develop a scheme for the extraction of the properties of the scalar mesons f0(600), f0(980), and a0(980) from lattice QCD data. This scheme is based on a two-channel chiral unitary approach with fully relativistic propagators in a finite volume. In order to discuss the feasibility of finding the mass and width of the scalar resonances, we analyze synthetic lattice data with a fixed error assigned, and show that the framework can be indeed used for an accurate determination of resonance pole positions in the multi-channel scattering.
The ab-initio understanding of hadronic three-body systems above threshold, such as exotic resonances or the baryon spectrum, requires the mapping of the finite-volume eigenvalue spectrum, produced in lattice QCD calculations, to the infinite volume. We present the first application of such a formalism to a physical system in form of three interacting positively charged pions. The results for the ground state energies agree with the available lattice QCD results by the NPLQCD collaboration at unphysical pion masses. Extrapolations to physical pion masses are performed using input from effectiv…
A recently proposed modified perturbation expansion for QCD is employed to evaluate the quark self-energies. Results of the order of 1/3 of the nucleon mass are obtained for the effective masses of the up and down quarks in a first approximation. Also, the predicted flavor dependence of the calculated quarks masses turns out to be the appropriate to well reproduce the spectrum of the ground states within the various groups of hadronic resonances through the simple addition of the evaluated constituent quark masses. The results suggests to conjecture that the modified expansion, after also intr…
In this article we complete our formalism relating the finite-volume energy spectrum of a scalar quantum field theory to the three-to-three scattering amplitude, ${\cal M}_3$. In previous work we found a quantization condition relating the spectrum to a non-standard infinite-volume quantity, denoted ${\cal K}_{{\rm df},3}$. Here we present the relation between ${\cal K}_{{\rm df},3}$ and ${\cal M}_3$. We then discuss briefly how our now completed formalism can be practically implemented to extract ${\cal M}_3$ from the finite-volume energy spectrum.
We study the properties of three-body resonances using a lattice complex scalar $φ^4$ theory with two scalars, with parameters chosen such that one heavy particle can decay into three light ones. We determine the two- and three-body spectra for several lattice volumes using variational techniques, and then analyze them with two versions of the three-particle finite-volume formalism: the Relativistic Field Theory approach and the Finite-Volume Unitarity approach. We find that both methods provide an equivalent description of the energy levels, and we are able to fit the spectra using simple par…
We perform a fit of the finite-volume QCD spectrum of three pions at maximal isospin to constrain the three-body force. We use the unitarity-based relativistic three-particle quantization condition, with the GWUQCD spectrum obtained at 315 MeV and 220 MeV pion mass in two-flavor QCD. For the heavier pion mass we find that the data is consistent with a constant contact term close to zero, whereas for the lighter mass we see a statistically significant energy dependence in tension with the prediction of leading order ChPT. Our results also suggest that with enough three-body energy levels, the t…
In this talk, we present a framework for studying structural information of resonances and bound states coupling to two-hadron scattering states. This makes use of a recently proposed finite-volume formalism to determine a class of observables that are experimentally inaccessible but can be accessed via lattice QCD. In particular, we shown that finite-volume two-body matrix elements with one current insertion can be directly related to scattering amplitudes coupling to the external current. For two-hadron systems with resonances or bound states, one can extract the corresponding form factors o…
It has been suggested that the volume dependence of the spectral weight could be utilized to distinguish single and multi-particle states in Monte Carlo simulations. In a recent study using a solvable model, the Lee model, we found that this criteria is applicable only for stable particles and narrow resonances, not for the broad resonances. In this paper, the same question is addressed within the finite size formalism outlined by Lüscher. Using a quantum mechanical scattering model, the conclusion that was found in previous Lee model study is recovered. Then, following similar arguments as in…
The microscopic spectral density of the Hermitian Wilson-Dirac operator is computed numerically in quenched lattice QCD. We demonstrate that the results given for fixed index of the Wilson-Dirac operator can be matched by the predictions from Wilson chiral perturbation theory. We test successfully the finite volume and the mass scaling predicted by Wilson chiral perturbation theory at fixed lattice spacing.
In this work, we use an extension of the quantization condition, given in Ref. [1], to numerically explore the finite-volume spectrum of three relativistic particles, in the case that two-particle subsets are either resonant or bound. The original form of the relativistic three-particle quantization condition was derived under a technical assumption on the two-particle K matrix that required the absence of two-particle bound states or narrow two-particle resonances. Here we describe how this restriction can be lifted in a simple way using the freedom in the definition of the K-matrix-like quan…
The interplay between between gauge-field winding numbers, theta-vacua, and the Dirac operator spectrum in finite-volume gauge theories is reconsidered. To assess the weight of each topological sector, we compare the mass-dependent chiral condensate in gauge field sectors of fixed topological index with the answer obtained by summing over the topological charge. Also the microscopic Dirac operator spectrum in the full finite-volume Yang-Mills theory is obtained in this way, by summing over all topological sectors with the appropriate weight.
A matrix Hamiltonian model is developed to address the finite-volume effects appearing in studies of baryon resonances in lattice QCD. The Hamiltonian model includes interaction terms in a transparent way, and can be readily generalized to address multi-channel problems. The eigenvalue equation of the model is exactly solvable, and can be matched onto chiral effective field theory. The model is investigated in the case of Delta -> nucleon-pion scattering. A robust method for determining the resonance parameters from lattice QCD is developed. It involves constraining the free parameters of the …
We develop methods to extract resonance widths from finite volume spectra of 1+1 dimensional quantum field theories. Our two methods are based on Luscher's description of finite size corrections, and are dubbed the Breit-Wigner and the improved "mini-Hamiltonian" method, respectively. We establish a consistent framework for the finite volume description of sufficiently narrow resonances that takes into account the finite size corrections and mass shifts properly. Using predictions from form factor perturbation theory, we test the two methods against finite size data from truncated conformal sp…
We compute the spatial-volume dependence of the spectrum of 4D SU(3 <= N <= 6) gauge theories by lattice Monte-Carlo techniques. Setting the scale with the string tension, the spatial volume is L^3 with 0.78fm <= L <= 2.3fm. The Euclidean `time' direction is kept large enough to be considered infinite and the boundary conditions are periodic in all four dimensions. We study the mixing of torelon pairs with the scalar and tensor glueballs, using a 2x2 Hamiltonian based on large-N counting rules. Looking to the other symmetry channels, finite-volume effects on the glueball spectrum are already s…
Strong three-body interactions above threshold govern the dynamics of many exotics and conventional excited mesons and baryons. Three-body finite-volume energies calculated from lattice QCD promise an ab-initio understanding of these systems. We calculate the three-$π^+$ spectrum unraveling the three-body dynamics that is tightly intertwined with the $S$-matrix principle of three-body unitarity and compare it with recent lattice QCD results. For this purpose, we develop a formalism for three-body systems in moving frames and apply it numerically.
We study Winter or delta-shell model at finite volume (length), describing a small resonating cavity weakly-coupled to a large one. For generic values of the coupling, a resonance of the usual model corresponds, in the finite-volume case, to a compression of the spectral lines; for specific values of the coupling, a resonance corresponds instead to a degenerate or a quasi-degenerate doublet. A secular term of the form g^3 N occurs in the perturbative expansion of the momenta (or of the energies) of the particle at third order in g, where g is the coupling among the cavities and N is the ratio …
A proposal by Lüscher enables one to compute the scattering phases of elastic two-body systems from the energy levels of the lattice Hamiltonian in a finite volume. In this work we generalize the formalism to S--, P-- and D--wave meson and baryon resonances, and general total momenta. Employing nonvanishing momenta has several advantages, among them making a wider range of energy levels accessible on a single lattice volume and shifting the level crossing to smaller values of $m_πL$.
