Little is known on the classification of Heegaard splittings for hyperbolic 3-manifolds. Although Kobayashi gave a complete classification of Heegaard splittings for the exteriors of 2-bridge knots, our knowledge of other classes is extremely limited. In particular, there are very few hyperbolic manifolds that are known to have a unique minimal genus splitting. Here we demonstrate that an infinite class of hyperbolic knot exteriors, namely exteriors of certain "twisted torus knots" originally studied by Morimoto, Sakuma and Yokota, have a unique minimal genus Heegaard splitting of genus two. We also conjecture that these manifolds possess irreducible yet weakly reducible splittings of genus three. There are no known examples of such Heegaard splittings.
In this brief note, we give an explicit sequence of Heegaard moves interpolating between local versions of the Kauffman-states Heegaard diagram and the planar Heegaard diagram used in knot Floer homology, and show how these local moves can be used to go between the global versions of the Heegaard diagrams.
We review some recent results in knot concordance and homology cobordism. The proofs rely on various forms of Heegaard Floer homology. We also discuss related open problems.
We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a simple closed curve on the boundary of a genus two handlebody to decompose the handlebody into (torus with one boundary component times [0,1]. We use this condition to decide whether a simple closed curve on a genus two Heegaard surface is a GOF-knot (genus one fibered knot) which induces the Heegaard splitting. By using this, we determine the number and the positions with respect to the Heegaard splittings of GOF-knots in the 3-manifolds with reducible genus two Heegaard splittings. This is another proof of results of Morimoto and Baker.
This paper studies the question of whether minimal genus Heegaard splittings of exterior spaces of knots which are connected sums are weakly reducible or not. Furthermore it is shown that the Heegaard splittings of the knots used by Morimoto to show that tunnel number can be sub-additive are all strongly irreducible. These are the first examples of strongly irreducible minimal genus Heegaard splittings of composite knots. We also give a characterization of when is a set of primitive annuli on a handlebody simultaneously primitive. This characterization is different from that given in [Go].
Let $K_1, K_2$ be two knots with $t(K_1)+t(K_2)>2$ and $t(K_1 # K_2)=2$. Then, in the present paper, we will show that any genus three Heegaard splittings of $E(K_1 # K_2)$ is strongly irreducible and that $E(K_1 # K_2)$ has at most four genus three Heegaard splittings up to homeomorphism. Moreover, we will give a complete classification of those four genus three Heegaard splittings and show unknotting tunnel systems of knots $K_1 # K_2$ corresponding to those Heegaard splittings.
We prove that if a fibered knot $K$ with genus greater than one in a three-manifold $M$ has a sufficiently complicated monodromy, then $K$ induces a minimal genus Heegaard splitting $P$ that is unique up to isotopy, and small genus Heegaard splittings of $M$ are stabilizations of $P$. We provide a complexity bound in terms of the Heegaard genus of $M$. We also provide global complexity bounds for fibered knots in the three-sphere and lens spaces.
Let K be a knot embedded in a Heegaard surface S for a closed orientable 3-manifold M. We define K-stable equivalence between pairs (S, K) and (S', K) in M, and we prove that any two pairs are K-stably equivalent in M if they have the same surface slope.
In this paper, we show that, for each non-trivial two bridge knot K and for each g > 2, every genus g Heegaard splitting of the exterior E(K) of K is reducible.
Let K be a knot in a closed orientable irreducible 3-manifold M and let P be a Heegaard splitting of the knot complement of genus at least two. Suppose Q is a bridge surface for K. Then either \begin{itemize} \item $d(P)\leq 2-χ(Q-K)$, or \item K can be isotoped to be disjoint from Q so that after the isotopy Q is a Heegaard surface for the knot exterior and is isotopic to a possibly stabilized copy of P. \end{itemize}
The $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$-equivariant Heegaard Floer cohomlogy $\widehat{HF}_{\mathbb{Z}_{2}}(Σ(K))$ of a knot $K$ in $S^{3}$, constructed by Hendricks, Lipshitz, and Sarkar, is an isotopy invariant which is defined using bridge diagrams of $K$ drawn on a sphere. We prove that $\widehat{HF}_{\mathbb{Z}_{2}}(Σ(K))$ can be computed from knot Heegaard diagrams of $K$ and show that it is a strong Heegaard invariant. As a topolocial application, we construct a transverse knot invariant $\hat{\mathcal{T}}_{\mathbb{Z}_{2}}(K)$ as an element of $\widehat{HFK}_{\mathbb{Z}_{2}}(Σ(K),K)$, which is a refinemen…
If the Bing double of a knot K is slice, then K is algebraically slice. In addition, Heegaard--Floer concordance invariants developed by Ozsvath-Szabo and by Manolescu-Owens vanish on K.
We define sutured Heegaard diagrams for null-homologous knots in 3-manifolds. These diagrams are useful for computing the knot Floer homology at the top filtration level. As an application, we give a formula for the knot Floer homology of a Murasugi sum. Our result echoes Gabai's earlier works. We also show that for so-called 'semifibred' satellite knots, the top filtration term of the knot Floer homology is isomorphic to the counterpart of the companion.
We consider the following question: when is the manifold obtained by gluing together two knot complements an $L$-space? Hedden and Levine proved that splicing 0-framed complements of nontrivial knots never produces an $L$-space. We extend this result to allow for arbitrary integer framings. We find that splicing two integer framed nontrivial knot complements only produces an $L$-space if both knots are $L$-space knots and the framings lie in an appropriate range. The proof involves a careful analysis of the bordered Heegaard Floer invariants of each knot complement.
Building off ideas developed by Agol, we construct a family of hyperbolic knots $K_n$ whose complements contain no closed incompressible surfaces and have Heegaard genus exactly $n$. These are the first known examples of small knots having large Heegaard genus. Using work of Futer and Purcell, we are able to bound the crossing number for each $K_n$ in terms of $n$.
In this paper we construct a sequence of integer-valued concordance invariants $ν_n(K)$ that generalize the Ozsváth-Szabó $ν$-invariant and the Hom-Wu $ν^+$-invariant.
We compute the Heegaard Floer homology of $S^3_1(K)$ (the (+1) surgery on the torus knot $T_{p,q}$) in terms of the semigroup generated by $p$ and $q$, and we find a compact formula (involving Dedekind sums) for the corresponding Ozsvath--Szabo d-invariant. We relate the result to known knot invariants of $T_{p,q}$ as the genus and the Levine--Tristram signatures. Furthermore, we emphasize the striking resemblance between Heegaard Floer homologies of (+1) and (-1) surgeries on torus knots. This relation is best seen at the level of $τ$ functions.
A (1,1) knot K in a 3-manifold M is a knot that intersects each solid torus of a genus 1 Heegaard splitting of M in a single trivial arc. Choi and Ko developed a parameterization of this family of knots by a four-tuple of integers, which they call Schubert's normal form. This article presents an algorithm for constructing a doubly-pointed Heegaard diagram compatible with K, given a Schubert's normal form for K. The construction, coupled with results of Ozsváth and Szabó, provides a practical way to compute knot Floer homology groups for (1,1) knots. The construction uses train tracks, and its …
Let $K$ denote a knot inside the homology sphere $Y$ and $K'$ denote a knot inside a homology sphere $L$-space. Let $X=Y(K,K')$ denote the 3-manifold obtained by splicing the complements of $K$ and $K'$. We show that $\text{rank}(\widehat{HF}(X)) \ge \text{rank}(\widehat{HF}(Y))$.
In this article, we prove that a tunnel number two knot induces a critical Heegaard splitting in its exterior if there are two weak reducing pairs such that each weak reducing pair contains the cocore disk of each tunnel. Moreover, we prove that a connected sum of two 2-bridge knots or more generally that of two $(1,1)$-knots can induce a critical Heegaard splitting in its exterior as the examples of the main theorem. Finally, we give an equivalent condition for a weak reducing pair to be determined by a compressing disk uniquely when the manifold is closed, irreducible and the Heegaard splitt…
A knot K is called a 1-genus 1-bridge knot in a 3-manifold M if (M,K) has a Heegaard splitting (V_1,t_1)\cup (V_2,t_2) where V_i is a solid torus and t_i is a boundary parallel arc properly embedded in V_i. If the exterior of a knot has a genus 2 Heegaard splitting, we say that the knot has an unknotting tunnel. Naturally the exterior of a 1-genus 1-bridge knot K allows a genus 2 Heegaard splitting, i.e., K has an unknotting tunnel. But, in general, there are unknotting tunnels which are not derived form this procedure. Some of them may be levelled with the torus \partial V_1=\partial V_2, who…
We use bordered Heegaard Floer homology to compute the tau invariant of a family of satellite knots obtained via twisted infection along two components of the Borromean rings, a generalization of Whitehead doubling. We show that tau of the resulting knot depends only on the two twisting parameters and the values of tau for the two companion knots. We also include some notes on bordered Heegaard Floer homology that may serve as a useful introduction to the subject.
We study the way a strongly irreducible Heegaard surface $Σ$ intersects a knot exterior $X$ embedded in a 3-manifold, and show that if $Σ\cap \partial X$ consists of simple closed curves which are essential in both $Σ$ and $\partial X$, then the intersection $X \cap Σ$ consists of meridional annuli only. As an application we show that when considering two Heegaard surfaces that intersect essentially and spinally (cf. Rubinstein and Shcarlemann) any embedded torus in the union of the two bounds a solid torus.
Using a combinatorial approach described in a recent paper of Manolescu, Ozsváth, and Sarkar we compute the Heegaard-Floer knot homology of all knots with at most 12 crossings as well as the $τ$ invariant for knots through 11 crossings. We review the basic construction of \cite{MOS}, giving two examples that can be worked out by hand, and explain some ideas we used to simplify the computation. We conclude with a discussion of knot Floer homology for small knots, closely examining the Kinoshita-Teraska knot $KT_{2,1}$ and its Conway mutant.
Using the conjugation symmetry on Heegaard Floer complexes, we define a three-manifold invariant called involutive Heegaard Floer homology, which is meant to correspond to $\mathbb{Z}_4$-equivariant Seiberg-Witten Floer homology. Further, we obtain two new invariants of homology cobordism, $\underline{d}$ and $\bar{d}$, and two invariants of smooth knot concordance, $\underline{V}_0$ and $\overline{V}_0$. We also develop a formula for the involutive Heegaard Floer homology of large integral surgeries on knots. We give explicit calculations in the case of L-space knots and thin knots. In partic…
We prove that if $K_1 \subset M_1,...,K_n \subset M_n$ are m-small knots in closed orientable 3-manifolds then the Heegaard genus of $E(#_{i=1}^n K_i)$ is strictly less than the sum of the Heegaard genera of the $E(K_i)$ ($i=1,...,n$) if and only if there exists a proper subset $I$ of $\{1,...,n\}$ so that $#_{i \in I} K_i$ admits a primitive meridian. This generalizes the main result of Morimoto in \cite{morimoto1}.
These are the lecture notes for a course on Heegaard Floer homology held at PCMI in Summer 2019. We describe Heegaard diagrams, Heegaard Floer homology, knot Floer homology, and the relationship between the knot and 3-manifold invariants.
The mapping class group of a Heegaard splitting is the group of connected components in the set of automorphisms of the ambient manifold that map the Heegaard surface onto itself. For the genus three Heegaard splitting of the 3-torus, we find an eight element generating set for this group. Six of these generators induce generating elements of the mapping class group of the 3-torus and the remaining two are isotopy trivial in the 3-torus.
Given integers g_i > 1 (i=1,...,n) we prove that there exist infinitely may knots K_i in S^3 so that g(E(K_i)) = g_i and the Heegaard genus of the exterior of the connected sum of K_1,...,K_n is the sum the Heegaard genera of K_1,...,K_n, that is: g(E(K_1#...#K_n)) = g(E(K_1)) +...+ g(E(K_n)). (Here, E() denotes the exterior and g() the Heegaard genus.) Together with Theorem 1.5 of [1], this proves the existence of counterexamples to Morimoto's Conjecture (Conjecture 1.5 of [2]). [1] Tsuyoshi Kobayashi and Yo'av Rieck. On the growth rate of the tunnel number of knots. J. Reine Angew. Math., 59…
Suppose $K$ is a knot in $S^3$ with bridge number $n$ and bridge distance greater than $2n$. We show that there are at most ${2n\choose n}$ distinct minimal genus Heegaard splittings of $S^3\setminusη(K)$. These splittings can be divided into two families. Two splittings from the same family become equivalent after at most one stabilization. If $K$ has bridge distance at least $4n$, then two splittings from different families become equivalent only after $n-1$ stabilizations. Further, we construct representatives of the isotopy classes of the minimal tunnel systems for $K$ corresponding to the…
The goal of this paper is to offer a comprehensive exposition of the current knowledge about Heegaard splittings of exteriors of knots in the 3-sphere. The exposition is done with a historical perspective as to how ideas developed and by whom. Several new notions are introduced and some facts about them are proved. In particular the concept of a 1/n-primitive meridian. It is then proved that if a knot K in S^3 has a 1/n-primitive meridian; then nK = K#...#K, n-times has a Heegaard splitting of genus nt(K) + n which has a 1-primitive meridian. That is, nK is mu-primitive.
A knot K in a closed connected orientable 3-manifold M is called a 1-genus 1-bridge knot if (M,K) has a splitting into two pairs of a solid torus V_i (i=1,2) and a boundary parallel arc in it. The splitting induces a genus two Heegaard splitting of the exterior of K naturally, i.e., K has an unknotting tunnel. However the converse is not true in general. Then we study such general case in this paper. One of the conclusions is that the unknotting tunnel may be levelled with the torus \partial V_1=\partial V_2.
We derive new obstructions to periodicity of classical knots by employing the Heegaard Floer correction terms of the finite cyclic branched covers of the knots. Applying our results to two fold covers, we demonstrate through numerous examples that our obstructions are successful where many existing periodicity obstructions fail. A combination of previously known periodicity obstructions and the results presented here, leads to a nearly complete (with the exception of a single knot) classification of alternating, periodic, 12-crossing knots with odd prime periods. For the case of alternating kn…
We define an invariant of based transverse links, as a well-defined element inside the equivariant Heegaard Floer cohomology of its branched double cover, defined by Lipschitz, Hendricks, and Sarkar. We prove the naturality and functoriality of equivariant Heegaard Floer cohomology for branched double covers of $S^3$ along based knots, and then prove that our transverse link invariant $c_{\mathbb{Z}_{2}}(ξ_{K})$ is an well-defined element which is always nonvanishing and functorial under certain classes of symplectic cobordisms, and describe its behavior under negative stabilization. It follow…
We use bordered Floer homology to give a formula for the knot Floer homology of any (p, pn+1)-cable of a thin knot K in terms of Delta_K(t), tau(K), p, and n. We also give a formula for the Ozsvath-Szabo concordance invariant tau(K_{p, pn+1}) in terms of tau(K), p, and n, and a formula for tau(K_{p,q}) for almost all relatively prime p and q.
The Heegaard Floer correction term ($d$-invariant) is an invariant of rational homology 3-spheres equipped with a Spin$^c$ structure. In particular, the correction term of 1-surgeries along knots in $S^3$ is a ($2\mathbb{Z}$-valued) knot concordance invariant $d_1$. In this paper, we estimate $d_1$ for the $(2,q)$-cable of any knot $K$. This estimate does not depend on the knot type of $K$. If $K$ belongs to a certain class which contains all negative knots, then equality holds. As a corollary, we show that the relationship between $d_1$ and the Heegaard Floer $τ$-invariant is very weak in gen…
We define a concordance invariant, epsilon(K), associated to the knot Floer complex of K, and give a formula for the Ozsváth-Szabó concordance invariant tau of K_{p,q}, the (p,q)-cable of a knot K, in terms of p, q, tau(K), and epsilon(K). We also describe the behavior of epsilon under cabling, allowing one to compute tau of iterated cables. Various properties and applications of epsilon are also discussed.
In this survey article, we discuss several different knot concordance invariants coming from the Heegaard Floer homology package of Ozsvath and Szabo. Along the way, we prove that if two knots are concordant, then their knot Floer complexes satisfy a certain type of stable equivalence.
We deal with Matveev complexity of compact orientable 3-manifolds represented via Heegaard diagrams. This lead us to the definition of modified Heegaard complexity of Heegaard diagrams and of manifolds. We define a class of manifolds which are generalizations of Dunwoody manifolds, including cyclic branched coverings of two-bridge knots and links, torus knots, some pretzel knots, and some theta-graphs. Using modified Heegaard complexity, we obtain upper bounds for their Matveev complexity, which linearly depend on the order of the covering. Moreover, using homology arguments due to Matveev and…
We use technology from sutured manifold theory and the theory of Heegaard splittings to relate genus reducing crossing changes on knots in S^3 to twists on surfaces arising in circular Heegaard splittings for knot complements. In a separate paper, currently in preparation, we prove that these circular Heegaard splittings may be searched for algorithmically, and together our results imply that an algorithm to detect when two hyperbolic or fibered knots of different genus are related by a crossing change would follow from an algorithm to determine whether two compact oriented surfaces in S^3 are…
We write down an explicit formula for the $+$ version of the Heegaard Floer homology (as an absolutely graded vector space over an arbitrary field) of the results of Dehn surgery on a knot $K$ in $S^3$ in terms of homological data derived from $CFK^{\infty}(K)$. This allows us to prove some results about Dehn surgery on knots in $S^3$. In particular, we show that for a fixed manifold there are only finitely many alternating knots that can produce it by surgery. This is an improvement on a recent result by Lackenby and Purcell. We also derive a lower bound on the genus of knots depending on the…
We provide a new obstruction for a rational homology 3-sphere to arise by Dehn surgery on a given knot in the 3-sphere. The obstruction takes the form of an inequality involving the genus of the knot, the surgery coefficient, and a count of L-structures on the 3-manifold, that is spin-c structures with the simplest possible associated Heegaard Floer group. Applications include an obstruction for two framed knots to yield the same 3-manifold, an obstruction that is particularly effective when working with families of framed knots. We introduce the rational and integral Dehn surgery genera for a…
If a 3--manifold $Y$ contains a non-separating sphere, then some twisted Heegaard Floer homology of $Y$ is zero. This simple fact allows us to prove several results about Dehn surgery on knots in such manifolds. Similar results have been proved for knots in $L$--spaces.
This is a companion paper to earlier work of the authors, which interprets the Heegaard Floer homology for a manifold with torus boundary in terms of immersed curves in a punctured torus. We prove a variety of properties of this invariant, paying particular attention to its relation to knot Floer homology, the Thurston norm, and the Turaev torsion. We also give a geometric description of the gradings package from bordered Heegaard Floer homology and establish a symmetry under spin$^c$ conjugation; this symmetry gives rise to genus one mutation invariance in Heegaard Floer homology for closed t…
In this article we study the Heegaard Floer link homology of $(n, n)$-torus links. The Alexander multigradings which support non-trivial homology form a string of $n-1$ unit hypercubes in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, and we compute the ranks and gradings of the homology in nearly all Alexander gradings. We also conjecture a complete description of the link homology and provide some support for this conjecture. This article is taken from the author's 2007 Ph.D. thesis and contains several open questions.
In this paper, we use Heegaard Floer homology to study reducible surgeries. In particular, suppose K is a non-cable knot in the three-sphere with an L-space surgery. If p-surgery on K is reducible, we show that p equals 2g(K)-1. This implies that any knot with an L-space surgery has at most one reducible surgery, a fact that we show additionally for any knot of genus at most two.
We give new obstructions to the module structures arising in Heegaard Floer homology. As a corollary, we characterize the possible modules arising as the Heegaard Floer homology of an integer homology sphere with one-dimensional reduced Floer homology. Up to absolute grading shifts, there are only two. We use this corollary to show that the chain complex depicted by Ozsváth, Stipsicz, and Szabó to argue that there is no algebraic obstruction to the existence of knots with trivial $ε$ invariant and non-trivial $Υ$ invariant cannot be realized as the knot Floer complex of a knot.
This paper establishes a new technique that enables us to access some fundamental structural properties of instanton Floer homology. As an application, we establish, for the first time, a relation between the instanton Floer homology of a $3$-manifold or a null-homologous knot inside a $3$-manifold and the Heegaard diagram of that $3$-manifold or knot. We further use this relation to compute the instanton knot homology of some families of $(1,1)$-knots, including all torus knots in $S^3$, which were mostly unknown before. As a second application, we also study the relation between the instanto…
In this paper we investigate the question of when different surgeries on a knot can produce identical manifolds. We show that given a knot in a homology sphere, unless the knot is quite special, there is a bound on the number of slopes that can produce a fixed manifold that depends only on this fixed manifold and the homology sphere the knot is in. By finding a different bound on the number of slopes, we show that non-null-homologous knots in certain homology $\mathbb{R}P^3$'s are determined by their complements. We also prove the surgery characterisation of the unknot for null-homologous knot…
Using Taubes' periodic ends theorem, Auckly gave examples of toroidal and hyperbolic irreducible integer homology spheres which are not surgery on a knot in the three-sphere. We give an obstruction to a homology sphere being surgery on a knot coming from Heegaard Floer homology. This is used to construct infinitely many small Seifert fibered examples.
We use Heegaard splittings to give a criterion for a tunnel number one knot manifold to be non-fibered and to have large cyclic covers. We also show that such a knot manifold (satisfying the criterion) admits infinitely many virtually Haken Dehn fillings. Using a computer, we apply this criterion to the 2 generator, non-fibered knot manifolds in the cusped Snappea census. For each such manifold M, we compute a number c(M), such that, for any n>c(M), the n-fold cyclic cover of M is large.
This paper generalizes the definition of a Heegaard splitting to unify Scharlemann and Thomspon's concept of thin position for 3-manifolds, Gabai's thin position for knots, and Rubinstein's almost normal surface theory. This gives generalizations of theorems of Scharlemann, Thompson, Rubinstein, and Stocking. In the final section, we use this machinery to produce an algorithm to determine the bridge number of a knot, provided thin position for the knot coincides with bridge position. We also present several finiteness and algorithmic results about Dehn fillings with "small" Heegaard genus.
We use Heegaard Floer homology to give obstructions to unknotting a knot with a single crossing change. These restrictions are particularly useful in the case where the knot in question is alternating. As an example, we use them to classify all knots with crossing number less than or equal to nine and unknotting number equal to one. We also classify alternating knots with ten crossings and unknotting number equal to one.
Non-isotopic Heegaard splittings of non-minimal genus were known previously only for very special 3-manifolds. We show in this paper that they are in fact a wide spread phenomenon in 3-manifold theory: We exhibit a large class of knots and manifolds obtained by Dehn surgery on these knots which admit such splittings. Many of the manifolds have irreducible Heegaard splittings of arbitrary large genus. All these splittings are horizontal and are isotopic, after one stabilization, to a multiple stabilization of certain canonical low genus vertical Heegaard splittings.
