We compute the volume of the convex N^2-1 dimensional set M_N of density matrices of size N with respect to the Hilbert-Schmidt measure. The hyper--area of the boundary of this set is also found and its ratio to the volume provides an information about the complex structure of M_N. Similar investigations are also performed for the smaller set of all real density matrices. As an intermediate step we analyze volumes of the unitary and orthogonal groups and of the flag manifolds.
Pati (Physics Letters A, 2000) derived a sufficient condition for the existence of Schmidt decomposition in tripartite Hilbert spaces. In this paper, we show that the condition is erroneous by demonstrating some counter-examples. Moreover, we suitably modify the condition and provide a correctness proof. We also show for the first time how this can be generalized to $n$-partite Hilbert spaces for any $n\geq 2$. Finally, we prove that this condition is also a necessary condition.
In this letter, we show that the measure of entanglement using the generalized Bell inequality and the distance between states coincide when we use the Hilbert-Schmidt norm. Our conclusions apply to the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chains with interaction between the first neighbors.
Concurrence as a Relative Entropy with Hilbert-Schmidt Distance in Bell Decomposable States
在Bell可分解态中，Hilbert-Schmidt距离约化为Euclidean距离。在此基础上，根据参考文献[V. Vedral et al，Phys. Rev. Lett. 78，2275（1995）]与希尔伯特-施密特距离。结果表明，该测度等于纠缠度，因此可以用来产生编队纠缠。我们还引入了一种新的距离测度，并证明了在限制LQCC操作的作用下，纠缠的相关测度以与并发变换相同的方式变换。
Univariate Functions for the Hilbert-Schmidt Volumes of the Real and Complex Separable Two-Qubit Systems
（复数）两量子比特系统包括15维凸集，而实两量子比特系统包括9维凸集。虽然这两个集合的希尔伯特-施密特体积的公式是已知的--由于Sommers和Zyczkowski最近的重要工作（J. Phys. A {36}，10115 [2003]）--但迄今为止还没有获得可分离子集的体积的公式。我们把这两个问题归结为确定一个变量的某些函数。
Gilbert proposed an algorithm for bounding the distance between a given point and a convex set. In this article we apply the Gilbert's algorithm to get an upper bound on the Hilbert-Schmidt distance between a given state and the set of separable states. While Hilbert Schmidt Distance does not form a proper entanglement measure, it can nevertheless be useful for witnessing entanglement. We provide here a few methods based on the Gilbert's algorithm that can reliably qualify a given state as strongly entangled or practically separable, while being computationally efficient. The method also outpu…
Decomposition of (finite-dimensional) operators in terms of orthogonal bases of matrices has been a standard method in quantum physics for decades. In recent years, it has become increasingly popular because of various methodologies applied in quantum information, such as the graph state formalism and the theory of quantum error correcting codes, but also due to the intensified research on the Bloch representation of quantum states. In this contribution we collect various interesting facts and identities that hold for finite-dimensional orthogonal matrix bases.
We investigate how the Hilbert-Schmidt speed (HSS), a special type of quantum statistical speed, can be exploited as a powerful and easily computable tool for quantum phase estimation in a $n$-qubit system. We find that, when both the HSS and quantum Fisher information (QFI) are computed with respect to the phase parameter encoded into the initial state of the $n$-qubit register, the zeros of the HSS dynamics are essentially the same as those of the QFI dynamics. Moreover, the positivity (negativity) of the time-derivative of the HSS exactly coincides with the positivity (negativity) of the ti…
A witness of non-Markovianity based on the Hilbert-Schmidt speed (HSS), a special type of quantum statistical speed, has been recently introduced for low-dimensional quantum systems. Such a non-Markovianity witness is particularly useful, being easily computable since no diagonalization of the system density matrix is required. We investigate the sensitivity of this HSS-based witness to detect non-Markovianity in various high-dimensional and multipartite open quantum systems. We find that the time behaviors of the HSS-based witness are always in agreement with those of quantum negativity or qu…
Summary. A simple derivation of finite Schmidt decomposition of pure states describing finite dimensional systems interacting with the infinite dimensional ones is presented. In particular, maximally entangled pure states in such systems are being characterized. The concept of mixed-pure states has been introduced and some criterions for checking separability and entanglement of them are presented .The notion of LOCC equivalence and LOCC semi-order on the space of pure states of systems analyzed has been adopted suitably. In particular a Nielsen -like theorem has been extended to the pure (d, …
Non-Markovian effects can speed up the dynamics of quantum systems while the limits of the evolution time can be derived by quantifiers of quantum statistical speed. We introduce a witness for characterizing the non-Markovianity of quantum evolutions through the Hilbert-Schmidt speed (HSS), which is a special type of quantum statistical speed. This witness has the advantage of not requiring diagonalization of evolved density matrix. Its sensitivity is investigated by considering several paradigmatic instances of open quantum systems, such as one qubit subject to phase-covariant noise and Pauli…
In the report we analyze the indicator/measure of classicality of quantum states defined as the probability to find a state with a positive Wigner function within a unitary invariant random ensemble. The indicators of classicality of three ensembles associated with the Hilbert-Schmidt, Bures and Bogoliubov-Kubo-Mori metrics on the space of quantum states of 3-level system are computed. Their dependence on a moduli parameter of the Wigner function is studied for all strata of a qutrit state space stratified in accordance with the unitary group action.
We report on experimental measurement of the Hilbert-Schmidt distance between two two-qubit states by many-particle interference. We demonstrate that our three-step method for measuring distances in Hilbert space is far less complex than reconstructing density matrices and that it can be applied in quantum-enhanced machine learning to reduce the complexity of calculating Euclidean distances between multidimensional points, which can be especially interesting for near term quantum technologies and quantum artificial intelligence research. Our results are also a novel example of applying mixed s…
An improved exact upper bound of 22/35 on the Hilbert-Schmidt separability probability of real two-qubit systems
我们试图通过对相关的4 x 4密度矩阵的部分转置（PT）进行著名的Peres-Horodecki测试，推导出一个通用（九维）实双量子比特系统是可分离的概率--用希尔伯特-施密特（欧几里得或平坦）度量表示。但是，测试的全面实施-要求PT的行列式是非负的可分性保持-似乎是，至少目前，计算上难以解决。因此，我们之前已经实现了-使用对角入口参数化可分性函数（DESF）的辅助概念-PT的六个2 x 2主子式的非负性的较弱隐含测试。这就得到了可分性概率的精确上限：1024/（135 Pi^2）= 0.76854。在这里，我们通过要求PT的四个3 x 3主子式是非负的来扩展这条工作线，从而使我们得到22/35 = 0.628571的改进/降低的上界。另一方面，数值模拟（而不是精确的符号计算）表明，真实的概率肯定小于1/2。我们的综合分析使我们提出了真实DESF的一种可能形式，得到的可分性概率为29/64 = 0.453125，而迄今为止建立的最佳精确下限为（6928-2205 Pi）/2^（9/2）= 0.0348338。
Hilbert-Schmidt distance is one of the prominent distance measures in quantum information theory which finds applications in diverse problems, such as construction of entanglement witnesses, quantum algorithms in machine learning, and quantum state tomography. In this work, we calculate exact and compact results for the mean square Hilbert-Schmidt distance between a random density matrix and a fixed density matrix, and also between two random density matrices. In the course of derivation, we also obtain corresponding exact results for the distance between a Wishart matrix and a fixed Hermitian…
The trace distance between two quantum states, $ρ$ and $σ$, is an operationally meaningful quantity in quantum information theory. However, in general it is difficult to compute, involving the diagonalization of $ρ- σ$. In contrast, the Hilbert-Schmidt distance can be computed without diagonalization, although it is less operationally significant. Here, we relate the trace distance and the Hilbert-Schmidt distance with a bound that is particularly strong when either $ρ$ or $σ$ is low rank. Our bound is stronger than the bound one could obtain via the norm equivalence of the Frobenius and trace…
We treat 3-qubits states with maximally disordered subsystems, by using Hilbert-Schmidt decompositions.By using unfolding methods, the tensors are converted into matrices and by applying singular values decompositions to these matrices the number 27 of the Hilbert Schmidt parameters, is reduced to 9 and under the condition that the sum of absolute values of these parameters is not larger than 1, we conclude that the density matrix is fully separable . In another method we divide the 27 Hilbert Schmidt parameters into 9 triads where for each triad we calculate the Frobenius norm of 3 Hilbert-Sc…
克服我们最近的计算密集型（准蒙特卡罗）工作的情况下，N=4（quant-ph/0308037），我们承担了N=6的高数值精度计算任务，Sommers和Zyczkowski的公式（quant-ph/0304041）的（N^2-1）维体积和（N^2-2）维超面积，（可分和不可分）N x N密度矩阵，基于Bures（最小单调）度量-以及（非单调）希尔伯特-施密特度量的类似公式（quant-ph/0302197）。使用相同的70亿个分布良好（“低差异”）的样本点，我们基于五个额外的（单调）感兴趣的度量（包括Kubo-Mori和Wigner-Yanase）来估计未知体积和超面积。此外，我们估计所有这七个体积和七个超面积（未知）的数量时，限制可分离的密度矩阵。可分离体积（超区域）与可分离体积加不可分离体积（超区域）的比值产生一般秩六（秩五）密度矩阵的可分离概率的估计。基于35维体积获得的（秩6）可分性概率似乎是--独立于所采用的度量（7个诱导Haar度量中的每一个）--是基于34维超面积的（秩5）可分性概率的两倍。接受这样的关系，我们适合确切的公式估计的Bures和希尔伯特-施密特可分离的体积和超面积。(An秩6的希尔伯特-施密特可分性概率与秩4的希尔伯特-施密特可分性概率之比的额外估计-- 33.9982 --也非常明显地接近于积分。对于N=4的希尔伯特-施密特度规，加倍关系似乎也成立，但其…
