G. S. Agarwal
We present a brief review of the impact of the Heisenberg uncertainty relations on quantum optics. In particular we demonstrate how almost all coherent and nonclassical states of quantum optics can be derived from uncertainty relations.
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In this paper we investigate the problem of minimization the Heisenberg's uncertainty relation by the trajectory-coherent states. The conditions of minimization for Hamiltonian and trajectory are obtained. We show that the trajectory-coherent states minimize the Heisenberg's uncertainty relation for special Cauchy problem for the Schrödinger equation only.
Minimization of the expectation value of energy under the constraints imposed by the uncertainty principle can be a convenient method of solving quantum-mechanical problems.
Uncertainty relations provide fundamental limits on what can be said about the properties of quantum systems. For a quantum particle, the commutation relation of position and momentum observables entails Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. A third observable is presented which satisfies canonical commutation relations with both position and momentum. The resulting triple of pairwise canonical observables gives rise to a Heisenberg-type uncertainty relation for the product of three standard deviations. We derive the smallest possible value of this bound and determine the specific squeezed state …
Heisenberg's reciprocal relation between position measurement error and momentum disturbance is rigorously proven under the assumption that those error and disturbance are independent of the state of the measured object. A generalization of Heisenberg's relation proven valid for arbitrary measurements is proposed and reveals two distinct types of possible violations of Heisenberg's relation.
It has been pointed out that for some types of measurement the Heisenberg uncertainty relation seems to be violated. In order to save the situation a new uncertainty relation was proposed by Ozawa. Here we introduce revised definitions of error and disturbance taking into account the gain associated with generalized measurement interactions. With these new definitions, the validity of the Heisenberg inequality is recovered for continuous linear measurement interactions. We also examine the changes in distribution functions caused by the general measurement interaction and clarify the physical …
The Heisenberg uncertainty relation is derived for relativistic electrons described by the Dirac equation. The standard nonrelativistic lower bound $3/2\hbar$ is attained only in the limit and the wave function that reproduces this value is singular. At the other end, in the ultrarelativistic limit, the bound is the same as that found before for photons.
For a simple set of observables we can express, in terms of transition probabilities alone, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relations, so that they are proven to be not only necessary, but sufficient too, in order for the given observables to admit a quantum model. Furthermore distinguished characterizations of strictly complex and real quantum models, with some ancillary results, are presented and discussed.
This work completes the program started in \cite{bb1,bb2,bb3} to derive the Heisenberg uncertainty relation for relativistic particles. Sharp uncertainty relations for massive relativistic particles with spin 0 and spin 1 are derived. The main conclusion is that the uncertainty relations for relativistic bosons are markedly different from those for relativistic fermions. The uncertainty relations for bosons are based on the energy density. It is shown that the uncertainty relations based on the time-component of the four-current, as was have done in \cite{bb3} for electrons, are untenable beca…
The idea to base the uncertainty relation for photons on the electromagnetic energy distribution in space enabled us to derive a sharp inequality that expresses the uncertainty relation [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 108}, 140401 (2012)]. An alternative version of the uncertainty relation derived in this paper is closer in spirit to the original Heisenberg relation because it employs the analog of the position operator for the photon---the center of energy operator. The noncommutativity of the components of the center of energy operator results in the increase of the bound $3/2\,\hbar$ in the standard…
It is explicitly shown that there exist physical states (normalized to 1) in which the Robertson- Schrödinger and Heisenberg uncertainty relations are invalid, namely, the mean values of the physical operators are infinite. Consequently, these relations cannot imply a general physical principle. The explanation by the theory of functional analysis is given : for these states even the definition of the uncertainty notion through the dispersion notion in the probability theory is irrelevant.
Position measurements are examined under the assumption that object position x_t and probe position X_t just after the measurement are expressed by a linear combination of positions x_0 and X_0 just before the measurement. The Heisenberg uncertainty relation between the position uncertainty and momentum disturbance holds when the measurement error ε(x_t) for the object position x_t is adopted as the position uncertainty. However, the uncertainty in the measurement result obtained for x_0 is the standard deviation of the measurement result, and not the measurement error ε(x_0). This difference …
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle for material objects is an essential corner stone of quantum mechanics and clearly visualizes the wave nature of matter. Here we report a demonstration of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for the most massive, complex and hottest single object so far, the fullerene molecule C70 at a temperature of 900 K. We find a good quantitative agreement with the theoretical expectation: dx * dp = h, where dx is the width of the restricting slit, dp is the momentum transfer required to deflect the fullerene to the first interference minimum and h is Planck's quantum…
An indirect measurement model is constructed for an approximately repeatable, precise position measuring apparatus that violates the assertion, sometimes called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, that any position measuring apparatus with noise epsilon brings the momentum disturbance no less than hbar/2epsilon in any input state of the apparatus.
Recently it was shown in [New J. Phys. 8, 330 (2006)] that the three dimensional Heisenberg uncertainty principle might be signifficantly sharpened if the relevant quantum state describes the particle in a central potential. I extend that result to the case of states which are not the eigenstates of the square of the angular momentum operator. I derive a new lower bound which involves the mean value and the variance of the $\hat{L}^2$ operator.
In this note, we consider the implications of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP) when computing uncertainties that affect the main dynamical quantities, from the perspective of special relativity. Using the well-known formula for propagating statistical errors, we prove that the uncertainty relations between the moduli of conjugate observables are not relativistically invariant. The new relationships show that, in experiments involving relativistic particles, limitations of the precision of a quantity obtained by indirect calculations may affect the final result.
A Heisenberg uncertainty relation is derived for spatially-gated electric and magnetic field fluctuations. The uncertainty increases for small gating sizes which implies that in confined spaces the quantum nature of the electromagnetic field must be taken into account. Optimizing the state of light to minimize the electric at the expense of the magnetic field, and vice versa should be possible. Spatial confinements and quantum fields may alternatively be realized without gating by interaction of the field with a nanostructure. Possible applications include nonlinear spectroscopy of nanostructu…
In this work we will study the Local quantum Fisher information and the local quantum uncertainty in two-qubit Heisenberg XYZ spin chain model with Dzyaloshinskii Moriya (DM) interaction in z direction. Here we show that the DM interaction and spin interactions along the x, y, and z axis can increase and maintain local quantum Fisher information and local quantum uncertainty. It is also shown that because of thermal fluctuations local quantum Fisher information and local quantum uncertainty are decreased by increasing temperature. They are equal to one at very low temperature and starts to dec…
We ask which is the best strategy to reveal uncertainty relations between comple- mentary observables of a continuous variable system for coarse-grained measurements. This leads to the derivation of new uncertainty relations for coarse-grained measurements that are always valid, even for detectors with low precision. These relations should be particularly relevant in experimental demonstrations of squeezing in quantum optics, quantum state reconstruction, and the development of trustworthy entanglement criteria.
It is shown that all the known uncertainty relations are the secondary consequences of Robertson's relation. The basic idea is to use the Heisenberg picture so that the time development of quantum mechanical operators incorporate the effects of the measurement interaction. A suitable use of triangle inequalities then gives rise to various forms of uncertainty relations. The assumptions of unbiased measurement and unbiased disturbance are important to simplify the resulting uncertainty relations and to give the familiar uncertainty relations such as a naive Heisenberg error-disturbance relation…
The original Schrodinger's paper is translated and annotated in honour of the 70-th anniversary of his Uncertainty Relation [published also in: Bulg. Journal of Physics,vol.26,no.5/6 (1999) pp.193-203]. In the annotation it is shown that the Uncertainty Relation can be written in a complete compact canonical form.
The uncertainty relation formulated by Heisenberg in 1927 describes a trade-off between the error of a measurement of one observable and the disturbance caused on another complementary observable so that their product should be no less than a limit set by Planck's constant. In 1980, Braginsky, Vorontsov, and Thorne claimed that this relation leads to a sensitivity limit for gravitational wave detectors. However, in 1988 a model of position measurement was constructed that breaks both this limit and Heisenberg's relation. Here, we discuss the problems as to how we reformulate Heisenberg's relat…
The $D$-dimensional harmonic system (i.e., a particle moving under the action of a quadratic potential) is, together with the hydrogenic system, the main prototype of the physics of multidimensional quantum systems. In this work we rigorously determine the leading term of the Heisenberg-like and entropy-like uncertainty measures of this system as given by the radial expectation values and the Rényi entropies, respectively, at the limit of large $D$. The associated multidimensional position-momentum uncertainty relations are discussed, showing that they saturate the corresponding general ones. …
We study the consequences of the generalized Heisenberg uncertainty relation which admits a minimal uncertainty in length such as the case in a theory of quantum gravity. In particular, the theory of quantum harmonic oscillators arising from such a generalized uncertainty relation is examined. We demonstrate that all the standard properties of the quantum harmonic oscillators prevail when we employ a generalized momentum. We also show that quantum electrodynamics and coherent photon states can be described in the familiar standard manner despite the generalized uncertainty principle.
We show that quantum entanglement and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle are inextricably connected. Toward this end, a complete set of commuting observables (CSCO) criterion for the entanglement is developed. Assuming (A1,A2,...) and (B1,B2,...) being two CSCO's for a given system, and C being the matrix, Cij = i [Bi,Aj], for each given row i (i=1,2,...) if at least one matrix element Cij (j=1,2,...) is nonzero, then for the simultaneous eigenstates |ψ)=|A1',A2',...) of (A1,A2,...), the simultaneous measurements of (B1,B2,...) are, in general,entangled. The only exception is when all the si…
At the recent QSCP XIX, the author claimed a procedure of using a scaled Fourier transform (the scaling being determined by the detailed interaction and particle mass for a harmonic oscillator) to achieve simultaneous resolution of position and momentum greater than the standard Heisenberg value of 1/2. The procedure is, in fact, invalid for quantum mechanics. The purpose of this paper is simply to give the correct analysis of the uncertainty product, thereby clarifying the error made.
Resonance (quasinormal) states correspond to non-Hermitian solutions to the Schrödinger equation obeying outgoing boundary conditions which lead to complex energy eigenvalues and momenta. Following the normalization rule for resonance states obtained from the residue at a complex pole of the outgoing Green's function to the problem, we propose a definition of expectation value for these states and use it to investigate the extent of validity of the Heisenberg uncertainty relations for potentials that vanish after a distance. We derive analytical expressions for the expectation values involving…
The Relationship Between the Number of Nodes in Wave Functions and Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
本文研究量子谐振子、一维无限深势阱和环上粒子等系统中波函数节点数与海森堡不确定性原理的关系，发现共轭变量的不确定性通常是节点数的函数，且该依赖关系随具体系统而变化。
It is generally accepted that the disturbance interpretation cannot explain Heisenberg's uncertainty relation DxDp=h. In this paper a clear distinction will be made between the notions of state preparation and measurement, noting that the disturbance that is referred to in Heisenberg's disturbance interpretation is usually caused by the measurement. The main goal of this paper is to examine and discuss to what extent disturbance during the state preparation plays a role in the interpretation of Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. This examination will be done in the context of a single-slit exp…
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is usually taken to express a limitation of operational possibilities imposed by quantum mechanics. Here we demonstrate that the full content of this principle also includes its positive role as a condition ensuring that mutually exclusive experimental options can be reconciled if an appropriate trade-off is accepted. The uncertainty principle is shown to appear in three manifestations, in the form of uncertainty relations: for the widths of the position and momentum distributions in any quantum state; for the inaccuracies of any joint measurement of these qu…
The proof of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation is modified to produce two improvements: (a) the resulting inequality is stronger because it includes the covariance between the two observables, and (b) the proof lifts certain restrictions on the state to which the relation is applied, increasing its generality. The restrictions necessary for the standard inequality to apply are not widely known, and they are discussed in detail. The classical analog of the Heisenberg relation is also derived, and the two are compared. Finally, the modified relation is used to address the apparent paradox that…
The effects of mixedness and entanglement on the lower bound and tightness of the entropic uncertainty in the Heisenberg model with Dzyaloshinski-Moriya (DM) interaction have been investigated. It is found that the mixedness can reflect the essence of the entropic uncertainty better than the entanglement. Meanwhile, the uncertainty of measurement results will be reduced by the entanglement and improved by the mixedness.The entanglement can destroy the tightness of the uncertainty, while the tightness will be improved with the increasing of the mixedness. In addition, the tightness of the uncer…
Dynamics Investigation of the quantum-control-assisted multipartite uncertainty relation in Heisenberg model with Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interaction
该研究针对含Dzyaloshinski-Moriya相互作用的海森堡系统，探究Zheng提出的量子控制辅助多体方差型不确定关系的动力学，发现系统混合度与不确定关系紧性、下界存在单值函数关系，且该共性与不确定关系形式无关，同时对比了该新型关系与已有熵型不确定关系。
A revision for Heisenberg uncertainty relation based on environment variable in the QCPB theory
基于量子协变 Poisson 括号理论提出量子几何确定性关系，修正 Heisenberg 不确定性原理，通过可观测量与环境间的纠缠项解释环境对测量的影响。
In its original formulation, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle dealt with the relationship between the error of a quantum measurement and the thereby induced disturbance on the measured object. Meanwhile, Heisenberg's heuristic arguments have turned out to be correct only for special cases. A new universally valid relation was derived by Ozawa in 2003. Here, we demonstrate that Ozawa's predictions hold for projective neutron-spin measurements. The experimental inaccessibility of error and disturbance claimed elsewhere has been overcome using a tomographic method. By a systematic variation of …
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle was originally posed for the limit of the accuracy of simultaneous measurement of non-commuting observables as stating that canonically conjugate observables can be measured simultaneously only with the constraint that the product of their mean errors should be no less than a limit set by Planck's constant. However, Heisenberg with the subsequent completion by Kennard has long been credited only with a constraint for state preparation represented by the product of the standard deviations. Here, we show that Heisenberg actually proved the constraint for the ac…
Heisenberg's measurement uncertainty relations (MUR) of two quantum observables are essential for contemporary researches in quantum foundations and quantum information science. Going beyond, here we report the first experimental test of MURs for three quantum observables. Following the proposal of Bush, Lahti, and Werner [Phys. Rev. A 89, 012129 (2014)], we first establish rigorously MURs for triplets of unbiased qubit observables as combined approximation errors lower-bounded by an incompatibility measure. We then develop a convex programming protocol to numerically find the exact value of t…
The usual Heisenberg uncertainty relation for position and momentum may be replaced by an exact equality, for suitably chosen measures of position and momentum uncertainty. This "exact" uncertainty relation is valid for_all_ pure states, and is sufficiently strong to provide an axiomatic basis for moving from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. In particular, the assumption of a nonclassical momentum fluctuation, having a strength which scales inversely with uncertainty in position, leads from the classical equations of motion to the Schroedinger equation.
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that the product of the noise in a position measurement and the momentum disturbance caused by that measurement should be no less than the limit set by Planck's constant, hbar/2, as demonstrated by Heisenberg's thought experiment using a gamma-ray microscope. Here I show that this common assumption is false: a universally valid trade-off relation between the noise and the disturbance has an additional correlation term, which is redundant when the intervention brought by the measurement is independent of the measured object, but which allows the noise…
In this paper we critically analyse W. Heisenberg's arguments against the ontology of point particles following trajectories in quantum theory, presented in his famous 1927 paper and in his Chicago lectures (1929). Along the way, we will clarify the meaning of Heisenberg's uncertainty relation and help resolve some confusions related to it.
This note shows that Heisenberg's choice for a wave function in his original paper on the uncertainty principle is simply a renormalized characteristic function of a stable distribution with certain restrictions on the parameters. Relaxing Heisenberg's restrictions leads to a more general formulation of the uncertainty principle. This reformulation shows quantum uncertainty can exist at a macroscopic level. These modifications also give rise to a new form of Schrodinger's wave equation as the equation of a vibrating string. Although a heat equation version can also be given, the latter shows t…
A limitation on simultaneous measurement of two arbitrary positive operator valued measures is discussed. In general, simultaneous measurement of two noncommutative observables is only approximately possible. Following Werner's formulation, we introduce a distance between observables to quantify an accuracy of measurement. We derive an inequality that relates the achievable accuracy with noncommutativity between two observables. As a byproduct a necessary condition for two positive operator valued measures to be simultaneously measurable is obtained.
In Phys. Rev. A 70, 032104 (2004), M. Montesinos and G. F. Torres del Castillo consider various symplectic structures on the classical phase space of the two-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator. Using Dirac's quantization condition, the authors investigate how these alternative symplectic forms affect this system's quantization. They claim that these symplectic structures result in mutually inequivalent quantum theories. In fact, we show here that there exists a unitary map between the two representation spaces so that the various quantizations are equivalent.
We establish a rigorous quantitative connection between (i) the interferometric duality relation for which-way information and fringe visibility and (ii) Heisenberg's uncertainty relation for position and modular momentum. We apply our theory to atom interferometry, wherein spontaneously emitted photons provide which way information, and unambiguously resolve the challenge posed by the metamaterial `perfect lens' to complementarity and to the Heisenberg-Bohr interpretation of the Heisenberg microscope thought experiment.
Heisenberg Scaling in Many-Body Kinetic Uncertainty Relation via Quantum Feedback
研究量子设备计数可观测量精度的提升问题，通过对超辐射自旋系综应用量子反馈，实现计数精度的海森堡\(1/N^2\)标度，论证了反馈可将集体耗散转化为提升计数精度的资源。
One of the advantages of a reconstruction of quantum mechanics based on transparent physical axioms is that it may offer insight to naturally generalize quantum mechanics by relaxing the axioms. Here, we discuss possible extensions of quantum mechanics within a general epistemic framework based on an operational scheme of estimation of momentum given positions under epistemic restriction. The epistemic restriction is parameterized by a global-nonseparable random variable on the order of Planck constant, an ontic extension to the separable classical phase space variables. Within the estimation …
The celebrated Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Δx Δp\ge \hbar/2 can allow measurement accuracies less than Δx or Δp. Classical analog of this is known as sub-Fourier sensitivity. We illustrate this phenomenon in a step by step process using the example of compass state, as suggested by Zurek.
The radial expectation values of the probability density of a quantum system in position and momentum spaces allow one to describe numerous physical quantities of the system as well as to find generalized Heisenberg-like uncertainty relations and to bound entropic uncertainty measures. It is known that the position and momentum expectation values of the main prototype of the $D$-dimensional Coulomb systems, the $D$-dimensional hydrogenic system, can be expressed in terms of some generalized hypergeometric functions of the type $_{p+1}F_p(z)$ evaluated at unity with $p=2$ and $p=3$, respectivel…
Local quantum uncertainty of a two-qubit XY Heisenberg model with different Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya couplings
本研究探讨了具有不同方向 DM 相互作用的双量子比特 Heisenberg XY 链的 LQU，发现 DM 参数和耦合系数 $J$ 可调控相关性，且 x 轴参数影响大于 z 轴，调整方向可提升相关性。
Incompatible observables can be approximated by compatible observables in joint measurement or measured sequentially, with constrained accuracy as implied by Heisenberg's original formulation of the uncertainty principle. Recently, Busch, Lahti, and Werner proposed inaccuracy trade-off relations based on statistical distances between probability distributions of measurement outcomes [Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 160405 (2013); Phys. Rev. A 89, 012129 (2014)]. Here we reform their theoretical framework, derive an improved relation for qubit measurement, and perform an experimental test on a spin syste…
The emergence of the generalized uncertainty principle and the existence of a non-zero minimal length are intertwined. On the other hand, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle forms the core of the EPR paradox. Subsequently, here, the implications of resorting to the generalized uncertainty principle (or equally, the minimal length) instead of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle on the quantum non-locality are investigated through focusing on the Franson experiment in which the uncertainty relation is the backbone of understanding and explaining the results.
Heisenberg's uncertainty relation for measurement noise and disturbance states that any position measurement with noise epsilon brings the momentum disturbance not less than hbar/2epsilon. This relation holds only for restricted class of measuring apparatuses. Here, Heisenberg's uncertainty relation is generalized to a relation that holds for all the possible quantum measurements, from which conditions are obtained for measuring apparatuses to satisfy Heisenberg's relation. In particular, every apparatus with the noise and the disturbance statistically independent from the measured object is p…
Being one of the centroidal concepts in quantum theory, the fundamental constraint imposed by Heisenberg uncertainty relations has always been a subject of immense attention and challenging in the context of joint measurements of general quantum mechanical observables. In particular, the recent extension of the original uncertainty relations has grabbed a distinct research focus and set a new ascendent target in quantum mechanics and quantum information processing. In the present work we explore the joint measurements of three incompatible observables, following the basic idea of a newly propo…
In quantum mechanics, the Heisenberg uncertainty relation presents an ultimate limit to the precision by which one can predict the outcome of position and momentum measurements on a particle. Heisenberg explicitly stated this relation for the prediction of "hypothetical future measurements", and it does not describe the situation where knowledge is available about the system both earlier and later than the time of the measurement. We study what happens under such circumstances with an atomic ensemble containing $10^{11}$ $^{87}\text{Rb}$ atoms, initiated nearly in the ground state in presence …
Recently we proposed measurement theory (i.e., quantum language, or the linguistic interpretation of quantum mechanics), which is characterized as the linguistic turn of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. This turn from physics to language does not only extend quantum theory to classical theory but also yield the quantum mechanical world view (i.e., the (quantum) linguistic world view). Thus, we believe that the linguistic interpretation is the most powerful in all interpretations. Our purpose is to examine the power of measurement theory, that is, to try to formulate Heisenbe…
The phase resolution of interferometers is limited by the so-called Heisenberg limit, which states that the optimum phase sensitivity is inversely proportional to the number of interfering particles N, a 1/sqrt{N} improvement over the standard quantum limit. We have used simulated annealing, a global optimization strategy, to systematically search for quantum interferometer input states that approach the Heisenberg limited uncertainty in estimates of the interferometer phase shift. We compare the performance of these states to that of other non-classical states already known to yield Heisenber…
I show that the classical Hamilton-Jacobi (H-J) equation can be used as a technique to study quantum mechanical problems. I first show that the the Schrödinger equation is just the classical H-J equation, constrained by a condition that forces the solutions of the H-J equation to be everywhere $C^2$. That is, quantum mechanics is just classical mechanics constrained to ensure that ``God does not play dice with the universe.'' I show that this condition, which imposes global determinism, strongly suggests that $ψ^*ψ$ measures the density of universes in a multiverse. I show that this interpreta…
We explore the different meanings of "quantum uncertainty" contained in Heisenberg's seminal paper from 1927, and also some of the precise definitions that were explored later. We recount the controversy about "Anschaulichkeit", visualizability of the theory, which Heisenberg claims to resolve. Moreover, we consider Heisenberg's programme of operational analysis of concepts, in which he sees himself as following Einstein. Heisenberg's work is marked by the tensions between semiclassical arguments and the emerging modern quantum theory, between intuition and rigour, and between shaky arguments …
Recently, it has been shown that the quantum Fisher information via local observables and via local measurements (i.e., local quantum Fisher information (LQFI)) is a central concept in quantum estimation and quantum metrology and captures the quantumness of correlations in the multi-component quantum system [S. Kim et al., Phys. Rev. A. 97, 032326 (2018)]. This new discord-like measure is very similar to the quantum correlations measure called local quantum uncertainty (LQU). In the present study, we have revealed that LQU is bounded by LQFI in the phase estimation protocol. Also, a comparativ…
This contribution to the present Workshop Proceedings outlines a general programme for identifying geometric structures--out of which to possibly recover quantum dynamics as well--associated to the manifold in Hilbert space of the quantum states that saturate the Schrödinger-Robertson uncertainty relation associated to a specific set of quantum observables which characterise a given quantum system and its dynamics. The first step in such an exploration is addressed herein in the case of the observables Q and P of the Heisenberg algebra for a single degree of freedom system. The corresponding s…
A survey on the generalizations of Heisenberg uncertainty relation and a general scheme for their entangled extensions to several states and observables is presented. The scheme is illustrated on the examples of one and two states and canonical quantum observables, and spin and quasi-spin components. Several new uncertainty relations are displayed. PACS 0365H, 4250D, 0220.
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