A PC based high speed silicon microstrip beam telescope consisting of several independent modules is presented. Every module contains an AC-coupled double sided silicon microstrip sensor and a complete set of analog and digital signal processing electronics. A digital bus connects the modules with the DAQ PC. A trigger logic unit coordinates the operation of all modules of the telescope. The system architecture allows easy integration of any kind of device under test into the data acquisition chain. Signal digitization, pedestal correction, hit detection and zero suppression are done by hardware inside the modules, so that the amount of data per event is reduced by a factor of 80 compared to conventional readout systems. In combination with a two level data acquisition scheme, this allows event rates up to 7.6 kHz. This is a factor of 40 faster than conventional VME based beam telescopes while comparable analog performance is maintained achieving signal to noise ratios of up to 70:1. The telescope has been tested in the SPS testbeam at CERN. It has been adopted as the reference instrument for testbeam studies for the ATLAS pixel detector development.
This paper reports the design, fabrication and characterization of single-sided silicon microstrip sensors with integrated biasing resistors and coupling capacitors, produced for the first time in India. We have first developed a prototype sensor on a four-inch wafer. After finding suitable test procedures for characterizing these AC coupled sensors, we have fine-tuned various process parameters in order to produce sensors with the desired specifications.
In next ten years, the Large Hadron Collider will be upgraded to the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), resulting in ten time more integrated luminosity. To withstand the much harsher radiation and occupancy conditions of the HL-LHC, the inner tracker of the ATLAS detector must be redesigned and rebuilt completely. The design of the ATLAS Upgrade inner tracker (ITk) has already been defined. It consists of several layers of silicon particle detectors. The innermost layers will be composed of silicon pixel sensors, and the outer layers will consist of silicon microstrip sensors. This paper will focu…
We report recent results on the use of charge division to obtain a longitudinal coordinate from silicon strip detectors, and on sources of electronic readout noise for long, thin strips. These results hold promise for the design of Linear Collider charged particle tracking system composed of silicon microstrip sensors.
In the context of the Silicon tracking for a Linear Collider (SiLC) R&D collaboration, a highly compact mixed-signal chip has been designed in 130nm CMOS technology intended to read Silicon strip detectors for the experiments at the future International Linear Collider. The chip includes eighty eight channels of a full analog signal processing chain and analog to digital conversion with the corresponding digital controls and readout channels. The chip is 5x10mm2 where the analog implementation represents 4/5 of the total Silicon area.
The D0 Run II silicon microstrip tracker (SMT) has 3 square meters of Si area. There are 792,576 channels read out by 6192 SVXIIe chips on 912 read out modules. The SMT provides track and vertex reconstruction capabilities over the full pseudorapidity coverage of the D0 detector. The full detector has been running successfully since April 2002. This presentation covers the experience in commissioning and operating, the recent electronics upgrade which improved stability of the SMT and estimates of the radiation damage.
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is one of the four satellites within the Strategic Pioneer Research Program in Space Science of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS). The Silicon-Tungsten Tracker (STK), which is composed of 768 singled-sided silicon microstrip detectors, is one of the four subdetectors in DAMPE, providing track reconstruction and charge identification for relativistic charged particles. The charge response of DAMPE silicon microstrip detectors is complicated, depending on the incident angle and impact position. A new charge reconstruction algorithm for the DAMPE silic…
A flexible apparatus for calibration of the absolute flux at the focal plane of the X-ray Source of a Powder Diffractometer, based on a fast scintillator counter, is presented. The measured fluxes, depending on the high voltage on the X-ray tube, were at the range 200 - 400 MHz, while an uncertainty in the flux of the order of 5% has been estimated. We also applied this calibration for radiation hardness study of a multichannel silicon microstrip X-Ray detector.
We summarize the R&D activities on a novel semitransparent microstrip sensor to be used on laser-based alignment systems for silicon trackers. The new sensor is used both for particle tracking and laser detection. The aim of this research line is to increase the optical transmittance (T) of Silicon microstrips detectors to infrared light, introducing minor modifications to the sensor design still suitable for its industrial production. The optical simulations used in the sensor design have been experimentally validated against several patterned material samples. This activities have been carri…
Silicon microstrip detectors are widely used in experiments for space astronomy. Before the detector is assembled, extensive characterization of the silicon microstrip sensors is indispensable and challenging. This work electrically evaluates a series of sensor parameters, including the depletion voltage, bias resistance, metal strip resistance, total leakage current, strip leakage current, coupling capacitance, and interstrip capacitance. Two methods are used to accurately measure the strip leakage current, and the test results match each other well. In measuring the coupling capacitance, we …
The algorithms for position reconstruction in silicon micro-strip detectors are studied, and the signals of a minimum ionizing particle are simulated. The center-of-gravity distributions of the data events allow the fine tuning of the signal forms and of the strip response functions. In the sensors with floating strips the response function turns out to roughly approximate the response of a triangular function for the size of the signal involved. The simulations are extended to non orthogonal incidence. In these directions, and in general for all the asymmetric signal distributions, the standa…
New method for clustering thresholds determination in Microstrip Silicon Detector
University of Torino（都灵大学）；University of Pisa（比萨大学）；University of Napoli（那不勒斯大学）；University of Rome La Sapienza（罗马第一大学）；University of Foggia（福贾大学）；University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；CNAO National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy（CNAO国家肿瘤重离子治疗中心）；GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung（德国重离子研究中心）；Université de Strasbourg（斯特拉斯堡大学）；University of Bari（巴里大学）；University of Perugia（佩鲁贾大学）；University of Miami（迈阿密大学）；Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, INFN（特伦托基础物理与应用研究所，意大利国家核物理研究所）；University of Rome Tor Vergata（罗马第二大学）；University of Piemonte Orientale（皮埃蒙特东方大学）；INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati（意大利国家核物理研究所弗拉斯卡蒂国家实验室）；Nagoya University（名古屋大学）；University of Trento（特伦托大学）；University of Camerino（卡梅里诺大学）；Technische Universität Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）；University of Applied Sciences, Giessen（吉森应用科学大学）；INFN, Gran Sasso National Laboratories（意大利国家核物理研究所格兰萨索国家实验室）
A lot of R & D work is carried out in the CERN RD50 Collaboration to find out the best material for the Si detectors that can be used in the harsh radiation environment of HL-LHC, n and p-MCz Si was identified as one of the prime candidates as a material for strip detector that can be chosen the phase 2 upgrade plan of the new Compact Muon Solenoid tracker detector in 2026. For the very first time, in this work, an advanced four level deep-trap mixed irradiation model for p-MCz Si is proposed by the comparison of experimental data on the full depletion voltage and leakage current to the Shockl…
While the tracking detectors of the ATLAS and CMS experiments have shown excellent performance in Run 1 of LHC data taking, and are expected to continue to do so during LHC operation at design luminosity, both experiments will have to exchange their tracking systems when the LHC is upgraded to the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) around the year 2024. The new tracking systems need to operate in an environment in which both the hit densities and the radiation damage will be about an order of magnitude higher than today. In addition, the new trackers need to contribute to the first level trigger in …
The Semiconductor Tracker (SCT) is a silicon strip detector and one of the key precision tracking devices in the Inner Detector of the ATLAS experiment at CERN LHC. The completed SCT has been installed inside the ATLAS experimental cavern since 2007 and has been operational since then. Calibration data has been taken regularly and analyzed to determine the performance of the system. In this paper the current status of the SCT is reviewed, including results from data-taking periods in 2010 and 2011. We report on the operation of the detector including overviews on services, connectivity and obs…
The XAA1.2 is a custom ASIC chip for silicon microstrip detectors adapted by Ideas for the SuperAGILE instrument on board the AGILE space mission. The chip is equipped with 128 input channels, each one containing a charge preamplifier, shaper, peak detector and stretcher. The most important features of the ASIC are the extended linearity, low noise and low power consumption. The XAA1.2 underwent extensive laboratory testing in order to study its commandability and functionality and evaluate its scientific performances. In this paper we describe the XAA1.2 features, report the laboratory measur…
Gotthard-II is a 1-D microstrip detector specifically developed for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser. It will not only be used in energy dispersive experiments but also as a beam diagnostic tool with additional logic to generate veto signals for the other 2-D detectors. Gotthard-II makes use of a silicon microstrip sensor with a pitch of either 50 μm or 25 μm and with 1280 or 2560 channels wire-bonded to adaptive gain switching readout chips. Built-in analog-to-digital converters and digital memories will be implemented in the readout chip for a continuous conversion and storage of frame…
This paper describes the mechanical design, the readout chain, the production, testing and the installation of the Silicon Microstrip Tracker of the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. In addition, description of the performance of the detector during the experiment data collection between 2001 and 2010 is provided.
The planned HL-LHC (High Luminosity LHC) in 2025 is being designed to maximise the physics potential through a sizable increase in the luminosity up to 6*10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. A consequence of this increased luminosity is the expected radiation damage at 3000 fb^-1 after ten years of operation, requiring the tracking detectors to withstand fluences to over 1*10^16 1 MeV n_eq/cm^2 . In order to cope with the consequent increased readout rates, a complete re-design of the current ATLAS Inner Detector (ID) is being developed as the Inner Tracker (ITk). Two proposed detectors for the ATLAS strip track…
In September 2008 the Slim5 collaboration submitted a low material budget silicon demonstrator to test with 12 GeV/c protons, at the PS-T9 test-beam at CERN. Inside the reference telescope, two different detectors were placed as device under test (DUT). The first was a 4k-Pixel Matrix of Deep N Well MAPS, developed in a 130 nm CMOS Technology, providing digital sparsified readout. The other one was a high resistivity double sided silicon detector, with short strips at 45-degree angle to the detector's edge, read out by the FSSR2 chip. The FSSR2 is a 128 channel data-driven fast readout chip de…
Beam Test Characterization of Silicon Microstrip Detector Flight-Model Ladders for the AMS-02 Upgrade
Institute of High Energy Physics（高能物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；INFN Sezione di Perugia（佩鲁贾国家核物理研究所分部）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)（麻省理工学院）；Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica（台湾中央研究院物理研究所）
An experimental set up, dedicated to isolate an error present in the $η$-algorithm, gave an unexpected result. The average of a center of gravity algorithm at orthogonal particle incidence turns out to be non zero. This non zero average signals an asymmetry in the response function of the strips, and introduces a further parameter in the corrections: the shift of the strip response center of gravity respect its geometrical position. A strategy to extract this parameter from a standard data set is discussed. Some simulations with various asymmetric response functions are explored for this test.…
We report on a novel concept of silicon microstrips and straw tubes detector, where integration is accomplished by a straw module with straws not subjected to mechanical tension in a Rohacell lattice and carbon fiber reinforced plastic shell. Results on mechanical and test beam performances are reported on as well.
Within CERN RD50 Collaboration, MCz Si was identified as a best material for the detector used in the high luminosity collider experiments. The n in p Si detectors were utmost radiation hard detectors, which can be used for the phase 2 upgrade plan of the new Compact Muon Solenoid tracker detector in 2026. The choice of n or p-MCz Si material depends upon the high electrical charge collection efficiency performance of these detectors over n or p-FZSi detectors. The bulk radiation damage model for n, p-MCz Si need to develop for the designing, development and optimization of the advanced detect…
We report on a novel concept of silicon microstrips and straw tubes detector, where integration is accomplished by a straw module with straws not subjected to mechanical tension in a Rohacell $^{\circledR}$ lattice and carbon fiber reinforced plastic shell. Results on mechanical and test beam performances are reported on as well.
The need for high data rate communication systems has been dramatically increasing in recent years. The millimeter-wave bands (such as 60 GHz) have been investigated for wireless high data rate transmission. At these frequencies, the conductor loss is significant which makes dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) a good replacement for microstrip patch antennas currently in use. Moreover, use of silicon as the dielectric material in a DRA provides the great feature of bandwidth tunability through carrier density modulation. In this paper, we present experimental and theoretical studies of antennas…
We present a design for an array of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) integrated with phased array antennas for imaging at 150 GHz under high background conditions. The microstrip geometry KID detectors are projected to achieve photon noise limited sensitivity with larger than 100 pW absorbed optical power. Both the microstrip KIDs and the antenna feed network make use of a low-loss amorphous silicon dielectric. A new aspect of the antenna implementation is the use of a NbTiN microstrip feed network to facilitate impedance matching to the 50 Ohm antenna. The array has 256 pixels on a 6-inch …
We have examined the effects of embedded pitch adapters on signal formation in n-substrate silicon microstrip sensors with data from beam tests and simulation. According to simulation, the presence of the pitch adapter metal layer changes the electric field inside the sensor, resulting in slowed signal formation on the nearby strips and a pick-up effect on the pitch adapter. This can result in an inefficiency to detect particles passing through the pitch adapter region. All these effects have been observed in the beam test data.
We have developed a novel data acquisition system for measuring tracking parameters of a silicon detector in a particle beam. The system is based on a commercial Analog-to-Digital VME module and a PC Linux based Data Acquisition System. This DAQ is realized with C++ code using object-oriented techniques. Track parameters for the beam particles were reconstructed using off-line analysis code and automatic detector position alignment algorithm. The new DAQ was used to test novel Czochralski type silicon detectors. The important silicon detector parameters, including signal size distributions and…
The alignment procedure of the Silicon Microstrip Tracker, SMT, and the Central Fiber Tracker, CFT, is described. Alignment uncertainties and resulting systematic errors in physics analyses are addressed.
ATLAS experiment, designed to probe the interactions of particles emerging out of proton proton collisions at energies of up to 14 TeV, will assume operation at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in 2007. This paper discusses the assembly and the quality control tests of forward detector modules for the ATLAS silicon microstrip detector assembled at the Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC) in Valencia. The construction and testing procedures are outlined and the laboratory equipment is briefly described. Emphasis is given on the module quality achieved in terms of mechanical and electri…
The Belle II experiment, which is situated at the interaction point of the SuperKEKB $e^+e^{-}$ collider at KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, is expected to collect data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 50~ab$^{- 1}$. This data set will be sensitive to beyond-the-standard-model physics via precision measurements and searches for very rare decays. At its heart lies a six-layer vertex detector consisting of two layers of pixel detectors (PXD) and four layers of double-sided silicon microstrip detectors (SVD). Precise vertexing as provided by this device is essential for measurements of time-depen…
Gotthard-II is a silicon microstrip detector developed for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL.EU). Its potential scientific applications include X-ray absorption/emission spectroscopy, hard X-ray high resolution single-shot spectrometry (HiREX), energy dispersive experiments at 4.5 MHz frame rate, beam diagnostics, as well as veto signal generation for pixel detectors. Gotthard-II uses a silicon microstrip sensor with a pitch of 50 $μ$m or 25 $μ$m and with 1280 or 2560 channels wire-bonded to readout chips (ROCs). In the ROC, an adaptive gain switching pre-amplifier (PRE), a fully di…
We have investigated the depletion voltage changes, the leakage current increase and the charge collection efficiency of a silicon microstrip detector identical to those used in the inner layers of the BaBar Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) after heavy non-uniform irradiation. A full SVT module with the front-end electronics connected has been irradiated with a 0.9 GeV electron beam up to a peak fluence of 3.5 x 10^14 e^-/cm^2, well beyond the level causing substrate type inversion. We irradiated one of the two sensors composing the module with a non-uniform profile with sigma=1.4 mm that simulate…
The Heavy Photon Search (HPS) is a new, dedicated experiment at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) to search for a massive vector boson, the heavy photon (a.k.a. dark photon, \Aprimebold{}), in the mass range 20-500~MeV/c$^{2}$ and with a weak coupling to ordinary matter. An \Aprimebold{} can be radiated from an incoming electron as it interacts with a charged nucleus in the target, accessing a large open parameter space where the \Aprimebold{} is relatively long-lived, leading to displaced vertices. HPS searches for these displaced \Aprimebold{} to e$^+$e$^-$ decays using a…
Silicon photomultipliers are photon-number-resolving detectors endowed with hundreds of cells enabling them to reveal high-populated quantum optical states. In this paper, we address such a goal by showing the possible acquisition strategies that can be adopted and discussing their advantages and limitations. In particular, we determine the best acquisition solution in order to properly reveal the nature, either classical or nonclassical, of mesoscopic quantum optical states.
Detecting the X-ray radialization of pulsars and obtaining the photons' time of arrival are the foundation steps in autonomous navigation via X-ray pulsar measurement. The precision of a pulse' s time of arrival is mainly decided by the precision of photon arrival time. In this work, a silicon drift detector is used to measure photon energy and arrival time. The measurement system consists of a signal detector, a processing unit, a signal acquisition unit, and a data receiving unit. This system acquires the energy resolution and arrival time information of photons. In particular, when backgrou…
The latest results from the commissioning of the SSD with cosmics are presented in this paper. The hardware status of the detector, the front-end electronics, cooling, data acquisition and issues related to the on-line monitoring are shown. In addition, the procedures implemented and followed to address the alignment with the rest of the ITS sub-detectors along with both on-line and off-line calibration strategies are described. Finally, results from simulations as well as from the reconstruction of cosmic data demonstrating the performance of the detector are presented, proving that the SSD i…
Standard as well as irradiated silicon pixel detectors developed for the ATLAS experiment were tested in a beam. Digital and analog resolutions were determined comparing the positions measured by a microstrip telescope and by the pixel detector. Digital resolutions of 10 um and analog resolutions of 6 um (before irradiation) and 10 um (after irradiation) are obtained without subtracting the error on the position determined by the telescope.
A collaboration between Fermilab and the Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Beijing, has developed a beam position monitor for the IHEP test beam facility. This telescope is based on 5 stations of silicon strip detectors having a pitch of 60 microns. The total active area of each layer of the detector is about 12x10 cm2. Readout of the strips is provided through the use of VA1` ASICs mounted on custom hybrid printed circuit boards and interfaced to Adapter Cards via copper-over-kapton flexible circuits. The Adapter Cards amplify and level-shift the signal for input to the Fermilab CAPTA…
We report on the R\&D for a first prototype of a silicon tracker based on an alternative approach for fast track finding. The working principle is inspired from neurobiology, in particular by the processing of visual images by the brain as it happens in nature. It is based on extensive parallelisation of data distribution and pattern recognition. In this work we present the design of a practical device that consists of a telescope based on single-sided silicon detectors; we describe the data acquisition system and the implementation of the track finding algorithms using available digital logic…
Segmented silicon detectors (micropixel and microstrip) are the main type of detectors used in the inner trackers of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments at CERN. Due to the high luminosity and eventual high fluence, detectors with fast response to fit the short shaping time of 20 ns and sufficient radiation hardness are required. Measurements carried out at the Ioffe Institute have shown a reversal of the pulse polarity in the detector response to short-range charge injection. Since the measured negative signal is about 30-60% of the peak positive signal, the effect strongly reduces the CC…
In this paper, we describe a modular data acquisition system developed as the foundation of a cosmic ray detector network. Each detector setup (henceforth referred as a station) is composed of an independent hardware device that can be controlled and read-out through the Internet. This device is designed to acquire and process the signal of up to eight different detector planes. Each of these detector planes uses plastic scintillator slabs that are optically coupled to silicon photomultipliers (SiPM). Within a single station, different geometries and plane orientations are possible using the s…
The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detector (HERD) facility is planned to go onboard China's Space Station, planned to be operational starting in around 2025 for about 10 years. The main scientific objectives of HERD are the search for signals of dark matter annihilation products, precise cosmic electron/positron spectrum and measurements of anisotropy up to 10 TeV, precise cosmic ray spectrum and composition measurements up to the knee energy (1 PeV), and high energy $γ$-ray monitoring and survey. HERD consists of a 3D cubic crystals calorimeter (CALO) surrounded by microstrip silicon trackers …
The acquisition of a single Silicon Photomultiplier require multiple and expensive electronics modules as : preamplifier, discriminator, bias voltage power supply, temperature monitor, Scalers, Analog to Digital Converter and Time to Digital Converter . The developed ArduSiPM is a compact cost effective and easily replicable Hardware software module for SiPM detector readout. The ArduSiPM uses an Arduino DUE (an open Software/Hardware board based on an ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller) as processor board and a piggyback custom designed board (Shield), these are controlled by custom developed soft…
The necessity to use Photo Multipliers (PM) as light detector limited in the past the use of crystals in radiation handled device preferring the Geiger approach. The Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are very small and cheap, solid photon detectors with good dynamic range and single photon detection capability, they are usable to supersede in some application cumbersome and difficult to use Photo Multipliers (PM). A SiPM can be coupled with a scintillator crystal to build efficient, small and solid radiation detector. A cost effective and easily replicable Hardware software module for SiPM dete…
The development of the Skipper Charge Coupled Devices (Skipper-CCDs) has been a major technological breakthrough for sensing very weak ionizing particles. The sensor allows to reach the ultimate sensitivity of silicon material as a charge signal sensor by unambiguous determination of the charge signal collected by each cell or pixel, even for single electron-hole pair ionization. Extensive use of the technology was limited by the lack of specific equipment to operate the sensor at the ultimate performance. In this work a simple, single-board Skipper-CCD controller is presented, aimed for the o…
A high-intensity hyperon beam was constructed at CERN to deliver Sigma- to experiment WA89 at the Omega facility and operated from 1989 to 1994. The setup allowed rapid changeover between hyperon and conventional hadron beam configurations. The beam provided a Sigma-flux of 1.4 x 10^5 per burst at mean momenta between 330 and 345 Gev/c, produced by about 3 x 10^10 protons of 450 GeV/c . At the experiment target the beam had a Sigma-/pi- ratio close to 0.4 and a size of 1.6 x 3.7 cm^2. The beam particle trajectories and their momenta were measured with a scintillating fibre hodoscope in the bea…
The NeuLAND (New Large-Area Neutron Detector) plastic-scintillator-based time-of-flight detector for 0.1-1.6 GeV neutrons is currently under construction at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Darmstadt, Germany. In its final configuration, NeuLAND will consist of 3000 2.7 m $\times$ 5 cm $\times$ 5 cm big plastic scintillator bars that are read out on each end by fast timing photomultipliers. Here, data from a comprehensive study of an alternative light readout scheme using silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) are reported. For this purpose, a NeuLAND bar was instrumented on each …
A Telescope System for Charge and Position Measurement of High Energy Nuclei
Institute of High Energy Physics（高能物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Central South University（中南大学）；INFN Sezione di Perugia（意大利国家核物理学院佩鲁贾分部）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)（麻省理工学院）；Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica（台湾中央研究院物理研究所）；INFN Sezione di Roma2（意大利国家核物理学院罗马第二分部）
